ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Clay Shirky - Social Media Theorist
Clay Shirky argues that the history of the modern world could be rendered as the history of ways of arguing, where changes in media change what sort of arguments are possible -- with deep social and political implications.

Why you should listen

Clay Shirky's work focuses on the rising usefulness of networks -- using decentralized technologies such as peer-to-peer sharing, wireless, software for social creation, and open-source development. New technologies are enabling new kinds of cooperative structures to flourish as a way of getting things done in business, science, the arts and elsewhere, as an alternative to centralized and institutional structures, which he sees as self-limiting. In his writings and speeches he has argued that "a group is its own worst enemy."

Shirky is an adjunct professor in New York Universityʼs graduate Interactive Telecommunications Program, where he teaches a course named “Social Weather.” Heʼs the author of several books. This spring at the TED headquarters in New York, he gave an impassioned talk against SOPA/PIPA that saw 1 million views in 48 hours.

More profile about the speaker
Clay Shirky | Speaker | TED.com
TED@Cannes

Clay Shirky: How cognitive surplus will change the world

克雷 舍基:认知盈余如何改变世界

Filmed:
1,065,787 views

克雷 舍基看到“认知盈余”-这个我们一起用我们空闲脑循环来完成的共享,在线工程。当我们忙于编辑Wiki百科全书,在Ushahidi上发帖子(是的,还有狂笑猫咪LOLcats),我们正在创造一个更好的,更加合作的世界。
- Social Media Theorist
Clay Shirky argues that the history of the modern world could be rendered as the history of ways of arguing, where changes in media change what sort of arguments are possible -- with deep social and political implications. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
The story故事 starts启动 in Kenya肯尼亚
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故事开始于2007年12月的
00:18
in December十二月 of 2007,
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肯尼亚,
00:20
when there was a disputed争议 presidential总统 election选举,
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一届备受争议的总统选举。
00:22
and in the immediate即时 aftermath后果 of that election选举,
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此次选举刚刚结束,
00:25
there was an outbreak暴发 of ethnic民族 violence暴力.
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就发生了种族暴力事件。
00:27
And there was a lawyer律师 in Nairobi内罗毕, Ory欧利 OkollohOkolloh --
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一位在内罗毕市的律师-奥里欧克罗,
00:30
who some of you may可能 know from her TEDTalkTED演讲 --
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你们当中有些人可能通过她的TED讲话认识她-
00:32
who began开始 blogging写博客 about it on her site现场,
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她在她的博客上报道这个事件,
00:34
Kenyan肯尼亚 Pundit权威人士.
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她的博客叫肯尼亚观点。
00:36
And shortly不久 after the election选举 and the outbreak暴发 of violence暴力,
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就在选举结束和暴力事件发生之后的短短时间内,
00:39
the government政府 suddenly突然 imposed征收
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肯尼亚政府突然实施了
00:41
a significant重大 media媒体 blackout灯火管制.
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对媒体的强有力管制。
00:43
And so weblogs博客 went from being存在
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博客们纷纷从作为
00:45
commentary评论 as part部分 of the media媒体 landscape景观
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媒体平台的评述部分
00:47
to being存在 a critical危急 part部分 of the media媒体 landscape景观
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变为媒体平台的批评部分,
00:50
in trying to understand理解 where the violence暴力 was.
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试着了解到底在什么地方出现暴力。
00:53
And OkollohOkolloh solicited搜罗
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欧克罗向她的博客读者们
00:55
from her commenters提意见
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征求更多
00:57
more information信息 about what was going on.
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关于暴力事件的信息。
00:59
The comments注释 began开始 pouring浇注 in,
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大量的评论涌入进来。
01:01
and OkollohOkolloh would collate them. She would post岗位 them.
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欧克罗就收集起来。 再发表。
01:03
And she quickly很快 said, "It's too much.
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她很快意识到,“这太多了。
01:05
I could do this all day every一切 day
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我每天都可以工作一整天,
01:07
and I can't keep up.
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还忙不过来。
01:09
There is more information信息
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现在关于
01:11
about what's going on in Kenya肯尼亚 right now
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肯尼亚的信息
01:13
than any one person can manage管理.
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简直多得让单独一个人无法整理。
01:15
If only there was a way to automate自动化 this."
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除非有个自动化的方式来整理。”
01:17
And two programmers程序员 who read her blog博客
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两位程序员读了她的博客后
01:19
held保持 their hands up and said, "We could do that,"
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说:“我们可以帮助你建立一个自动化的程序。”
01:22
and in 72 hours小时, they launched推出 UshahidiUshahidi的.
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72个小时后,他们推出了Ushahidi。
01:25
UshahidiUshahidi的 -- the name名称 means手段 "witness见证"
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Ushahidi-这个名字来源于
01:27
or "testimony见证" in Swahili斯瓦希里 --
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斯瓦西里的“目击者”或“证人”-
01:29
is a very simple简单 way of taking服用 reports报告 from the field领域,
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它的运作方式很简单,就是将现场,
01:32
whether是否 it's from the web卷筒纸 or, critically危重,
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无论是来自于互联网,更重要的
01:35
via通过 mobile移动 phones手机 and SMS短信,
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是来自于移动电话或短信
01:37
aggregating聚集 it and putting it on a map地图.
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的报告汇总起来再发表到地图上。
01:40
That's all it is, but that's all that's needed需要
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那就行了,那就是所需要的了。
01:42
because what it does is it takes the tacit information信息
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因为它所做的就是获取
01:45
available可得到 to the whole整个 population人口 --
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全人类那些不为人知的隐形信息-
01:47
everybody每个人 knows知道 where the violence暴力 is,
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每个人都知道暴力发生在什么地方,
01:49
but no one person knows知道 what everyone大家 knows知道 --
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但是没有人通晓所有信息-
01:52
and it takes that tacit information信息
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所以这个程序就是将获取的那些不为人知的隐性信息汇总,
01:54
and it aggregates聚集 it,
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再到地图上定位,
01:56
and it maps地图 it and it makes品牌 it public上市.
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最后公之于众。
01:58
And that, that maneuver演习
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那网站叫做
02:00
called "crisis危机 mapping制图,"
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“危机信息地图”
02:02
was kicked off in Kenya肯尼亚
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于2008年一月
02:05
in January一月 of 2008.
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在肯尼亚开始。
02:07
And enough足够 people looked看着 at it and found发现 it valuable有价值 enough足够
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有足够多的人关注这网站,也发现了它有足够的价值,
02:10
that the programmers程序员 who created创建 UshahidiUshahidi的
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于是发明Ushahidi的程序员们
02:12
decided决定 they were going to make it open打开 source资源
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决定继续改变它为开放源,
02:14
and turn it into a platform平台.
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形成一个平台。
02:16
It's since以来 been deployed部署 in Mexico墨西哥
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它被运用在跟踪墨西哥的
02:18
to track跟踪 electoral fraud舞弊.
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选举舞弊中。
02:20
It's been deployed部署 in Washington华盛顿 D.C. to track跟踪 snow cleanup清理.
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它也被用在跟踪华盛顿特区的积雪清理。
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And it's been used most famously著名 in Haiti海地
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最著名的是它被运用在
02:25
in the aftermath后果 of the earthquake地震.
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震后的海地。
02:28
And when you look at the map地图
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现在当你看到在
02:30
now posted发布 on the UshahidiUshahidi的 front面前 page,
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Ushahidi首页公布的地图,
02:32
you can see that the number of deployments部署 in UshahidiUshahidi的
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你会发现Ushahidi运用在世界各个角落,
02:34
has gone走了 worldwide全世界, all right?
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对吧?
02:37
This went from a single idea理念
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这项技术已经在短短三年
02:39
and a single implementation履行
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从2008年初在
02:41
in East Africa非洲 in the beginning开始 of 2008
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东非的一个想法,
02:44
to a global全球 deployment部署
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一个部署发展成为
02:46
in less than three years年份.
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一个网络全球的部署。
02:49
Now what OkollohOkolloh did
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欧克罗所做的
02:52
would not have been possible可能
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离开了数字科技
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without digital数字 technology技术.
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是远远不可能实现的。
02:57
What OkollohOkolloh did would not have been possible可能
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欧克罗所做的离开了人类共享
03:00
without human人的 generosity慷慨.
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也是远远不可能实现的。
03:02
And the interesting有趣 moment时刻 now,
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现在有趣的是,
03:04
the number of environments环境
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社会设计挑战所需的
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where the social社会 design设计 challenge挑战
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氛围
03:08
relies依赖 on both of those things being存在 true真正.
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依赖于这两个条件都具备。
03:11
That is the resource资源 that I'm talking about.
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这就是我所讲的资源。
03:14
I call it cognitive认知 surplus剩余.
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我称它为认知盈余。
03:16
And it represents代表 the ability能力
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它代表了
03:18
of the world's世界 population人口
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人类
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to volunteer志愿者 and to contribute有助于 and collaborate合作
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在大型,全球化的项目上
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on large, sometimes有时 global全球, projects项目.
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自愿贡献和合作的能力。
03:26
Cognitive认知 surplus剩余 is made制作 up of two things.
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认知盈余由两部分组成。
03:28
The first, obviously明显, is the world's世界 free自由 time and talents人才.
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起初,很明显的,是全球的空闲时间和才能。
03:31
The world世界 has over
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世界上
03:33
a trillion hours小时 a year
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每年有超过一万亿的
03:36
of free自由 time
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空闲时间
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to commit承诺 to shared共享 projects项目.
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来供我们合作项目。
03:40
Now, that free自由 time existed存在 in the 20th century世纪,
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那是20世纪的空闲时间数据,
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but we didn't get UshahidiUshahidi的 in the 20th century世纪.
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不过20世纪我们没有Ushahidi。
03:45
That's the second第二 half of cognitive认知 surplus剩余.
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接下来说到认知盈余的另一半。
03:47
The media媒体 landscape景观 in the 20th century世纪
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20世纪的媒体
03:49
was very good at helping帮助 people consume消耗,
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在帮助人们消费方面做得非常好。
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and we got, as a result结果,
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所以结果是,
03:54
very good at consuming消费.
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我们非常善于消费。
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But now that we've我们已经 been given特定 media媒体 tools工具 --
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但是现在,我们使用的媒体-
03:58
the Internet互联网, mobile移动 phones手机 -- that let us do more than consume消耗,
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互联网,移动手机-都让我们做更多的事情,而不仅仅是消费,
04:01
what we're seeing眼看 is that people weren't couch长椅 potatoes土豆
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我们正看见的是人们不再是坐在电视机前,
04:04
because we liked喜欢 to be.
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因为我们更喜欢做其它的事情。
04:06
We were couch长椅 potatoes土豆 because that was
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我们原先坐在电视机前是因为
04:08
the only opportunity机会 given特定 to us.
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我们只有那一个选择。
04:10
We still like to consume消耗, of course课程.
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当然,我们还是喜欢消费。
04:12
But it turns out we also like to create创建,
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但是,我们也喜欢创造,
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and we like to share分享.
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同时喜欢分享。
04:17
And it's those two things together一起 --
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这两项加起来-
04:19
ancient human人的 motivation动机
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就是人类自古就有的激情,
04:21
and the modern现代 tools工具 to allow允许 that motivation动机
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现代工具使得这种激情
04:23
to be joined加盟 up in large-scale大规模 efforts努力 --
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扩大化-
04:26
that are the new design设计 resource资源.
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变成新的设计资源。
04:29
And using运用 cognitive认知 surplus剩余,
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使用认知盈余,
04:31
we're starting开始 to see truly incredible难以置信 experiments实验
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我们更加看到真正的无与伦比的
04:34
in scientific科学, literary,
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在自然、文学
04:36
artistic艺术的, political政治 efforts努力.
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艺术、政治的各种实验。
04:39
Designing设计.
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设计。
04:41
We're also getting得到, of course课程, a lot of LOLcats大笑猫.
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我们还有了很多很多的狂笑猫咪LOLcats。
04:44
LOLcats大笑猫 are cute可爱 pictures图片 of cats
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狂笑猫咪LOLcats是一组
04:46
made制作 cuter可爱 with the addition加成 of cute可爱 captions字幕.
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很多可爱的猫咪在最可爱的时候的照片。
04:49
And they are also
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它们也是
04:51
part部分 of the abundant丰富 media媒体 landscape景观 we're getting得到 now.
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我们当前广阔的媒体景观的一部分。
04:54
This is one of the participatory参与 --
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这只是其中的一种参与模式,
04:56
one of the participatory参与 models楷模
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我们看到同Ushahidi一块儿的
04:58
we see coming未来 out of that, along沿 with UshahidiUshahidi的.
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众多参与模式的一种。
05:01
Now I want to stipulate规定, as the lawyers律师 say,
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我只想说,正如律师们说过的,
05:03
that LOLcats大笑猫 are the stupidest愚蠢的 possible可能
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狂笑猫咪LOLcats是最愚蠢可行的
05:05
creative创作的 act法案.
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创作艺术。
05:07
There are other candidates候选人 of course课程,
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当然还有其它的一些,
05:09
but LOLcats大笑猫 will do as a general一般 case案件.
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不过狂笑猫咪LOLcats是个大众化的例子。
05:12
But here's这里的 the thing:
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但有一点是
05:14
The stupidest愚蠢的 possible可能 creative创作的 act法案
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即便是最愚蠢可行的创作艺术
05:16
is still a creative创作的 act法案.
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也还是创作艺术。
05:19
Someone有人 who has doneDONE something like this,
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一些人已经创作了类似的创作,
05:22
however然而 mediocre平庸 and throwaway丢掉,
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无论创作是平庸或者一次性作品,
05:25
has tried试着 something, has put something forward前锋 in public上市.
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他们都尝试过了,也展示给了大众。
05:28
And once一旦 they've他们已经 doneDONE it, they can do it again,
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他们一旦完成了,就可以再次创作,
05:31
and they could work on getting得到 it better.
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还可以做得更好。
05:33
There is a spectrum光谱 between之间 mediocre平庸 work and good work,
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在平庸的作品和优秀作品之间有段空间。
05:36
and as anybody任何人 who's谁是 worked工作 as an artist艺术家 or a creator创造者 knows知道,
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任何艺术家或创作者都知道,
05:39
it's a spectrum光谱 you're constantly经常
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这段空间是你一直
05:41
struggling奋斗的 to get on top最佳 of.
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努力都想达到的最高境界。
05:43
The gap间隙 is between之间
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这也是
05:45
doing anything and doing nothing.
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做出点名堂和一事无成的鸿沟。
05:48
And someone有人 who makes品牌 a LOLcatLOLcat
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创作出狂笑猫咪的人
05:50
has already已经 crossed越过 over that gap间隙.
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已经跨越了这个鸿沟。
05:53
Now it's tempting诱人的 to want to get the UshahidisUshahidis
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现在没有狂笑猫咪,我们希望得到Ushahidis,
05:55
without the LOLcats大笑猫, right,
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对,
05:57
to get the serious严重 stuff东东 without the throwaway丢掉 stuff东东.
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从一次性作品过渡到严肃的创作作品。
06:00
But media媒体 abundance丰富 never works作品 that way.
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但是大众媒体从来都不是那样工作的。
06:03
Freedom自由 to experiment实验 means手段 freedom自由 to experiment实验 with anything.
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自由实验意味着自由地去尝试任何事情的实验。
06:06
Even with the sacred神圣 printing印花 press,
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即便是在神圣的印刷业,
06:08
we got erotic好色之徒 novels小说 150 years年份
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色情小说比科技期刊
06:10
before we got scientific科学 journals期刊.
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早出现150年。
06:14
So before I talk about
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在我谈
06:17
what is, I think, the critical危急 difference区别
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狂笑猫咪和Ushahidi的
06:19
between之间 LOLcats大笑猫 and UshahidiUshahidi的,
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关键区别之前,
06:21
I want to talk about
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我想,
06:23
their shared共享 source资源.
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先谈谈它们共享的资源。
06:25
And that source资源 is design设计 for generosity慷慨.
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那资源是为了共享所设计的。
06:28
It is one of the curiosities好奇心 of our historical历史的 era时代
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这是我们历史上充满好奇心的一段时期,
06:31
that even as cognitive认知 surplus剩余
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即便是认知盈余
06:33
is becoming变得 a resource资源 we can design设计 around,
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也成为我们设计的资源,
06:35
social社会 sciences科学 are also starting开始 to explain说明
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社会学家们也开始解释
06:38
how important重要
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我们内在动机
06:40
our intrinsic固有 motivations动机 are to us,
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对于我们是如何的重要,
06:42
how much we do things because we like to do them
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我们做什么事是因为我们喜欢这样做,
06:45
rather than because our boss老板 told us to do them,
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而不是我们的老板告诉我们要这样做,
06:47
or because we're being存在 paid支付 to do them.
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或者是我们通过做这些事而拿到工钱。
06:50
This is a graph图形 from a paper
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这张图来自于
06:53
by Uri乌里 GneezyGneezy and Aldo阿尔 Rustichini鲁斯蒂奇尼,
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Uri Gneezy和Afredo Rusticini的作品,
06:55
who set out to test测试, at the beginning开始 of this decade,
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他们测试,在十年前,
06:58
what they called "deterrence威慑 theory理论."
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他们称为“威慑理论”的东西。
07:00
And deterrence威慑 theory理论 is a very simple简单 theory理论 of human人的 behavior行为:
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威慑理论是人类行为最简单的理论。
07:02
If you want somebody to do less of something,
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如果你不想要人们做某些事情,
07:04
add a punishment惩罚 and they'll他们会 do less of it.
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只需要加上惩罚,人们便不会去做了。
07:06
Simple简单, straightforward直截了当, commonsensical常识 --
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简单的,直白的,常识性的,
07:09
also, largely大部分 untested未经测试.
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同时很大程度上也是未加实验验证的。
07:11
And so they went and studied研究
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他们前往以色列
07:13
10 daycare日托 centers中心 in Haifa海法, Israel以色列.
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海法市研究了十所日托中心。
07:15
They studied研究 those daycare日托 centers中心
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他们研究了这些日托中心
07:17
at the time of highest最高 tension张力,
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最忙碌的时刻,
07:19
which哪一个 is pick-up捡起 time.
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也就是接孩子的时刻。
07:21
At pick-up捡起 time the teachers教师,
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在接孩子的时刻,
07:23
who have been with your children孩子 all day,
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已经跟你的孩子呆了一整天的老师们
07:25
would like you to be there at the appointed任命 hour小时 to take your children孩子 back.
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希望家长们按照预定的时间接回孩子。
07:28
Meanwhile与此同时, the parents父母 -- perhaps也许 a little busy at work, running赛跑 late晚了, running赛跑 errands跑腿 --
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与此同时,家长们-可能因为工作,忙忙碌碌,琐事-
07:31
want a little slack松弛 to pick the kids孩子 up late晚了.
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在接孩子的时候有可能迟到。
07:34
So GneezyGneezy and Rustichini鲁斯蒂奇尼 said,
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所以Gneezy和Rusticini说过,
07:36
"How many许多 instances实例 of late晚了 pick-ups皮卡
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“那十所日托中心
07:38
are there at these 10 daycare日托 centers中心?"
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有多少晚接孩子的例子?”
07:40
Now they saw -- and this is what the graph图形 is,
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现在他们看到-就是这张图表显示的,
07:42
these are the number of weeks and these are the number of late晚了 arrivals到达 --
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这是星期的数量,这是晚接孩子的数量-
07:45
that there were between之间 six and 10
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这十所日托中心平均
07:47
instances实例 of late晚了 pick-ups皮卡
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有6到10个
07:49
on average平均 in these 10 daycare日托 centers中心.
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晚接孩子的例子。
07:51
So they divided分为 the daycare日托 centers中心 into two groups.
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所以他们将这十所日托中心分成两组。
07:54
The white白色 group there
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白色的一组是
07:56
is the control控制 group; they change更改 nothing.
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对照组,不做变化。
07:59
But the group of daycare日托 centers中心 represented代表 by the black黑色 line线,
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但是黑线代表的日托中心那组,
08:02
they said, "We are changing改变 this bargain讨价还价
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他们说:“现在我们做
08:04
as of right now.
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这样的改变。
08:06
If you pick your kid孩子 up more than 10 minutes分钟 late晚了,
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如果你接孩子比预定的晚了十分钟,
08:08
we're going to add a 10 shekel锡克尔 fine to your bill法案.
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我们就罚你多交10锡克尔。
08:10
Boom繁荣. No ifsIFS, andsANDS or buts的击打."
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就这样了。没有什么如果,但是的借口。”
08:13
And the minute分钟 they did that,
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就在他们做出改变的那一刻,
08:15
the behavior行为 in those daycare日托 centers中心 changed.
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日托中心也发生了变化。
08:17
Late晚了 pick-ups皮卡 went up
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接下来的四周内,
08:19
every一切 week for the next下一个 four weeks
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每周晚接孩子的数量都在上升,
08:22
until直到 they topped突破 out at triple三倍 the pre-fine预精 average平均,
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直到他们将罚金增加到原先的三倍,
08:25
and then they fluctuated忽高忽低
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而后,
08:27
at between之间 double and triple三倍 the pre-fine预精 average平均
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他们徘徊在
08:29
for the life of the fine.
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两倍到三倍罚金之间。
08:31
And you can see immediately立即 what happened发生, right?
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你看到了立马的变化,是吧。
08:35
The fine broke打破 the culture文化
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罚金打破了日托中心
08:37
of the daycare日托 center中央.
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的规律。
08:39
By adding加入 a fine,
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因为增加了罚金,
08:41
what they did was communicate通信 to the parents父母
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原先他们同家长间的交流,
08:43
that their entire整个 debt债务 to the teachers教师
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让家长们欠下老师的债务
08:45
had been discharged出院
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变为了
08:47
with the payment付款 of 10 shekels,
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10锡克尔的罚金,
08:49
and that there was no residue残留 of guilt有罪 or social社会 concern关心
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家长们也不会因为感到欠了老师的罚金
08:52
that the parents父母 owed the teachers教师.
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而觉得内疚或者受到社会关注。
08:54
And so the parents父母, quite相当 sensibly理智, said,
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所以家长们,感慨地说,
08:56
"10 shekels to pick my kid孩子 up late晚了?
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“10锡克尔就可以晚接会儿孩子。
08:58
What could be bad?"
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还有什么更坏的呢?”
09:00
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
09:04
The explanation说明 of human人的 behavior行为
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自20世纪遗传下来的人类行为的解释
09:06
that we inherited遗传 in the 20th century世纪
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说法,
09:09
was that we are all rational合理的, self-maximizing自最大化 actors演员,
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那就是我们人类都是理性的,自我最大化的演员。
09:12
and in that explanation说明 --
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在这解释下-
09:14
the daycare日托 center中央 had no contract合同 --
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日托中心没有合约-
09:17
should have been operating操作 without any constraints限制.
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也没有任何运营限制。
09:20
But that's not right.
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但不对。
09:22
They were operating操作 with social社会 constraints限制
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他们在社会的约束下运营,
09:24
rather than contractual合同 ones那些.
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而不是合同条款。
09:26
And critically危重, the social社会 constraints限制
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关键的是,社会的约束
09:28
created创建 a culture文化 that was more generous慷慨
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创造了比合同条款
09:31
than the contractual合同 constraints限制 did.
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更广泛的一种文化。
09:33
So GneezyGneezy and Rustichini鲁斯蒂奇尼 run this experiment实验 for a dozen weeks --
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所以在Gneezy和Rustichini进行这个实验的几周后-
09:36
run the fine for a dozen weeks --
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也就是增加罚款的几周-
09:38
and then they say, "Okay, that's it. All doneDONE; fine."
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他们说:“好啦,就到这里。都很好。”
09:41
And then a really interesting有趣 thing happens发生:
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真正有趣的现象发生了。
09:43
Nothing changes变化.
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什么也没有改变。
09:46
The culture文化 that got broken破碎 by the fine
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罚款所改变的晚接孩子现象
09:49
stayed broken破碎 when the fine was removed去除.
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并没有随着罚款的取消而有所变化。
09:52
Not only are economic经济 motivations动机
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不仅仅是经济动机
09:55
and intrinsic固有 motivations动机
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和内在动机
09:57
incompatible不相容,
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不相容,
09:59
that incompatibility配伍禁忌
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那种不相容
10:01
can persist坚持 over long periods.
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能持续很长一段时间。
10:04
So the trick
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设计这样的情形的关键
10:06
in designing设计 these kinds of situations情况
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在于
10:08
is to understand理解 where you're relying依托 on
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理解交易双方的经济行为部分,
10:11
the economic经济 part部分 of the bargain讨价还价 -- as with the parents父母 paying付款 the teachers教师 --
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你依靠什么-就像家长们支付老师工钱-
10:14
and when you're relying依托 on the social社会 part部分 of the bargain讨价还价,
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和什么时候你依靠交易双方的社会行为部分,
10:17
when you're really designing设计 for generosity慷慨.
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什么时候你真正为人们共享而设计。
10:20
This brings带来 me back to the LOLcats大笑猫
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这个将我引回狂笑猫咪LOLcats
10:23
and to UshahidiUshahidi的.
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和Ushahidi中。
10:25
This is, I think, the range范围 that matters事项.
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我认为,范围很重要
10:27
Both of these rely依靠 on cognitive认知 surplus剩余.
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它们两者都依赖认知盈余。
10:29
Both of these design设计 for the assumption假设
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它们两者都为
10:31
that people like to create创建 and we want to share分享.
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喜欢创造和分享的人们而设计。
10:34
Here is the critical危急 difference区别 between之间 these:
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两者的关键差别是:
10:39
LOLcats大笑猫 is communal公社 value.
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狂笑猫咪LOLcats具有公共价值(communal value)。
10:42
It's value created创建 by the participants参与者
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它的价值产生于参与者之间的
10:44
for each other.
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互动。
10:46
Communal公社 value on the networks网络 we have
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网络上的公共价值
10:49
is everywhere到处 --
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到处都是。
10:51
every一切 time you see a large aggregate骨料
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每次你看到的那些庞大集合的,共享的
10:53
of shared共享, publicly公然 available可得到 data数据,
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公共数据,
10:56
whether是否 it's photos相片 on FlickrFlickr的
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无论是Flickr上的照片
10:58
or videos视频 on Youtube的Youtube or whatever随你.
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还是Youtube上的视频,或者其它什么。
11:00
This is good. I like LOLcats大笑猫 as much as the next下一个 guy,
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这些都很好。我跟另一个人一样喜欢狂笑猫咪,
11:02
maybe a little more even,
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或许更加喜爱。
11:04
but this is also
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但这也是
11:07
a largely大部分 solved解决了 problem问题.
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一个未被完全解决了的问题。
11:09
I have a hard time envisioning构想 a future未来
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我很难设想未来,
11:11
in which哪一个 someone有人 is saying,
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就像有人说的,
11:13
"Where, oh where, can I find a picture图片
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“哪里,在哪里,我们能找到
11:15
of a cute可爱 cat?"
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一张可爱的猫咪图?”
11:17
UshahidiUshahidi的, by contrast对比,
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相反,Ushahidi
11:19
is civic公民 value.
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是一种公民价值(civic value)。
11:21
It's value created创建 by the participants参与者
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它的价值产生于参与者,
11:23
but enjoyed享受 by society社会 as a whole整个.
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但是整个社会都能共享。
11:25
The goals目标 set out by UshahidiUshahidi的
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Ushahidi的目标
11:27
are not just to make life better
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不仅仅让参与者的生活
11:29
for the participants参与者,
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变得更好,
11:31
but to make life better for everyone大家 in the society社会
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而让操作Ushahidi的社会中的
11:34
in which哪一个 UshahidiUshahidi的 is operating操作.
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每一个人都生活得更好。
11:36
And that kind of civic公民 value
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公民价值
11:39
is not just a side effect影响
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不仅仅是
11:41
of opening开盘 up to human人的 motivation动机.
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激发人类动力的伴随现象,
11:44
It really is going to be a side effect影响
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而是它真正的成为
11:46
of what we, collectively,
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我们一起共同
11:48
make of these kinds of efforts努力.
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努力的巨大效应。
11:51
There are a trillion
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每年一万亿的
11:53
hours小时 a year
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小时
11:55
of participatory参与 value
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可供大家自由争取
11:57
up for grabs争夺.
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共享价值。
11:59
That will be true真正 year-in今年在 and year-out年出.
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年复一年的确如此。
12:02
The number of people who are going to be able能够
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参与这些项目
12:04
to participate参加 in these kinds of projects项目
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的人数
12:06
is going to grow增长,
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正逐渐增加。
12:08
and we can see that organizations组织
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我们也会看见不同组织
12:11
designed设计 around a culture文化 of generosity慷慨
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在共享的文化下,尽管没有巨额的合同开销,
12:13
can achieve实现 incredible难以置信 effects效果
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也可以设计出不可思议的
12:15
without an enormous巨大 amount of contractual合同 overhead高架 --
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作品。
12:18
a very different不同 model模型
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这是一个非常不同于
12:20
than our default默认 model模型 for large-scale大规模 group action行动 in the 20th century世纪.
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20世纪的大规模团体行动的默认模式。
12:24
What's going to make the difference区别 here
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有所不同的是,
12:27
is what Dean院长 Kamen假面 said,
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正如一位发明家和企业家狄安卡门所说
12:30
the inventor发明者 and entrepreneur企业家.
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的话。
12:32
Kamen假面 said, "Free自由 cultures文化 get what they celebrate庆祝."
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卡门说:“自由文化让大家得到所崇尚的东西而庆祝。”
12:36
We've我们已经 got a choice选择 before us.
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我们现在正面临一个选择。
12:39
We've我们已经 got this trillion hours小时 a year.
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每年我们有成千上万亿小时的空闲时间。
12:41
We can use it to crack裂纹 each other up, and we're going to do that.
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我们能利用它们让每个人都快乐起来,我们就要那么做。
12:44
That, we get for free自由.
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而且,我们免费共享。
12:46
But we can also celebrate庆祝
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但我们也要庆祝
12:48
and support支持 and reward奖励 the people
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和支持以及奖励那些
12:50
trying to use cognitive认知 surplus剩余
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使用认知盈余
12:52
to create创建 civic公民 value.
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创造公民价值的人们。
12:54
And to the degree we're going to do that, to the degree we're able能够 to do that,
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在多大程度上,我们要那么做,我们能那么做,
12:57
we'll be able能够 to change更改 society社会.
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我们就能改变社会。
12:59
Thank you very much.
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非常谢谢大家。
Translated by Xu (Jessica) Jiang
Reviewed by Angelia King

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Clay Shirky - Social Media Theorist
Clay Shirky argues that the history of the modern world could be rendered as the history of ways of arguing, where changes in media change what sort of arguments are possible -- with deep social and political implications.

Why you should listen

Clay Shirky's work focuses on the rising usefulness of networks -- using decentralized technologies such as peer-to-peer sharing, wireless, software for social creation, and open-source development. New technologies are enabling new kinds of cooperative structures to flourish as a way of getting things done in business, science, the arts and elsewhere, as an alternative to centralized and institutional structures, which he sees as self-limiting. In his writings and speeches he has argued that "a group is its own worst enemy."

Shirky is an adjunct professor in New York Universityʼs graduate Interactive Telecommunications Program, where he teaches a course named “Social Weather.” Heʼs the author of several books. This spring at the TED headquarters in New York, he gave an impassioned talk against SOPA/PIPA that saw 1 million views in 48 hours.

More profile about the speaker
Clay Shirky | Speaker | TED.com