TED@Cannes
Clay Shirky: How cognitive surplus will change the world
Clay Shirky: Bagaimana llimpahan kognitif akan mengubah dunia
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Clay Shirky mengamati "Limpahan kognitif" -- kegiatan daring (dalam jaringan) kita di waktu senggang. Ketika kita sibuk menyunting wikipedia, mengirim pesan ke Ushahidi (dan ya, termasuk waktu aktif di LOLcats), kita membangun dunia yang lebih kooperatif, yang lebih baik.
Clay Shirky - Social Media Theorist
Clay Shirky argues that the history of the modern world could be rendered as the history of ways of arguing, where changes in media change what sort of arguments are possible -- with deep social and political implications. Full bio
Clay Shirky argues that the history of the modern world could be rendered as the history of ways of arguing, where changes in media change what sort of arguments are possible -- with deep social and political implications. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
The story starts in Kenya
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Ceritanya berawal dr Kenya
00:18
in December of 2007,
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di bulan desember tahun 2007
00:20
when there was a disputed presidential election,
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waktu terjadi silang sengketa soal pemilu
00:22
and in the immediate aftermath of that election,
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dan begitu pemilu selesai diadakan
00:25
there was an outbreak of ethnic violence.
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kekerasan rasialis meledak
00:27
And there was a lawyer in Nairobi, Ory Okolloh --
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Ada seorang pengacara Nairobi, Ory Okolloh --
00:30
who some of you may know from her TEDTalk --
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yang mungkin anda pernah dengan TEDtalk-nya --
00:32
who began blogging about it on her site,
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yg mulai menulis semua itu di blog-nya.
00:34
Kenyan Pundit.
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Kenyan Pundit
00:36
And shortly after the election and the outbreak of violence,
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Setelah pemilu yg diakhiri kekerasan rasialis berlalu,
00:39
the government suddenly imposed
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pemerintahannya tiba-tiba mengumumkan
00:41
a significant media blackout.
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larangan terhadap aktifitas media massa
00:43
And so weblogs went from being
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Tahu-tahu blog berubah yg tadinya
00:45
commentary as part of the media landscape
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hanya sekedar mengomentari dunia media
00:47
to being a critical part of the media landscape
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jadi bagian penting dr dunia media itu sendiri.
00:50
in trying to understand where the violence was.
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ketika berusaha memahami asal muasal kekerasan itu
00:53
And Okolloh solicited
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Dan Okolloh menggali
00:55
from her commenters
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dr para pengunjung situsnya
00:57
more information about what was going on.
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lebih banyak lagi informasi ttg apa yg tengah terjadi
00:59
The comments began pouring in,
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Alhasil komentarpun mengalir masuk.
01:01
and Okolloh would collate them. She would post them.
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Okolloh merangkum dan menerbitkann komentar-komentar itu.
01:03
And she quickly said, "It's too much.
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Dan dengan cepat menyadari, "Ini kebanyakan
01:05
I could do this all day every day
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Biar saya kerjakan seharian tiap hari
01:07
and I can't keep up.
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tidak akan terkejar.
01:09
There is more information
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Ada terlalu banyak informasi
01:11
about what's going on in Kenya right now
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ttg apa yg terjadi di Kenya saat ini
01:13
than any one person can manage.
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untuk dikelola satu orang.
01:15
If only there was a way to automate this."
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Kalau saja ini bisa diotomatisasi."
01:17
And two programmers who read her blog
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Dua orang programmer yg kebetulan membaca blog-nya
01:19
held their hands up and said, "We could do that,"
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tampil dan menyatakan, "Kami bisa lakukan itu."
01:22
and in 72 hours, they launched Ushahidi.
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Dalam 72 jam, mereka menerbitkan Ushahidi
01:25
Ushahidi -- the name means "witness"
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Ushahidi -- artinya adalah "saksi"
01:27
or "testimony" in Swahili --
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atau "kesaksian" dlm bahasa swahili --
01:29
is a very simple way of taking reports from the field,
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adalah cara mudah untuk mengumpulkan laporan pandangan mata,
01:32
whether it's from the web or, critically,
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baik yg dari situs atau lebih genting lagi,
01:35
via mobile phones and SMS,
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dr telpon genggam dan sms
01:37
aggregating it and putting it on a map.
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Menyimpulkannya dan memunculkannya di peta
01:40
That's all it is, but that's all that's needed
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Cuma itu, tapi memang cuma itu yg dibutuhkan.
01:42
because what it does is it takes the tacit information
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karena sistem ini menyampaikan informasi tersirat
01:45
available to the whole population --
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pada keseluruhan populasi --
01:47
everybody knows where the violence is,
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semua orang tahu lokasi kerusuhannya,
01:49
but no one person knows what everyone knows --
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tapi tiap orang punya info yang berbeda-beda --
01:52
and it takes that tacit information
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Informasi yg terserak itu dikumpulkan
01:54
and it aggregates it,
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dan dirangkum
01:56
and it maps it and it makes it public.
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dan dipetakan untuk konsumsi publik
01:58
And that, that maneuver
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Dan kegiatan itu
02:00
called "crisis mapping,"
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disebut "Pemetaan krisis"
02:02
was kicked off in Kenya
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Sistem itu pertama kali dipakai di Kenya
02:05
in January of 2008.
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Pada bulan Januari 2008
02:07
And enough people looked at it and found it valuable enough
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Dan karena semua orang menganggap sistem ini sangat berguna
02:10
that the programmers who created Ushahidi
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programmer-programmer yang menciptakan Ushahidi
02:12
decided they were going to make it open source
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memutuskan untuk menerbitkannya sebagai produk open source
02:14
and turn it into a platform.
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dan menjadikannya sebuah platform.
02:16
It's since been deployed in Mexico
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Sejak itu sistem ini sudah digunakan di Meksiko
02:18
to track electoral fraud.
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untuk melacak kecurangan dlm pemilu
02:20
It's been deployed in Washington D.C. to track snow cleanup.
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di Washington DC untuk memetakan pembersihan salju
02:23
And it's been used most famously in Haiti
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dan yg paling terkenal, digunakan di Haiti
02:25
in the aftermath of the earthquake.
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setelah mengalami gempa bumi.
02:28
And when you look at the map
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Dan kalau anda lihat petanya
02:30
now posted on the Ushahidi front page,
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yg sekarang terpampang di laman depan situsnya
02:32
you can see that the number of deployments in Ushahidi
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anda akan dapati, pengimplementasian Ushahidi
02:34
has gone worldwide, all right?
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sudah mendunia, ya tidak ?
02:37
This went from a single idea
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Ini berawal dari ide tunggal
02:39
and a single implementation
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dan penerapan tunggal
02:41
in East Africa in the beginning of 2008
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di Afrika Timur pada awal 2008
02:44
to a global deployment
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sekarang jadi gerakan global
02:46
in less than three years.
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dalam kurun waktu kurang dr tiga tahun
02:49
Now what Okolloh did
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Apa yang Okolloh lakukan
02:52
would not have been possible
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tidak akan pernah terwujud
02:54
without digital technology.
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tanpa teknologi digital
02:57
What Okolloh did would not have been possible
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Apa yang dilakukan Okolloh tidak akan terwujud
03:00
without human generosity.
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tanpa kemurahan hati manusia
03:02
And the interesting moment now,
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Dan yang paling menarik sekarang,
03:04
the number of environments
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adalah jumlah lingkungan
03:06
where the social design challenge
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yang problem sosialnya menuntut
03:08
relies on both of those things being true.
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adanya kedua hal tersebut.
03:11
That is the resource that I'm talking about.
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Sumber daya itulah yang mau saya bicarakan.
03:14
I call it cognitive surplus.
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Saya sebut itu Limpahan kognitif
03:16
And it represents the ability
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Yang menunjukkan kemampuan
03:18
of the world's population
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populasi dunia
03:20
to volunteer and to contribute and collaborate
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untuk berkontribusi dan bekerjasama secara sukarela
03:23
on large, sometimes global, projects.
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dalam projek berskala yg besar, kadang sampai level global.
03:26
Cognitive surplus is made up of two things.
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Limpahan kognitif terdiri dr dua hal
03:28
The first, obviously, is the world's free time and talents.
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Yang pertama, tentu saja, waktu luang dan bakat orang banyak
03:31
The world has over
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Dunia punya lebih dr
03:33
a trillion hours a year
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satu trilliun jam waktu luang
03:36
of free time
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per tahun
03:38
to commit to shared projects.
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yg biasanya terpakai buat projek keroyokan
03:40
Now, that free time existed in the 20th century,
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Waktu luang itu sudah ada sejak abad ke-20
03:42
but we didn't get Ushahidi in the 20th century.
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tapi kita tidak punya Ushahidi di abad ke-20
03:45
That's the second half of cognitive surplus.
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Itulah hal ke dua dr limpahan kognitif
03:47
The media landscape in the 20th century
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Situasi media di abad ke-20
03:49
was very good at helping people consume,
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sangat baik dlm membantu orang beraktifitas
03:52
and we got, as a result,
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Akibatnya, makin lama
03:54
very good at consuming.
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kita makin jago beraktifitas
03:56
But now that we've been given media tools --
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Tapi sekarang ketika kita punya piranti media --
03:58
the Internet, mobile phones -- that let us do more than consume,
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seperti internet, telpon genggam -- yg memungkinkan kita berbuat lebih
04:01
what we're seeing is that people weren't couch potatoes
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faktanya adalah orang jadi penonton yg baik
04:04
because we liked to be.
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bukan karena mereka suka jadi penonton
04:06
We were couch potatoes because that was
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Kita jadi penonton yg baik karena waktu itu
04:08
the only opportunity given to us.
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hanya itu pilihan yg ada
04:10
We still like to consume, of course.
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Kita masih suka beraktifitas tentu saja
04:12
But it turns out we also like to create,
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tapi ternyata kita juga suka berkarya
04:14
and we like to share.
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dan kita suka berbagi
04:17
And it's those two things together --
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Kedua hal itulah --
04:19
ancient human motivation
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motivasi tertua manusia
04:21
and the modern tools to allow that motivation
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dan piranti modern yg memungkinkan motivasi itu
04:23
to be joined up in large-scale efforts --
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bergabung dalam kegiatan berskala besar --
04:26
that are the new design resource.
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sebagai gaya rancangan termuktahir.
04:29
And using cognitive surplus,
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Dan dengan limpahan kognitif
04:31
we're starting to see truly incredible experiments
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eksperimen-eksperimen yg luar biasa mulai bermunculan
04:34
in scientific, literary,
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di bidang iptek, sastra,
04:36
artistic, political efforts.
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seni, dan politik
04:39
Designing.
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Dalam perancangan
04:41
We're also getting, of course, a lot of LOLcats.
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Banyak juga, tentu saja, yang mirip LOLcats
04:44
LOLcats are cute pictures of cats
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LOLcats adalah foto-foto kucing yg lucu
04:46
made cuter with the addition of cute captions.
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yg dibikin menggemaskan dengan berbagai komentar
04:49
And they are also
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LOLcats juga merupakan
04:51
part of the abundant media landscape we're getting now.
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bagian dari hiruk pikuk dunia media dimana kita hidup sekarang
04:54
This is one of the participatory --
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LOLcats adalah salah satu -
04:56
one of the participatory models
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salah satu model partisipatif
04:58
we see coming out of that, along with Ushahidi.
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yang lahir bersamaan dengan Ushahidi.
05:01
Now I want to stipulate, as the lawyers say,
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Saya akan berasumsi, seperti seoarang pengacara,
05:03
that LOLcats are the stupidest possible
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bahwa LOLcats adalah kegiatan kreatif paling konyol
05:05
creative act.
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yang pernah ada
05:07
There are other candidates of course,
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Pilihan lain tentu saja ada dan banyak
05:09
but LOLcats will do as a general case.
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tapi LOLcats cukup baik sebagai contoh umum
05:12
But here's the thing:
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Tapi ini yang menarik
05:14
The stupidest possible creative act
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Aksi kreatif paling konyol
05:16
is still a creative act.
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tetap adalah aksi yg kreatif
05:19
Someone who has done something like this,
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Orang yang melakukan hal ini,
05:22
however mediocre and throwaway,
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betapa konnyol dan sia-sianya,
05:25
has tried something, has put something forward in public.
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telah berusaha, telah menerbitkan sesuatu.
05:28
And once they've done it, they can do it again,
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Dan sekali berhasil, mereka bisa lakukan lagi
05:31
and they could work on getting it better.
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dan mereka akan lakukan lebih baik dr sebelumnya
05:33
There is a spectrum between mediocre work and good work,
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Ada jarak antara hasil kerja yang konyol dan yang bagus
05:36
and as anybody who's worked as an artist or a creator knows,
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dan setiap seniman atau penemu kawakan tahu
05:39
it's a spectrum you're constantly
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mereka senantiasa bergulat
05:41
struggling to get on top of.
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untuk memperpendek
05:43
The gap is between
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jarak antara
05:45
doing anything and doing nothing.
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melakukan sesuatu dan berpangku tangan
05:48
And someone who makes a LOLcat
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Dan orang yang menciptakan LOLcat
05:50
has already crossed over that gap.
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telah melampaui jarak itu
05:53
Now it's tempting to want to get the Ushahidis
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Semua orang berusaha menciptakan Ushahidis
05:55
without the LOLcats, right,
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tanpa LOLcats
05:57
to get the serious stuff without the throwaway stuff.
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menciptakan sesuatu yg berarti tanpa kekonyolan
06:00
But media abundance never works that way.
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Tapi dunia media tidak bisa diatur-atur
06:03
Freedom to experiment means freedom to experiment with anything.
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Kebebasan bereksperimen artinya kebebasan bereksperimen apa saja
06:06
Even with the sacred printing press,
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Bahkan di ranah media massa,
06:08
we got erotic novels 150 years
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selama 150 tahun orang mencetak novel porno
06:10
before we got scientific journals.
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sebelum menerbitkan jurnal ilmiah
06:14
So before I talk about
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Jadi sebelum saya sampaikan
06:17
what is, I think, the critical difference
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apa yang, menurut saya, perbedaan utama
06:19
between LOLcats and Ushahidi,
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antara LOLcats dan Ushahidi
06:21
I want to talk about
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Saya mau tunjukkan
06:23
their shared source.
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kesamaannya
06:25
And that source is design for generosity.
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keduanya berasal dr rancangan berbasis kerelaan
06:28
It is one of the curiosities of our historical era
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Hal ini merupakan salah satu misteri dalam sejarah kita
06:31
that even as cognitive surplus
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yang bahkan ketika limpahan kognitif
06:33
is becoming a resource we can design around,
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jadi sumber inspirasi kita dalam merancang,
06:35
social sciences are also starting to explain
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ilmu sosial juga mulai mampu menjelaskan
06:38
how important
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betapa pentingnya
06:40
our intrinsic motivations are to us,
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motivasi alami kita bagi diri kita
06:42
how much we do things because we like to do them
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berapa banyak kita lakukan sesuatu hanya karena kita suka
06:45
rather than because our boss told us to do them,
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bukan karena diperintah atasan
06:47
or because we're being paid to do them.
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atau karena kita dibayar
06:50
This is a graph from a paper
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Ini grafik dr kertas
06:53
by Uri Gneezy and Aldo Rustichini,
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oleh Uri Gneezy dan Aldo Rustichini
06:55
who set out to test, at the beginning of this decade,
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yang di awal dekade ini bertekad menguji
06:58
what they called "deterrence theory."
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apa yang mereka sebut "Teori Ancaman"
07:00
And deterrence theory is a very simple theory of human behavior:
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dan teori ini adalah teori yg sangat sederhana ttg perilaku manusia
07:02
If you want somebody to do less of something,
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Kalau anda mau orang lebih jarang melakukan sesuatu
07:04
add a punishment and they'll do less of it.
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kenakan hukuman dan mereka akan enggan melakukannya
07:06
Simple, straightforward, commonsensical --
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sederhana, langsung dan masuk akal
07:09
also, largely untested.
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tapi juga belum pernah teruji
07:11
And so they went and studied
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Dan karenanya mereka menelitinya
07:13
10 daycare centers in Haifa, Israel.
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di 10 panti penitipan anak di Haifa, Israel
07:15
They studied those daycare centers
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Dan mereka lakukan pengamata
07:17
at the time of highest tension,
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di jam-jam paling kritis
07:19
which is pick-up time.
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yaitu waktu penjemputan anak
07:21
At pick-up time the teachers,
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Pada jam-jam itu para guru
07:23
who have been with your children all day,
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yg sudah menjaga anak-anak itu sepanjang hari
07:25
would like you to be there at the appointed hour to take your children back.
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ingin orang tuanya datang tepat waktu dan menjemput anak mereka
07:28
Meanwhile, the parents -- perhaps a little busy at work, running late, running errands --
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sementara itu, para orang tua -- mungkin setelah kesibukan di kantor, lembur, dinas --
07:31
want a little slack to pick the kids up late.
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ingin sedikit kelonggaran dalam waktu menjemput anak
07:34
So Gneezy and Rustichini said,
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Jadi Gneezy dan Rustichini ingin tahu,
07:36
"How many instances of late pick-ups
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"Berapa banyak orang tua yang telat
07:38
are there at these 10 daycare centers?"
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diantara ke-10 panti penitipan anak ini ?"
07:40
Now they saw -- and this is what the graph is,
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Mereka temui -- grafik ini adalah ttg hal ini,
07:42
these are the number of weeks and these are the number of late arrivals --
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Ini jumlah minggu dan ini adalah angka keterlambatan penjemputan --
07:45
that there were between six and 10
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ternyata rata-rata ada 6 hingga 10
07:47
instances of late pick-ups
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kejadian telat jemput.
07:49
on average in these 10 daycare centers.
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diantara 10 panti titip anak ini.
07:51
So they divided the daycare centers into two groups.
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Lalu mereka bagi panti-panti ini jadi dua kelompok
07:54
The white group there
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Kelompok putih ini
07:56
is the control group; they change nothing.
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adalah kelompok kendali, yang dibiarkan tanpa perubahan
07:59
But the group of daycare centers represented by the black line,
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Tapi panti-panti yang dikelompokkan ke dalam garis hitam ini
08:02
they said, "We are changing this bargain
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mereka bilang, " kami ubah kesepakatannya
08:04
as of right now.
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mulai sekarang
08:06
If you pick your kid up more than 10 minutes late,
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kalau anda telat 10 menit waktu menjemput anak anda
08:08
we're going to add a 10 shekel fine to your bill.
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kami denda 10 shekel (mata usang israel)
08:10
Boom. No ifs, ands or buts."
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Dor. Tidak pakai "kalau" atau "tapi"
08:13
And the minute they did that,
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Dan begitu itu mulai diberlakukan
08:15
the behavior in those daycare centers changed.
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perilaku di panti-panti itu langsung berubah
08:17
Late pick-ups went up
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Angka keterlambatan penjemputan naik
08:19
every week for the next four weeks
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Tiap minggu selama empat minggu berikutnya
08:22
until they topped out at triple the pre-fine average,
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hingga tiga kali nilai rata-rata sebelum diberlakukan denda
08:25
and then they fluctuated
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kemudian berfluktuasi
08:27
at between double and triple the pre-fine average
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antara dua kali dan tiga kali.
08:29
for the life of the fine.
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sepanjang diberlakukannya denda
08:31
And you can see immediately what happened, right?
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Jadi semuanya jelas , bukan
08:35
The fine broke the culture
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Denda yg diterapkan merusak budaya
08:37
of the daycare center.
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pada panti-panti penitipan anak itu
08:39
By adding a fine,
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Dengan menerapkan denda
08:41
what they did was communicate to the parents
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seperti menyampaikan pada para orang tua
08:43
that their entire debt to the teachers
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bahwa "hutang" mereka pada para guru
08:45
had been discharged
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bisa dibayar.
08:47
with the payment of 10 shekels,
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dengan 10 shekels
08:49
and that there was no residue of guilt or social concern
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jadi rasa bersalah dan tekanan sosial
08:52
that the parents owed the teachers.
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hutang budi orang tua pada guru, hilang.
08:54
And so the parents, quite sensibly, said,
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Jadi para orang tua malah berpikir
08:56
"10 shekels to pick my kid up late?
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"10 shekels buat keterlembatan menjemput anak ?
08:58
What could be bad?"
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Apa salahnya ?"
09:00
(Laughter)
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(Tertawa)
09:04
The explanation of human behavior
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Penjelasan ttg perilaku manusia
09:06
that we inherited in the 20th century
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yang kita warisi dr abad ke-20 adalah bahwa
09:09
was that we are all rational, self-maximizing actors,
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kita ini pelaku yg rasional dan cenderung memaksimalkan apa-apa
09:12
and in that explanation --
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Dan dalam penjelasan itu --
09:14
the daycare center had no contract --
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panti penjemputan tidak punya kesepakatan --
09:17
should have been operating without any constraints.
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mestinya beroperasi tanpa batasan-batasan
09:20
But that's not right.
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Tapi itu tidak benar.
09:22
They were operating with social constraints
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Mereka beroperasi dengan batasan sosial
09:24
rather than contractual ones.
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alih-alih dengan kontrak
09:26
And critically, the social constraints
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Dan batasa sosial ini
09:28
created a culture that was more generous
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menciptakan budaya yg lebih toleran
09:31
than the contractual constraints did.
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daripada batasan kontraktual
09:33
So Gneezy and Rustichini run this experiment for a dozen weeks --
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Gneezy dan Rustichini melakukan eksperimen ini selama dua minggu
09:36
run the fine for a dozen weeks --
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menerapkan denda selama dua minggu
09:38
and then they say, "Okay, that's it. All done; fine."
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dan mereka pikir, "Ok, Sudah jelas. Kita hentikan saja."
09:41
And then a really interesting thing happens:
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Tapi lalu sesuatu yg menarik terjadi.
09:43
Nothing changes.
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Semuanya tidak kembali normal
09:46
The culture that got broken by the fine
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Budaya yang telah di "rusak" dengan denda
09:49
stayed broken when the fine was removed.
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Tetap "rusak" meski dendanya dihentikan
09:52
Not only are economic motivations
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Motivasi berbasis ekonomi
09:55
and intrinsic motivations
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dan motivasi alamiah
09:57
incompatible,
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bukan saja tidak cocok
09:59
that incompatibility
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tapi ketidakcocokan itu
10:01
can persist over long periods.
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bisa bertahan lama
10:04
So the trick
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Jadi kiat
10:06
in designing these kinds of situations
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untuk mengatasi situasi ini
10:08
is to understand where you're relying on
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adalah dengan memahami apa yg kita andalkan
10:11
the economic part of the bargain -- as with the parents paying the teachers --
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sisi ekonomi -- seperti kasus orang tua membayar guru --
10:14
and when you're relying on the social part of the bargain,
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atau kita mengandalkan sisi sosialnya,
10:17
when you're really designing for generosity.
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ketika kita merancang sesuatu yg berbasis ke-rela-an
10:20
This brings me back to the LOLcats
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Yang membawa diskusi ini kembali ke LOLcats
10:23
and to Ushahidi.
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dan Ushahidi
10:25
This is, I think, the range that matters.
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Hal ini, menurut saya, adalah rentang yang penting.
10:27
Both of these rely on cognitive surplus.
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Keduanya mengandalkan limpahan kognitif
10:29
Both of these design for the assumption
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Keduanya dirancang dengan asumsi
10:31
that people like to create and we want to share.
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orang suka berkarya dan suka berbagi
10:34
Here is the critical difference between these:
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Tapi ini perbedaan utama keduanya
10:39
LOLcats is communal value.
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LOLcats punya nilai komunal
10:42
It's value created by the participants
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Nilainya dibuat oleh anggota
10:44
for each other.
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untuk anggota
10:46
Communal value on the networks we have
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Nilai komunal dalam jaringan
10:49
is everywhere --
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ada banyak sekali
10:51
every time you see a large aggregate
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Setiap kali kita temukan simpulan dr data yg sangat besar
10:53
of shared, publicly available data,
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yg dibagi-bagi dan tersedia secara publik.
10:56
whether it's photos on Flickr
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Entah apa itu foto di Flickr
10:58
or videos on Youtube or whatever.
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atau video di Youtube atau apapun
11:00
This is good. I like LOLcats as much as the next guy,
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Ini bagus. Saya seperti banyak orang, suka dengan LOLcats
11:02
maybe a little more even,
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mungkin sudah rada fanatik.
11:04
but this is also
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Tapi ini juga merupakan
11:07
a largely solved problem.
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solusi dr sebuah problem besar
11:09
I have a hard time envisioning a future
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Di masa depan akan aneh kalau
11:11
in which someone is saying,
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ada orang yg masih bingung
11:13
"Where, oh where, can I find a picture
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"Dimana ya bisa menemukan gambar kucing
11:15
of a cute cat?"
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yang lucu-lucu ?"
11:17
Ushahidi, by contrast,
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Ushahidi, secara kontras
11:19
is civic value.
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punya nilai sipil
11:21
It's value created by the participants
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Nilainya dibuat oleh anggota
11:23
but enjoyed by society as a whole.
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tapi dinikmati masyarakat secara umum
11:25
The goals set out by Ushahidi
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Tujuan digunakannya Ushahidi
11:27
are not just to make life better
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tidak sekedar membuat hidup lebih baik
11:29
for the participants,
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bagi anggotanya
11:31
but to make life better for everyone in the society
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tapi membuat hidup lebih baik buat seluruh masyarakat
11:34
in which Ushahidi is operating.
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dimana Ushahidi beroperasi
11:36
And that kind of civic value
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Dan nilai sipil seperti itu
11:39
is not just a side effect
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bukan hanya jadi efek samping
11:41
of opening up to human motivation.
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dari penerapan motivasi dlm diri manusia
11:44
It really is going to be a side effect
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Tapi akan jadi efek samping
11:46
of what we, collectively,
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dr apa yang kita, secara kolektif,
11:48
make of these kinds of efforts.
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hasilkan dari kegiatan seperti ini
11:51
There are a trillion
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Ada sekitar 3 trilliun
11:53
hours a year
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jam dlm setahun
11:55
of participatory value
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potensi partisipatif
11:57
up for grabs.
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untuk diperebutkan
11:59
That will be true year-in and year-out.
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Ini akan tetap begitu setiap tahun
12:02
The number of people who are going to be able
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Jumlah orang yg mampu
12:04
to participate in these kinds of projects
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berpartisipasi dlm projek seperti ini
12:06
is going to grow,
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akan tumbuh
12:08
and we can see that organizations
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dan kita akan saksikan organisasi-organisasi
12:11
designed around a culture of generosity
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yg mengandalkan budaya ke-rela-an
12:13
can achieve incredible effects
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bisa menghasilkan dampak yg dahsyat
12:15
without an enormous amount of contractual overhead --
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tanpa perlu punya macam-macam kontrak.
12:18
a very different model
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Ini jauh berbeda
12:20
than our default model for large-scale group action in the 20th century.
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dari model umum kegiatan kelompok berskala besar di abad ke-20
12:24
What's going to make the difference here
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Apa yang akan memberikan perubahan
12:27
is what Dean Kamen said,
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adalah seperti yg dikatakan Dean Kamen
12:30
the inventor and entrepreneur.
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sang penemu dan sang wiraswastawan
12:32
Kamen said, "Free cultures get what they celebrate."
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Kamen bilang, "Budaya bebas akan mendapatkan apa yg mereka nikmati"
12:36
We've got a choice before us.
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Jadi kita punya pilihan sekarang
12:39
We've got this trillion hours a year.
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Kita punya 3 triliun jam setahun
12:41
We can use it to crack each other up, and we're going to do that.
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Kita bisa gunakan untuk saling menghibur, dan kita pasti akan lakukan itu
12:44
That, we get for free.
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dan tetap gratis
12:46
But we can also celebrate
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Tapi kita juga bisa merayakan
12:48
and support and reward the people
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mendukung dan mengapresiasi orang-orang
12:50
trying to use cognitive surplus
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yang mencoba menggunakan limpahan kognitif
12:52
to create civic value.
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untuk menciptakan nilai sipil
12:54
And to the degree we're going to do that, to the degree we're able to do that,
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Dan sejauh mana kita bertekad melakukan itu, sejauh mana kita bisa melakukan itu
12:57
we'll be able to change society.
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sejauh itulah perubahan yg kita bawa ke masyarakat
12:59
Thank you very much.
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Terima kasih banyak
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Clay Shirky - Social Media TheoristClay Shirky argues that the history of the modern world could be rendered as the history of ways of arguing, where changes in media change what sort of arguments are possible -- with deep social and political implications.
Why you should listen
Clay Shirky's work focuses on the rising usefulness of networks -- using decentralized technologies such as peer-to-peer sharing, wireless, software for social creation, and open-source development. New technologies are enabling new kinds of cooperative structures to flourish as a way of getting things done in business, science, the arts and elsewhere, as an alternative to centralized and institutional structures, which he sees as self-limiting. In his writings and speeches he has argued that "a group is its own worst enemy."
Shirky is an adjunct professor in New York Universityʼs graduate Interactive Telecommunications Program, where he teaches a course named “Social Weather.” Heʼs the author of several books. This spring at the TED headquarters in New York, he gave an impassioned talk against SOPA/PIPA that saw 1 million views in 48 hours.
Clay Shirky | Speaker | TED.com