TEDGlobal 2012
Beau Lotto + Amy O'Toole: Science is for everyone, kids included
Beau Lotto + Amy O'Tooleová: Veda je pre každého, vrátane detí
Filmed:
Readability: 3.5
1,504,898 views
Čo majú veda a hra spoločné? Neurológ Beau Lotto verí, že všetci ľudia (vrátane detí) by sa mali podieľať na vede a skrze proces objavovania meniť naše vnímanie. Sprevádza ho 12-ročná Amy O´Tooleová, ktorá spolu so svojimi 25 spolužiakmi, vydala prvý článok napísaný a odobrený školákmi o projekte Blackawtonské včely. Začína vetou: "Kde bolo, tam bolo..."
Beau Lotto - Neuroscientist, Artist
Beau Lotto is founder of Lottolab, a hybrid art studio and science lab. With glowing, interactive sculpture -- and old-fashioned peer-reviewed research--he's illuminating the mysteries of the brain's visual system. Full bioAmy O'Toole - Student
Amy O'Toole is a 12-year-old student who helped run a science experiment inspired by Beau Lotto's participative science approach. At age 10 she became one of the youngest people ever to publish a peer-reviewed science paper. Full bio
Beau Lotto is founder of Lottolab, a hybrid art studio and science lab. With glowing, interactive sculpture -- and old-fashioned peer-reviewed research--he's illuminating the mysteries of the brain's visual system. Full bioAmy O'Toole - Student
Amy O'Toole is a 12-year-old student who helped run a science experiment inspired by Beau Lotto's participative science approach. At age 10 she became one of the youngest people ever to publish a peer-reviewed science paper. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:17
Beau Lotto: So, this game is very simple.
0
1487
2169
Takže, táto hra je veľmi jednoduchá.
00:19
All you have to do is read what you see. Right?
1
3656
4047
Všetko, čo musíte urobiť je prečítať, čo vidíte, ok?
00:23
So, I'm going to count to you, so we don't all do it together.
2
7703
3201
Takže, budem počítať, aby ste to nemuseli robiť aj vy.
00:26
Okay, one, two, three.Audience: Can you read this?
3
10904
2499
Jeden, dva, tri. Diváci: Dokážete to prečítať?
00:29
BL: Amazing. What about this one? One, two, three.Audience: You are not reading this.
4
13403
4379
BL: Úžasné. A čo tak toto? Jeden, dva, tri.
Diváci: Toto nečitate.
Diváci: Toto nečitate.
00:33
BL: All right. One, two, three. (Laughter)
5
17782
5316
BL: V poriadku. Jeden, dva, tri. (Smiech)
00:38
If you were Portuguese, right? How about this one? One, two, three.
6
23098
4797
Kiežby ste hovorili po portugalsky, však? A čo tak tento? Raz, dva, tri.
00:43
Audience: What are you reading?
7
27895
1978
Diváci: Čo to čítate?
00:45
BL: What are you reading? There are no words there.
8
29873
3458
BL: Čo to čítate? Nie sú tam žiadne slová.
00:49
I said, read what you're seeing. Right?
9
33331
2537
Povedal som, čítajte, čo vidíte. Je to tak?
00:51
It literally says, "Wat ar ou rea in?" (Laughter) Right?
10
35868
3850
Doslovne tam je napísané: Č t č tte ? (Smiech) Je to pravda?
00:55
That's what you should have said. Right? Why is this?
11
39718
3828
To je to, čo ste mali povedať. Mám pravdu? Prečo je to tak?
00:59
It's because perception is grounded in our experience.
12
43546
3536
Je to preto, že vnímanie je zakorenené v našej skúsenosti.
01:02
Right? The brain takes meaningless information
13
47082
2897
Mozog vezme bezvýznamnú informáciu a
01:05
and makes meaning out of it, which means we never see
14
49979
2959
vyvodí z nej pre seba nejaký význam, čo znamená, že nikdy nevidíme
01:08
what's there, we never see information,
15
52938
2256
čo tam v skutočnosti je, nikdy nevidíme informáciu,
01:11
we only ever see what was useful to see in the past.
16
55194
3275
vždy vidíme iba to, čo bolo užitočné vidieť predtým.
01:14
All right? Which means, when it comes to perception,
17
58469
2736
To znamená, že čo sa týka vnímania,
01:17
we're all like this frog.
18
61205
6795
sme všetci ako táto žaba.
01:23
(Laughter)
19
68000
912
(Smiech)
01:24
Right? It's getting information. It's generating behavior
20
68912
3395
Dostáva informácie, podľa ktorých vytvára správanie,
01:28
that's useful. (Laughter)
21
72307
4468
ktoré je užitočné. (Smiech)
01:32
(Laughter)
22
76775
7032
(Smiech)
01:39
(Video) Man: Ow! Ow! (Laughter) (Applause)
23
83807
5982
(Video) Muž: Au! Au! (Smiech) (Potlesk)
01:45
BL: And sometimes, when things don't go our way,
24
89789
2712
BL: Keď však veci nejdú podľa našich predstáv,
01:48
we get a little bit annoyed, right?
25
92501
2259
trochu nás to vytáča, však?
01:50
But we're talking about perception here, right?
26
94760
2730
Ale teraz hovoríme o vnímaní.
01:53
And perception underpins everything we think, we know,
27
97490
4365
A vnímanie podmieňuje a určuje všetko čo si myslíme, čo vieme,
01:57
we believe, our hopes, our dreams, the clothes we wear,
28
101855
2871
čomu veríme, naše túžby, sny, oblečenie, ktoré nosíme,
02:00
falling in love, everything begins with perception.
29
104726
3743
do koho sa zamilujeme, všetko začína vnemom.
02:04
Now if perception is grounded in our history, it means
30
108469
2945
Preto ak je vnímanie zakorenené v našej minulosti,
02:07
we're only ever responding according to what we've done before.
31
111414
3459
vždy zásadne reagujeme rovnako ako v minulosti.
02:10
But actually, it's a tremendous problem,
32
114873
3076
Ale v skutočnosti ide o obrovský problém,
02:13
because how can we ever see differently?
33
117949
3617
pretože ako potom dokážeme vôbec niekedy vnímať inak?
02:17
Now, I want to tell you a story about seeing differently,
34
121566
4063
Rád by som vám teraz rozpovedal príbeh o tom, ako sa dá vidieť inak
02:21
and all new perceptions begin in the same way.
35
125629
3988
a o tom, že všetky nové vnemy začínajú rovnako.
02:25
They begin with a question.
36
129617
2582
Začínajú otázkou.
02:28
The problem with questions is they create uncertainty.
37
132199
3238
Problém otázok je, že spôsobujú neistotu.
02:31
Now, uncertainty is a very bad thing. It's evolutionarily
38
135437
2729
Nuž a neistota je z evolučného hľadiska zlá.
02:34
a bad thing. If you're not sure that's a predator, it's too late.
39
138166
3601
Ak si nie ste istý, či to či ono je dravec, je už neskoro.
02:37
Okay? (Laughter)
40
141767
1360
Nemám pravdu? (Smiech)
02:39
Even seasickness is a consequence of uncertainty.
41
143127
3160
Dokonca aj morská choroba je dôsledok neistoty.
02:42
Right? If you go down below on a boat, your inner ears
42
146287
2252
Keď ste na lodi, podľa vášho vnútorného ucha
02:44
are you telling you you're moving. Your eyes, because
43
148539
2176
sa hýbete. Vaše oči, keďže sa hýbu v súlade s loďou,
02:46
it's moving in register with the boat, say I'm standing still.
44
150715
2316
vám hovoria, že stojíte bez pohnutia.
02:48
Your brain cannot deal with the uncertainty of that information, and it gets ill.
45
153031
4655
Váš mozog si nevie s touto neistotou poradiť a príde Vám zle.
02:53
The question "why?" is one of the most dangerous things you can do,
46
157686
3929
Otázka "prečo?" je jedna z najnebezpečnejších otázok, ktoré si môžete položiť,
02:57
because it takes you into uncertainty.
47
161615
2992
pretože spôsobuje neistotu.
03:00
And yet, the irony is, the only way we can ever
48
164607
2879
Ale iróniou zároveň zostáva, že jediná možnosť ako
03:03
do anything new is to step into that space.
49
167486
3536
urobiť čokoľvek nové je vstúpiť do tohto priestoru.
03:06
So how can we ever do anything new? Well fortunately,
50
171022
3224
Takže ako je vôbec možné urobiť niečo nové? Nuž, našťastie,
03:10
evolution has given us an answer, right?
51
174246
3584
evolúcia nám poskytla odpoveď.
03:13
And it enables us to address even the most difficult
52
177830
3595
A umožnila nám odpovedať si aj na tie najťažšie otázky.
03:17
of questions. The best questions are the ones that create the most uncertainty.
53
181425
4679
Najlepšie otázky sú tie, ktoré spôsobujú najväčšiu neistotu.
03:22
They're the ones that question the things we think to be true already. Right?
54
186104
3956
Sú to tie, ktoré skúmajú a pýtajú sa na veci, ktoré už považujeme za pravdivé. Nemám pravdu?
03:25
It's easy to ask questions about how did life begin,
55
190060
1989
Je jednoduché sa pýtať ako začal život,
03:27
or what extends beyond the universe, but to question what you think to be true already
56
192049
3308
alebo čo je za vesmírom, ale pýtať sa na to, čo už považujete za pravdivé,
03:31
is really stepping into that space.
57
195357
3001
je skutočne tým vykročením do priestoru.
03:34
So what is evolution's answer to the problem of uncertainty?
58
198358
4810
A čo je odpoveďou evolúcie na problém neistoty?
03:39
It's play.
59
203168
1773
Hra.
03:40
Now play is not simply a process. Experts in play will tell you
60
204941
4193
Hra však nie je iba proces. Experti na hru vám povedia, že
03:45
that actually it's a way of being.
61
209134
2615
je to vlastne spôsob bytia.
03:47
Play is one of the only human endeavors where uncertainty
62
211749
2891
Hra je jednou z mála ľudských snáh, kde neistota
03:50
is actually celebrated. Uncertainty is what makes play fun.
63
214640
4326
je v podstate oslavovaná. Neistota je to, čo robí hru zábavnou.
03:54
Right? It's adaptable to change. Right? It opens possibility,
64
218966
4275
Dokáže sa prispôsobiť zmene. Otvára nové možnosti
03:59
and it's cooperative. It's actually how we do our social bonding,
65
223241
4109
a vyžaduje spoluprácu. Je to v podstate náš spôsob sociálneho zbližovania sa
04:03
and it's intrinsically motivated. What that means
66
227350
1726
a je vnútorne motivovaná. To znamená, že sa hráme,
04:04
is that we play to play. Play is its own reward.
67
229076
4606
aby sme sa hrali. Hra je odmenou sama o sebe.
04:09
Now if you look at these five ways of being,
68
233682
3891
Keď sa pozrieme na týchto päť spôsobov bytia,
04:13
these are the exact same ways of being you need
69
237573
2721
sú to presne tie spôsoby bytia, ktoré potrebujete, aby
04:16
in order to be a good scientist.
70
240294
2036
ste boli dobrým vedcom.
04:18
Science is not defined by the method section of a paper.
71
242330
3027
Veda nie je definovaná metódou napísanou na papieri.
04:21
It's actually a way of being, which is here, and this is true
72
245357
3140
Je to v skutočnosti spôsob bytia, ktoré je prítomné, a to platí pre všetko,
04:24
for anything that is creative.
73
248497
2653
čo je kreatívne.
04:27
So if you add rules to play, you have a game.
74
251150
4203
Takže ak ku hraniu pridáte pravidlá, dostanete hru (konkrétna hra s pravidlami, pozn. prekl.)
04:31
That's actually what an experiment is.
75
255353
2790
A to je to, čo nazývame experiment.
04:34
So armed with these two ideas,
76
258143
1919
Takže vyzbrojení myšlienkami,
04:35
that science is a way of being and experiments are play,
77
260062
4322
že veda je spôsob bytia a že experiment je hra,
04:40
we asked, can anyone become a scientist?
78
264384
3453
opýtali sme sa, či sa môže vedcom stať každý?
04:43
And who better to ask than 25 eight- to 10-year-old children?
79
267837
3500
A koho iného ak nie 25, osem až desať ročných detí?
04:47
Because they're experts in play. So I took my bee arena
80
271337
3507
Pretože oni sú experti na hru. Takže som si zobral svoju včeliu arénu
04:50
down to a small school in Devon, and the aim of this
81
274844
3547
do malej školy v Devone a cieľom nebolo len to, aby
04:54
was to not just get the kids to see science differently,
82
278391
4244
deti videli vedu inak, ale aby skrze tento proces vedy
04:58
but, through the process of science, to see themselves differently. Right?
83
282635
4598
dokázali vidieť seba samých inak.
05:03
The first step was to ask a question.
84
287233
3408
Prvým krokom bolo spýtať sa otázku.
05:06
Now, I should say that we didn't get funding for this study
85
290641
2880
Najprv by som však mal opomenúť, že na túto štúdiu sme nedostali žiadne peniaze,
05:09
because the scientists said small children couldn't make
86
293521
3330
pretože vedci tvrdili, že malé deti nemôžu významne
05:12
a useful contribution to science, and the teachers said kids couldn't do it.
87
296851
4302
prispieť k vedeckým poznatkom a učitelia zas, že deti to nezvládnu.
05:17
So we did it anyway. Right? Of course.
88
301153
3734
Ale aj napriek tomu, sme sa na to dali. Samozrejme.
05:20
So, here are some of the questions. I put them in small print
89
304887
2819
Takže, tu sú niektoré z otázok. Náročky som ich zmenšil, aby ste
05:23
so you wouldn't bother reading it. Point is that five of the questions that the kids came up with
90
307706
4440
sa nemuseli obťažovať ich čítaním. Hlavnou pointou je, že päť z otázok, s ktorými deti prišli, tvorili v skutočnosti
05:28
were actually the basis of science publication the last five to 15 years. Right?
91
312146
4618
základ vedeckých publikácií počas posledných 5-15 rokov.
05:32
So they were asking questions that were significant
92
316764
2660
Pýtali sa na veci, ktoré sú významné
05:35
to expert scientists.
93
319424
2130
aj pre popredných vedcov.
05:37
Now here, I want to share the stage with someone quite special. Right?
94
321554
4134
Teraz by som sa rád podelil o pódium s niekým vskutku výnimočným.
05:41
She was one of the young people who was involved in this study,
95
325688
2612
Bola jednou z mladých ľudí zapojených do tohto projektu
05:44
and she's now one of the youngest published scientists
96
328300
2334
a teraz patrí medzi najmladších publikovaných vedcov
05:46
in the world. Right? She will now, once she comes onto stage,
97
330634
3883
na svete. Keď vyjde na pódium, stane sa
05:50
will be the youngest person to ever speak at TED. Right?
98
334517
3698
najmladšou osobou, ktorá kedy mala prednášku na TEDe.
05:54
Now, science and asking questions is about courage.
99
338215
2875
Ale veda a kladenie otázok je vec odvahy.
05:56
Now she is the personification of courage, because she's
100
341090
3200
A ona je stelesnením odvahy, pretože príde
06:00
going to stand up here and talk to you all.
101
344290
1387
sem hore a bude hovoriť pred vami všetkými.
06:01
So Amy, would you please come up? (Applause)
102
345677
5254
Takže Amy, mohla by si prosím vyjsť sem k nám?
06:06
(Applause)
103
350931
7185
(Potlesk)
06:14
So Amy's going to help me tell the story of what we call
104
358116
2519
Amy mi pomôže rozpovedať príbeh o projekte
06:16
the Blackawton Bees Project, and first she's going to tell you
105
360635
2666
Blackawtonské včely, ale najprv vám prezradí
06:19
the question that they came up with. So go ahead, Amy.
106
363301
2545
otázku, s ktorou prišli. Amy, nech sa páči.
06:21
Amy O'Toole: Thank you, Beau. We thought
107
365846
1719
Amy O´Tooleová: Ďakujem, Beau. Mysleli sme si,
06:23
that it was easy to see the link between humans and apes
108
367565
3401
že bolo jednoduché vidieť spojitosť medzi ľuďmi a opicami
06:26
in the way that we think, because we look alike.
109
370966
3024
spôsobom, ktorým rozmýšľame, pretože sa podobáme.
06:29
But we wondered if there's a possible link
110
373990
2689
Ale zaujímalo nás, či existuje nejaká spojitosť
06:32
with other animals. It'd be amazing if humans and bees
111
376679
4704
s inými zvieratami. Bolo by úžasné keby ľudia a včely
06:37
thought similar, since they seem so different from us.
112
381383
4113
mysleli podobne, keďže vyzerajú tak odlišne.
06:41
So we asked if humans and bees might solve
113
385496
3053
A tak sme sa opýtali, či je možné, že ľudia a včely
06:44
complex problems in the same way.
114
388549
2407
riešia komplexné problémy rovnakým spôsobom.
06:46
Really, we wanted to know if bees can also adapt
115
390956
3287
Naozaj, chceli sme vedieť či sa aj včely dokážu prispôsobiť
06:50
themselves to new situations using previously learned rules
116
394243
3707
novým situáciám s použitím predchádzajúcich naučených pravidiel
06:53
and conditions. So what if bees can think like us?
117
397950
4214
a podmienok. Takže, čo ak včely dokážu myslieť ako my?
06:58
Well, it'd be amazing, since we're talking about an insect
118
402164
2552
Nuž, bolo by to úžasné, keďže hovoríme o hmyze
07:00
with only one million brain cells.
119
404716
2525
iba s jedným miliónom mozgových buniek.
07:03
But it actually makes a lot of sense they should,
120
407241
2142
Ale v skutočnosti celkom možné, že by mohli,
07:05
because bees, like us, can recognize a good flower
121
409383
3277
pretože včely, rovnako ako my, dokážu rozoznať dobrú kvetinu
07:08
regardless of the time of day, the light, the weather,
122
412660
3613
bez ohľadu na dobu dňa, svetlo, počasie,
07:12
or from any angle they approach it from. (Applause)
123
416273
5742
alebo uhol, z ktorého sa ku kvetu priblížia. (Potlesk)
07:17
BL: So the next step was to design an experiment,
124
422015
3782
BL: Ďalším krokom bolo vymyslieť experiment,
07:21
which is a game. So the kids went off and they designed
125
425797
3302
ktorý je hrou. Takže deti vymysleli experiment,
07:24
this experiment, and so -- well, game -- and so,
126
429099
3301
tento experiment, čiže, hru.
07:28
Amy, can you tell us what the game was,
127
432400
1466
Amy, môžeš nám povedať aká to bola hra a
07:29
and the puzzle that you set the bees?
128
433866
2143
čo za hlavolam ste pre včely pripravili?
07:31
AO: The puzzle we came up with was an if-then rule.
129
436009
3023
AO: Hlavolam, s ktorým sme prišli, bolo "ak-tak" pravidlo.
07:34
We asked the bees to learn not just to go to a certain color,
130
439032
3645
Chceli sme od včiel, aby sa naučili nielen prísť ku kvetu konkrétnej farby,
07:38
but to a certain color flower only
131
442677
2668
ale aby išli ku kvetu konrétnej farby a iba
07:41
when it's in a certain pattern.
132
445345
1632
ak má určitý vzor.
07:42
They were only rewarded if they went to the yellow flowers
133
446977
3259
Dostali odmenu len vtedy, keď zaleteli k žltým kvetinám a
07:46
if the yellow flowers were surrounded by the blue,
134
450236
3060
tieto žlté kvetiny mali modré okraje,
07:49
or if the blue flowers were surrounded by the yellow.
135
453296
3268
alebo ak modré kvetiny mali žlté okraje.
07:52
Now there's a number of different rules the bees can learn
136
456564
2585
Existuje viacero spôsobov, podľa ktorých sa môžu včely naučiť
07:55
to solve this puzzle. The interesting question is, which?
137
459149
3425
vyriešiť túto hádanku. Zaujímavá otázka je ako?
07:58
What was really exciting about this project was we,
138
462574
2780
Čo bolo na tomto projekte naozaj vzrušujúce bolo, že ani my, ani
08:01
and Beau, had no idea whether it would work.
139
465354
2343
Beau sme nemali ani poňatia či to bude fungovať.
08:03
It was completely new, and no one had done it before,
140
467697
2454
Bolo to niečo úplne nové a nikto to nikdy predtým nevyskúšal,
08:06
including adults. (Laughter)
141
470151
3723
dospelých nevynímajúc. (Smiech)
08:09
BL: Including the teachers, and that was really hard for the teachers.
142
473874
3464
BL: A nevynímajúc aj učiteľov, a to bolo pre nich naozaj ťažké.
08:13
It's easy for a scientist to go in and not have a clue what he's doing,
143
477338
2904
Pre vedca je jednoduché do niečoho ísť bez toho, že by mal poňatie o tom, čo robí,
08:16
because that's what we do in the lab, but for a teacher
144
480242
2544
pretože to je jeho práca v laboratóriu, ale pre učiteľa
08:18
not to know what's going to happen at the end of the day --
145
482786
1625
nevedieť čo sa stane na konci dňa...
08:20
so much of the credit goes to Dave Strudwick, who was
146
484411
2599
veľmi veľká vďaka patrí Daveovi Strudwickovi,
08:22
the collaborator on this project. Okay?
147
487010
2209
ktorý na projekte spolupracoval.
08:25
So I'm not going to go through the whole details of the study
148
489219
2732
Nebudem zachádzať do detailov štúdie,
08:27
because actually you can read about it, but the next step
149
491951
2638
pretože si ju môžete prečítať, ale ďalším krokom je
08:30
is observation. So here are some of the students
150
494589
3645
pozorovanie. Tu viddíme ako niekoľko študentov
08:34
doing the observations. They're recording the data
151
498234
2768
robí pozorovania. Zaznamenávajú,
08:36
of where the bees fly.
152
501002
5044
kam včely lietajú.
08:41
(Video) Dave Strudwick: So what we're going to do —Student: 5C.
153
506046
2023
(Video) Dave Strudwick: Takže čo budeme robiť--
Študent: 5C.
Študent: 5C.
08:43
Dave Strudwick: Is she still going up here?Student: Yeah.
154
508069
3990
Dave Strudwick: Lezie sem hore? Študent: Áno.
08:47
Dave Strudwick: So you keep track of each.Student: Henry, can you help me here?
155
512059
3597
Dave Strudwick: Nespúšťajte z nich oči. Študent: Henry, môžeš mi prísť pomôcť?
08:51
BL: "Can you help me, Henry?" What good scientist says that, right?
156
515656
2904
BL: "Môžeš mi prísť pomôcť, Henry?" Ktorý dobrý vedec povie niečo také, však?
08:54
Student: There's two up there.
157
518560
4710
Študent: Tu hore sú dve.
08:59
And three in here.
158
523270
2874
A tu tri.
09:02
BL: Right? So we've got our observations. We've got our data.
159
526144
2275
BL: Takže vykonali sme pozorovania. Získali údaje.
09:04
They do the simple mathematics, averaging, etc., etc.
160
528419
3773
Vykonali jednoduché matematické úkony, zistili priemer, atď.
09:08
And now we want to share. That's the next step.
161
532192
1931
A chceli sme naše zistenia zdieľať. To bol ďalší krok.
09:10
So we're going to write this up and try to submit this
162
534123
1608
Museli sme ich spísať a pokúsiť sa ich
09:11
for publication. Right? So we have to write it up.
163
535731
2856
vydať. Najprv sme ich však museli spísať.
09:14
So we go, of course, to the pub. All right? (Laughter)
164
538587
4513
Išli sme, ako ináč, do baru. (Smiech)
09:19
The one on the left is mine, okay? (Laughter)
165
543100
2284
To vľavo je moje, ok? (Smiech)
09:21
Now, I tell them, a paper has four different sections:
166
545384
2086
Vysvetlil som im, že takéto publikácie bývajú rozdelené na štyri rôzne časti:
09:23
an introduction, a methods, a results, a discussion.
167
547470
2807
úvod, použité metódy, výsledky a diskusia.
09:26
The introduction says, what's the question and why?
168
550277
2604
Úvod objasňuje na čo sa budeme pýtať a prečo?
09:28
Methods, what did you do? Results, what was the observation?
169
552881
3119
Metódy, čo ste robili? Zistenia, na čo ste pozorovaniami prišli?
09:31
And the discussion is, who cares? Right?
170
556000
2143
A diskusia, je o- koho to zaujíma, však?
09:34
That's a science paper, basically. (Laughter)
171
558143
2459
O tom je v skratke vedecká publikácia. (Smiech)
09:36
So the kids give me the words, right? I put it into a narrative,
172
560602
4529
Takže deti mi diktovali a ja som to spísal do jedného celku,
09:41
which means that this paper is written in kidspeak.
173
565131
3247
čo znamená, že publikácia je napísana detským jazykom.
09:44
It's not written by me. It's written by Amy
174
568378
2528
Nenapísal som ju ja. Napísala ju Amy
09:46
and the other students in the class. As a consequence,
175
570906
3320
a jej spolužiaci. Práve preto táto vedecká publikácia
09:50
this science paper begins, "Once upon a time ... " (Laughter)
176
574226
6017
začína s: "Kde bolo, tam bolo..." (Smiech)
09:56
The results section, it says: "Training phase, the puzzle ... duh duh duuuuuhhh." Right? (Laughter)
177
580243
5312
V časti o zisteniach sa píše: Cvičná fáza, hádanka... bla bla blaaa, ok? (Smiech)
10:01
And the methods, it says, "Then we put the bees
178
585555
2196
A v použitých metódach sa píše: "Potom sme včely
10:03
into the fridge (and made bee pie)," smiley face. Right? (Laughter)
179
587751
3317
dali do chladničky (a urobili včelí koláč), " smajlík. (Smiech)
10:06
This is a science paper. We're going to try to get it published.
180
591068
3833
Toto je vedecká publikácia. Chceli sme ju vydať.
10:10
So here's the title page. We have a number of authors there.
181
594901
2834
A toto je úvodná stránka. Máme tu uvedených hneď niekoľko autorov.
10:13
All the ones in bold are eight to 10 years old.
182
597735
2851
Všetky mená uvedené tučným písmom patria 8 až 10-ročným žiakom.
10:16
The first author is Blackawton Primary School, because
183
600586
2050
Ako prvý autor je uvedená základná škola v Blackawtone, pretože
10:18
if it were ever referenced, it would be "Blackawton et al,"
184
602636
3246
ak by sa niekto niekedy na túto štúdiu odvolával, použil by "Blackawton a kol.",
10:21
and not one individual. So we submit it to a public access journal,
185
605882
3057
bez jednotlivcov. A tak sme to poslali do žurnálu dostupného verejnosti,
10:24
and it says this. It said many things, but it said this.
186
608939
3332
z ktorého nám prišla nasledovná odpoveď :
10:28
"I'm afraid the paper fails our initial quality control checks in several different ways." (Laughter)
187
612271
3919
"Obávam sa, že publikácia neprešla našou úvodnou kontrolou kvality, a to z viacerých dôvodov." (Smiech)
10:32
In other words, it starts off "once upon a time,"
188
616190
2560
Inými slovami, začína to slovami "Kde bolo, tam bolo,"
10:34
the figures are in crayon, etc. (Laughter)
189
618750
2526
čísla sú zapísané voskovkami, atď. (Smiech)
10:37
So we said, we'll get it reviewed. So I sent it to Dale Purves,
190
621276
4353
Povedali sme, že to zredigujeme. Poslal som to Daleovi Purvesovi,
10:41
who is at the National Academy of Science, one of the leading neuroscientists in the world,
191
625629
3533
z Národnej vedeckej akadémie (National Academy of Science), významnému svetovému neurológovi,
10:45
and he says, "This is the most original science paper I have ever read" — (Laughter) —
192
629162
3449
ktorý povedal, "Toto je tá najoriginálnejšia vedecká publikácia akú som kedy čítal" - (Smiech) -
10:48
"and it certainly deserves wide exposure."
193
632611
2097
"a celkom určite si zaslúži náležitú pozornosť."
10:50
Larry Maloney, expert in vision, says, "The paper is magnificent.
194
634708
4271
Larry Maloney, expert na zrak, povedal, "Táto publikácia je ohromná.
10:54
The work would be publishable if done by adults."
195
638979
3366
Dala by sa publikovať, ak by ju napísal niekto dospelý."
10:58
So what did we do? We send it back to the editor.
196
642345
1979
Takže sme urobili čo? Poslali sme to naspäť vydavateľovi.
11:00
They say no.
197
644324
1589
Odmietli to.
11:01
So we asked Larry and Natalie Hempel to write
198
645913
2454
Potom sme poprosili Larry a Natalie Hempelových, aby komentovali
11:04
a commentary situating the findings for scientists, right,
199
648367
4007
vedcom naše zistenia,
11:08
putting in the references, and we submit it to Biology Letters.
200
652374
4128
zahrnuli sme ich do bibliografie a poslali do magazínu Biology Letters.
11:12
And there, it was reviewed by five independent referees,
201
656502
3327
Tam náš článok prečítalo a zhodnotilo päť nezávislých posudzovateľov
11:15
and it was published. Okay? (Applause)
202
659829
4421
a vydali ho. (Potlesk)
11:20
(Applause)
203
664250
6000
(Potlesk)
11:26
It took four months to do the science,
204
670250
3021
Samotný pokus trval štyri mesiace,
11:29
two years to get it published. (Laughter)
205
673271
3228
no dva roky kým ho vydali. (Smiech)
11:32
Typical science, actually, right? So this makes Amy and
206
676499
4835
Typická veda, však? A tak sa z Amy a
11:37
her friends the youngest published scientists in the world.
207
681334
2433
jej spolužiakov stali najmladší vedci na svete, ktorí kedy publikovali článok.
11:39
What was the feedback like?
208
683767
2016
A aká bola odozva?
11:41
Well, it was published two days before Christmas,
209
685783
2885
Článok vydali dva dni pred Vianocami,
11:44
downloaded 30,000 times in the first day, right?
210
688668
4003
prvý deň si to stiahlo 30 000 ľudí.
11:48
It was the Editors' Choice in Science, which is a top science magazine.
211
692671
4040
Išlo o Tip šéfredaktora v Science, poprednom vedeckom magazíne.
11:52
It's forever freely accessible by Biology Letters.
212
696711
2542
Článok je taktiež navždy prístupný v magazíne Biology Letters.
11:55
It's the only paper that will ever be freely accessible by this journal.
213
699253
3680
Ide o jediný zdarma dostupný článok v tomto žurnále.
11:58
Last year, it was the second-most downloaded paper
214
702933
2699
Minulý rok, to bola druhá najsťahovanejšia publikácia
12:01
by Biology Letters, and the feedback from not just scientists
215
705632
4104
v Biology Letters, s odozvou nielen od samotných vedcov
12:05
and teachers but the public as well.
216
709736
2548
ale aj učiteľov a širokej verejnosti.
12:08
And I'll just read one.
217
712284
1772
Prečítam len jednu reakciu.
12:09
"I have read 'Blackawton Bees' recently. I don't have
218
714056
2490
"Nedávno som čítal (štúdiu) ´Blackawtonské včely´. Nestačia mi slová
12:12
words to explain exactly how I am feeling right now.
219
716546
2313
na popísanie mojich pocitov.
12:14
What you guys have done is real, true and amazing.
220
718859
2479
Čo ste dokázali je skutočné, pravdivé a úžasné.
12:17
Curiosity, interest, innocence and zeal are the most basic
221
721338
3109
Zvedavosť, záujem, nevinnosť a nadšenie pre vec sú tie najzákladnejšie
12:20
and most important things to do science.
222
724447
1724
a najdôležitejšie predpoklady pre každého vedca.
12:22
Who else can have these qualities more than children?
223
726171
2478
Kto iný má väčšie predpoklady ako deti?
12:24
Please congratulate your children's team from my side."
224
728649
3541
Prosím, zablahoželajte svojmu detskému tímu za mňa."
12:28
So I'd like to conclude with a physical metaphor.
225
732190
3383
Rád by som svoj prejav zakončil metaforou z fyziky.
12:31
Can I do it on you? (Laughter)
226
735573
2968
Môžem ju vyskúšať na Vás? (Smiech)
12:34
Oh yeah, yeah, yeah, come on. Yeah yeah. Okay.
227
738541
3093
Ok, ok, no tak. Poďme.
12:37
Now, science is about taking risks, so this is an incredible risk, right? (Laughter)
228
741634
5177
Veda je o riskovaní a toto je ohromný risk. (Smiech)
12:42
For me, not for him. Right? Because we've only done this once before. (Laughter)
229
746811
6098
Pre mňa, nie pre neho. Pretože toto sme urobili zatiaľ iba raz. (Smiech)
12:48
And you like technology, right?
230
752909
1576
Páči sa vám technológia, však?
12:50
Shimon Schocken: Right, but I like myself.
231
754485
2176
Shimon Schocken: Hej, ale mám rád aj seba.
12:52
BL: This is the epitome of technology. Right. Okay.
232
756661
2951
BL: To je ideálny súhrn významu technológie.
12:55
Now ... (Laughter)
233
759612
3608
Tak... (Smiech)
12:59
Okay. (Laughter)
234
763220
2880
Ok. (Smiech)
13:02
Now, we're going to do a little demonstration, right?
235
766100
4084
Teraz urobíme menšiu demonštráciu, ok?
13:06
You have to close your eyes, and you have to point
236
770184
4019
Musíte zavrieť oči a
13:10
where you hear me clapping. All right?
237
774203
3157
ukázať tam, kde ma budete počuť tlieskať. Dobre?
13:13
(Clapping)
238
777360
4398
(Tleskot)
13:17
(Clapping)
239
781758
3144
(Tleskot)
13:20
Okay, how about if everyone over there shouts. One, two, three?
240
784902
2903
Ok, čo keby všetci, čo sú tamto skríkli. Jeden, dva, tri?
13:23
Audience: (Shouts)
241
787805
2901
Diváci: (Kričia)
13:26
(Laughter)
242
790706
4446
(Smiech)
13:31
(Shouts) (Laughter)
243
795152
3171
(Kričia) (Smiech)
13:34
Brilliant. Now, open your eyes. We'll do it one more time.
244
798323
3641
Vynikajúco. Teraz Vás poprosím, otvorte oči. Urobíme to celé ešte raz.
13:37
Everyone over there shout. (Shouts)
245
801964
2802
Všetci, ktorí sú tamto zakričte. (Kričia)
13:40
Where's the sound coming from? (Laughter) (Applause)
246
804766
5932
Odkiaľ prichádza zvuk? (Smiech) (Potlesk)
13:46
Thank you very much. (Applause)
247
810698
4230
Ďakujem veľmi pekne. (Potlesk)
13:50
What's the point? The point is what science does for us.
248
814928
3713
Čo je pointa tohto celého? Pointa je, čo pre nás robí veda.
13:54
Right? We normally walk through life responding,
249
818641
2406
Zvyčajne putujeme životom reagujúc na situácie,
13:56
but if we ever want to do anything different, we have to
250
821047
2212
ale ak niekedy chceme niečo urobiť inak, musíme
13:59
step into uncertainty. When he opened his eyes,
251
823259
2689
vykročiť do neznáma. Keď otvoril oči,
14:01
he was able to see the world in a new way.
252
825948
2382
uvidel svet novým spôsobom.
14:04
That's what science offers us. It offers the possibility
253
828330
3168
To je to, čo nám ponúka veda. Ponúka nám možnosť vstúpiť
14:07
to step on uncertainty through the process of play, right?
254
831498
4016
do neznáma pomocou hry.
14:11
Now, true science education I think should be about
255
835514
3024
Myslím si, že pravá veda by mala
14:14
giving people a voice and enabling to express that voice,
256
838538
3399
ľuďom dať priestor na vlastný názor a umožňovať im tento názor vyjadrovať,
14:17
so I've asked Amy to be the last voice in this short story.
257
841937
4369
preto som poprosil Amy, aby ukončila túto prednášku.
14:22
So, Amy?
258
846306
3105
Amy?
14:25
AO: This project was really exciting for me,
259
849411
2553
AO: Tento projekt bol pre mňa naozaj veľmi vzrušujúci,
14:27
because it brought the process of discovery to life,
260
851964
2671
pretože oživil proces objavovania
14:30
and it showed me that anyone, and I mean anyone,
261
854635
2911
a ukázal mi, že každý, a myslím tým každý,
14:33
has the potential to discover something new,
262
857546
2753
má potenciál objaviť niečo nové
14:36
and that a small question can lead into a big discovery.
263
860299
4072
a že aj malá otázka môže viesť k veľkému objavu.
14:40
Changing the way a person thinks about something
264
864371
2652
Zmeniť spôsob akým niekto o niečom premýšľa, môže byť
14:42
can be easy or hard. It all depends on the way the person
265
867023
3712
jednoduchý alebo ťažký proces. Všetko závisí od toho, ako
14:46
feels about change.
266
870735
1488
sa tá osoba k zmene stavia.
14:48
But changing the way I thought about science was
267
872223
2452
Ale zmeniť spôsob, akým som nad vedou uvažovala ja, bolo
14:50
surprisingly easy. Once we played the games
268
874675
2275
prekvapivo jednoduché. Raz sme sa hrali hru,
14:52
and then started to think about the puzzle,
269
876950
2418
a potom sme začali rozmýšľať o hádanke.
14:55
I then realized that science isn't just a boring subject,
270
879368
3857
Potom som si uvedomila, že veda nie je len nudný predmet,
14:59
and that anyone can discover something new.
271
883225
3194
a že každý môže objaviť niečo nové.
15:02
You just need an opportunity. My opportunity came
272
886419
3200
Potrebujete len príležitosť a tá moja prišla
15:05
in the form of Beau, and the Blackawton Bee Project.
273
889619
2636
v podobe Beaua a projektu Blackawtonské včely.
15:08
Thank you.BL: Thank you very much. (Applause)
274
892255
4361
Ďakujem. BL: Ďakujem veľmi pekne. (Potlesk)
15:12
(Applause)
275
896616
7747
(Potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Beau Lotto - Neuroscientist, ArtistBeau Lotto is founder of Lottolab, a hybrid art studio and science lab. With glowing, interactive sculpture -- and old-fashioned peer-reviewed research--he's illuminating the mysteries of the brain's visual system.
Why you should listen
"Let there be perception," was evolution's proclamation, and so it was that all creatures, from honeybees to humans, came to see the world not as it is, but as was most useful. This uncomfortable place--where what an organism's brain sees diverges from what is actually out there--is what Beau Lotto and his team at Lottolab are exploring through their dazzling art-sci experiments and public illusions. Their Bee Matrix installation, for example, places a live bee in a transparent enclosure where gallerygoers may watch it seek nectar in a virtual meadow of luminous Plexiglas flowers. (Bees, Lotto will tell you, see colors much like we humans do.) The data captured isn't just discarded, either: it's put to good use in probing scientific papers, and sometimes in more exhibits.
At their home in London’s Science Museum, the lab holds "synesthetic workshops" where kids and adults make abstract paintings that computers interpret into music, and they host regular Lates--evenings of science, music and "mass experiments." Lotto is passionate about involving people from all walks of life in research on perception--both as subjects and as fellow researchers. One such program, called "i,scientist," in fact led to the publication of the first ever peer-reviewed scientific paper written by schoolchildren ("Blackawton Bees," December 2010). It starts, "Once upon a time ..."
These and Lotto's other conjurings are slowly, charmingly bending the science of perception--and our perceptions of what science can be.
Beau Lotto | Speaker | TED.com
Amy O'Toole - Student
Amy O'Toole is a 12-year-old student who helped run a science experiment inspired by Beau Lotto's participative science approach. At age 10 she became one of the youngest people ever to publish a peer-reviewed science paper.
Why you should listen
Amy O'Toole is a 12-year-old student with a peer-reviewed scientific publication under her belt. She took part in a participative science program led by Beau Lotto , called "i, scientist," which inspired a science experiment by a group of 26 primary school students in Blackawton, Devon, UK. O'Toole was never interested in science before this project, but now intends to study the human mind and body. The project led to the publication of the first ever peer-reviewed scientific paper written by schoolchildren ("Blackawton Bees," Royal Society's Biology Letters, December 2010). It starts: "Once upon a time ... ."
Amy O'Toole | Speaker | TED.com