ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Beau Lotto - Neuroscientist, Artist
Beau Lotto is founder of Lottolab, a hybrid art studio and science lab. With glowing, interactive sculpture -- and old-fashioned peer-reviewed research--he's illuminating the mysteries of the brain's visual system.

Why you should listen

"Let there be perception," was evolution's proclamation, and so it was that all creatures, from honeybees to humans, came to see the world not as it is, but as was most useful. This uncomfortable place--where what an organism's brain sees diverges from what is actually out there--is what Beau Lotto and his team at Lottolab are exploring through their dazzling art-sci experiments and public illusions. Their Bee Matrix installation, for example, places a live bee in a transparent enclosure where gallerygoers may watch it seek nectar in a virtual meadow of luminous Plexiglas flowers. (Bees, Lotto will tell you, see colors much like we humans do.) The data captured isn't just discarded, either: it's put to good use in probing scientific papers, and sometimes in more exhibits.

At their home in London’s Science Museum, the lab holds "synesthetic workshops" where kids and adults make abstract paintings that computers interpret into music, and they host regular Lates--evenings of science, music and "mass experiments." Lotto is passionate about involving people from all walks of life in research on perception--both as subjects and as fellow researchers. One such program, called "i,scientist," in fact led to the publication of the first ever peer-reviewed scientific paper written by schoolchildren ("Blackawton Bees," December 2010). It starts, "Once upon a time ..."

These and Lotto's other conjurings are slowly, charmingly bending the science of perception--and our perceptions of what science can be.

More profile about the speaker
Beau Lotto | Speaker | TED.com
Amy O'Toole - Student
Amy O'Toole is a 12-year-old student who helped run a science experiment inspired by Beau Lotto's participative science approach. At age 10 she became one of the youngest people ever to publish a peer-reviewed science paper.

Why you should listen

Amy O'Toole is a 12-year-old student with a peer-reviewed scientific publication under her belt. She took part in a participative science program led by Beau Lotto , called "i, scientist," which inspired a science experiment by a group of 26 primary school students in Blackawton, Devon, UK. O'Toole was never interested in science before this project, but now intends to study the human mind and body. The project led to the publication of the first ever peer-reviewed scientific paper written by schoolchildren ("Blackawton Bees," Royal Society's Biology Letters, December 2010). It starts: "Once upon a time ... ."

More profile about the speaker
Amy O'Toole | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2012

Beau Lotto + Amy O'Toole: Science is for everyone, kids included

Beau Lotto + Amy O’Toole: 科學是為每一個人存在的, 包括孩子們

Filmed:
1,504,898 views

科學與玩樂共通的地方是在於哪呢? 神經科學家 Beau Lotto 覺得所有的人(包括孩子們) 都應該參與科學。 透過發現的過程,改變既有的感官。 他的另外一位演講者 Amy O'Toole 是一個十二歲的小女孩。經過專業的評估之後,她與她 25 位同學的" Blackawton 蜜蜂計畫"成為第一個由孩童研究並且被正式發表的計畫。而這個計畫的開頭是"從前從前..."。
- Neuroscientist, Artist
Beau Lotto is founder of Lottolab, a hybrid art studio and science lab. With glowing, interactive sculpture -- and old-fashioned peer-reviewed research--he's illuminating the mysteries of the brain's visual system. Full bio - Student
Amy O'Toole is a 12-year-old student who helped run a science experiment inspired by Beau Lotto's participative science approach. At age 10 she became one of the youngest people ever to publish a peer-reviewed science paper. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:17
Beau花花公子 Lotto樂透: So, this game遊戲 is very simple簡單.
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Beau Lotto: 好的 這個遊戲非常簡單
00:19
All you have to do is read what you see. Right?
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你們只要把你看到的東西唸出來就好了
00:23
So, I'm going to count計數 to you, so we don't all do it together一起.
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我會倒數 大家在一起唸出來就可以了
00:26
Okay, one, two, three.Audience聽眾: Can you read this?
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好 一 二 三 觀眾: Can you read this?
00:29
BLBL: Amazing驚人. What about this one? One, two, three.Audience聽眾: You are not reading this.
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非常好。 那這一句呢? 一 二 三 觀眾: You are not reading this.
00:33
BLBL: All right. One, two, three. (Laughter笑聲)
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接下來 一 二 三 (笑聲)
00:38
If you were Portuguese葡萄牙語, right? How about this one? One, two, three.
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如果你是個葡萄牙人 對吧? 那這句呢? 一 二 三
00:43
Audience聽眾: What are you reading?
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觀眾: What are you reading?
00:45
BLBL: What are you reading? There are no words there.
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BL: 你們說What are you reading?
可是句子不是這樣寫的阿
00:49
I said, read what you're seeing眼看. Right?
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我說的是 把你們所看到的唸出來 對吧?
00:51
It literally按照字面 says, "Wat arAR ouOU reaREA in?" (Laughter笑聲) Right?
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如果照字面上來說應該是要念說"Wat ar ou rea in?" 吧 (笑聲) 對吧?
00:55
That's what you should have said. Right? Why is this?
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這才是你們剛剛應該說的吧?
對吧? 你們為什麼都會這樣讀呢?
00:59
It's because perception知覺 is grounded接地 in our experience經驗.
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那是因為我們的感官是建立在我們的經驗之上的
01:02
Right? The brain takes meaningless無意義的 information信息
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對吧? 我們的大腦會把沒有意義的資訊
01:05
and makes品牌 meaning含義 out of it, which哪一個 means手段 we never see
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自動轉換成有意義的東西 也就是說 我們從來不去看
01:08
what's there, we never see information信息,
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我們從不看新資訊
01:11
we only ever see what was useful有用 to see in the past過去.
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而是把過去的經驗套用在現在發生的事上
01:14
All right? Which哪一個 means手段, when it comes to perception知覺,
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也就是說 當我們講到感官這件事
01:17
we're all like this frog青蛙.
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我們就像是這隻青蛙一樣
01:23
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
01:24
Right? It's getting得到 information信息. It's generating發電 behavior行為
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對吧? 它在讀取訊息 然後應用在它的行為上
01:28
that's useful有用. (Laughter笑聲)
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這就管用了吧 (笑聲)
01:32
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
01:39
(Video視頻) Man: Ow! Ow! (Laughter笑聲) (Applause掌聲)
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(影片) 男: 喔!喔! (笑聲) (掌聲)
01:45
BLBL: And sometimes有時, when things don't go our way,
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BL: 有的時候 當事情不順心的時候
01:48
we get a little bit annoyed懊惱, right?
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感覺有點燜 對吧?
01:50
But we're talking about perception知覺 here, right?
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我們現在是在討論感官問題
01:53
And perception知覺 underpins鞏固 everything we think, we know,
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感官決定了一切我們所想的事 知道的事
01:57
we believe, our hopes希望, our dreams, the clothes衣服 we wear穿,
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相信的事 希望 夢想 我們所穿的衣服
02:00
falling落下 in love, everything begins開始 with perception知覺.
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談戀愛 每一件事都是從感官開始的
02:04
Now if perception知覺 is grounded接地 in our history歷史, it means手段
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如果感官是從以前的事開始建立的 那就表示
02:07
we're only ever responding響應 according根據 to what we've我們已經 doneDONE before.
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我們只是在對我們之前所做過的事做出反應
02:10
But actually其實, it's a tremendous巨大 problem問題,
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但是事實上 這是一個非常大的問題
02:13
because how can we ever see differently不同?
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因為 我們沒辦法用不同角度去看事情了
02:17
Now, I want to tell you a story故事 about seeing眼看 differently不同,
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現在 我要跟你們分享一個能轉換角度看事情的故事
02:21
and all new perceptions看法 begin開始 in the same相同 way.
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所有的新感官都是用同樣的方式開始
02:25
They begin開始 with a question.
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他們都是從一個問句開始的
02:28
The problem問題 with questions問題 is they create創建 uncertainty不確定.
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而問句產生不確定感
02:31
Now, uncertainty不確定 is a very bad thing. It's evolutionarily進化
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不確定感是個壞東西
02:34
a bad thing. If you're not sure that's a predator捕食者, it's too late晚了.
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一個會改變的壞東西 就像是
你不確定那是隻肉食動物 已經為時已晚了
02:37
Okay? (Laughter笑聲)
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對吧? (笑聲)
02:39
Even seasickness暈船 is a consequence後果 of uncertainty不確定.
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就連身體上的不舒服 也是由一連串的不確定所組成的
02:42
Right? If you go down below下面 on a boat, your inner ears耳朵
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對吧? 如果你上了一艘船 你的內耳所感覺到的
02:44
are you telling告訴 you you're moving移動. Your eyes眼睛, because
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告訴你你的人正在移動 然後你的眼睛所看到的
02:46
it's moving移動 in register寄存器 with the boat, say I'm standing常設 still.
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是你站在船上所以沒有移動
02:48
Your brain cannot不能 deal合同 with the uncertainty不確定 of that information信息, and it gets得到 ill生病.
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當你的大腦無法處理這些不確定感的時候
暈船的情況就發生了
02:53
The question "why?" is one of the most dangerous危險 things you can do,
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"為什麼" 這個問句 是你所能做到最危險的一件事
02:57
because it takes you into uncertainty不確定.
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因為它讓你對事情有不確定感
03:00
And yet然而, the irony諷刺 is, the only way we can ever
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但是 諷刺的是 踏出我們的舒服圈
03:03
do anything new is to step into that space空間.
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就是創新的唯一方法就是
03:06
So how can we ever do anything new? Well fortunately幸好,
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所以我們到底要怎麼創新? 還好 很幸運的
03:10
evolution演化 has given特定 us an answer回答, right?
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演化的過程已經給了我們答案 對吧?
03:13
And it enables使 us to address地址 even the most difficult
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演化讓我們能夠克服即使是最困難的問題
03:17
of questions問題. The best最好 questions問題 are the ones那些 that create創建 the most uncertainty不確定.
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所以通常最好的問題能夠產生最多的不確定感
03:22
They're the ones那些 that question the things we think to be true真正 already已經. Right?
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讓我們懷疑我們長久以來所相信的真相 對吧?
03:25
It's easy簡單 to ask questions問題 about how did life begin開始,
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問出像是 "生命是如何開始的?" 這種問句很簡單
03:27
or what extends擴展 beyond the universe宇宙, but to question what you think to be true真正 already已經
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或者是 "宇宙的外面到底有什麼?"
但是真正去懷疑你所相信的事
03:31
is really stepping步進 into that space空間.
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才會真正的踏入那片不確定感
03:34
So what is evolution's進化的 answer回答 to the problem問題 of uncertainty不確定?
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那麼 進化給不確定感的答案是什麼呢?
03:39
It's play.
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那就是 玩樂
03:40
Now play is not simply只是 a process處理. Experts專家 in play will tell you
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玩樂可不是一個簡單的過程 玩樂的專家可以告訴你為什麼
03:45
that actually其實 it's a way of being存在.
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因為這其實是一種存在的方式
03:47
Play is one of the only human人的 endeavors努力 where uncertainty不確定
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玩樂是一種讚頌不確定感的人類活動
03:50
is actually其實 celebrated著名. Uncertainty不確定 is what makes品牌 play fun開玩笑.
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而不確定感能使玩樂變得有趣
03:54
Right? It's adaptable適應性強 to change更改. Right? It opens打開 possibility可能性,
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對吧? 它隨著適應而改變 對吧? 它開啟了各種的可能性
03:59
and it's cooperative合作社. It's actually其實 how we do our social社會 bonding結合,
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它是合作的 事實上 我們的社會也是這樣連結的
04:03
and it's intrinsically本質 motivated動機. What that means手段
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同時它是種本質上的動機
04:04
is that we play to play. Play is its own擁有 reward獎勵.
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我們為了玩而玩 而"玩樂" 這件事本身就是個獎賞
04:09
Now if you look at these five ways方法 of being存在,
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現在大家看看五個存在的方式
04:13
these are the exact精確 same相同 ways方法 of being存在 you need
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你會發現到要成為一個成功的科學家
04:16
in order訂購 to be a good scientist科學家.
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所需要的特質都是一樣的
04:18
Science科學 is not defined定義 by the method方法 section部分 of a paper.
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科學並不是用一紙就能定義的
04:21
It's actually其實 a way of being存在, which哪一個 is here, and this is true真正
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而是一種存在的方式 而它就在這裡
04:24
for anything that is creative創作的.
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也在所有有趣的東西身上
04:27
So if you add rules規則 to play, you have a game遊戲.
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當你在玩樂當中加上幾條規則 它就變成了遊戲
04:31
That's actually其實 what an experiment實驗 is.
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而實驗就是這樣而來的
04:34
So armed武裝 with these two ideas思路,
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所以把兩個點子串起來
04:35
that science科學 is a way of being存在 and experiments實驗 are play,
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科學是一種存在方式 而實驗是一種玩樂
04:40
we asked, can anyone任何人 become成為 a scientist科學家?
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所以我想問 每一個人都能成科學家嗎?
04:43
And who better to ask than 25 eight-八- to 10-year-old-歲 children孩子?
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這個問題拿去問25個10歲小朋友再好不過了吧
04:47
Because they're experts專家 in play. So I took my bee蜜蜂 arena競技場
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因為他們可是玩樂的專家 所以我帶著我蜜蜂的道具
04:50
down to a small school學校 in Devon德文, and the aim目標 of this
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到了英國德文郡的一間小學校 而這件事的目的
04:54
was to not just get the kids孩子 to see science科學 differently不同,
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不只是讓孩子們能夠用不同的角度看待科學
04:58
but, through通過 the process處理 of science科學, to see themselves他們自己 differently不同. Right?
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透過這個過程 更能使他們可以用不同的角度看自己 對吧?
05:03
The first step was to ask a question.
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第一步 就是提出一個問句
05:06
Now, I should say that we didn't get funding資金 for this study研究
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好 先說 我們的的研究計畫並沒有得到任何的贊助
05:09
because the scientists科學家們 said small children孩子 couldn't不能 make
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因為 科學家說 小朋友不可能做出什麽有用的科學貢獻
05:12
a useful有用 contribution貢獻 to science科學, and the teachers教師 said kids孩子 couldn't不能 do it.
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連老師都不相信小朋友可以
05:17
So we did it anyway無論如何. Right? Of course課程.
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但是我們還是做了 對吧? 肯定的
05:20
So, here are some of the questions問題. I put them in small print打印
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這裡有一些他們提出的問題 我把字體縮小了
05:23
so you wouldn't不會 bother reading it. Point is that five of the questions問題 that the kids孩子 came來了 up with
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所以你們不用費神去讀 重點是 這些他們提出的問題中
05:28
were actually其實 the basis基礎 of science科學 publication出版物 the last five to 15 years年份. Right?
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有五個問題是基於過去5到15年來科學家所發表的基礎
05:32
So they were asking questions問題 that were significant重大
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所以他們提出的問題
05:35
to expert專家 scientists科學家們.
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對真正的科學家很重要
05:37
Now here, I want to share分享 the stage階段 with someone有人 quite相當 special特別. Right?
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好現在 我要把舞台分享給一個特別的人 好嗎?
05:41
She was one of the young年輕 people who was involved參與 in this study研究,
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她是其中一個是參與這項計畫的年輕人
05:44
and she's now one of the youngest最年輕的 published發表 scientists科學家們
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她同時也是世界是其中一個發表過研究刊物的年輕科學家
05:46
in the world世界. Right? She will now, once一旦 she comes onto stage階段,
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當她站上這個舞台之後
05:50
will be the youngest最年輕的 person to ever speak說話 at TEDTED. Right?
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她就會成為史上最年輕在TED演講的人的
05:54
Now, science科學 and asking questions問題 is about courage勇氣.
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好 科學和提出問題是需要勇氣的
05:56
Now she is the personification擬人 of courage勇氣, because she's
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現在 她即將成為勇氣的化身
06:00
going to stand up here and talk to you all.
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因為她準備站上這個舞台並且跟大家分享
06:01
So Amy艾米, would you please come up? (Applause掌聲)
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艾咪 可以請你上台了嗎? (掌聲)
06:06
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
06:14
So Amy's艾米的 going to help me tell the story故事 of what we call
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艾咪 要幫我跟大家分享一個關於 "Blackawton蜜蜂計畫" 的故事
06:16
the BlackawtonBlackawton Bees蜜蜂 Project項目, and first she's going to tell you
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首先 她要先分享 她們提出的問題
06:19
the question that they came來了 up with. So go ahead, Amy艾米.
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開始吧 艾咪
06:21
Amy艾米 O'Toole奧圖爾: Thank you, Beau花花公子. We thought
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艾咪: 謝謝 Beau
我們當初懷疑
06:23
that it was easy簡單 to see the link鏈接 between之間 humans人類 and apes類人猿
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我們能夠很簡單的看出人類跟人猿的關聯嗎?
06:26
in the way that we think, because we look alike一樣.
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因為我們想 人類跟猿的長相是有點相近的吧
06:29
But we wondered想知道 if there's a possible可能 link鏈接
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所以我們又想 人類跟其他的動物是不是也有可能有些關聯
06:32
with other animals動物. It'd它會 be amazing驚人 if humans人類 and bees蜜蜂
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如果蜜蜂跟人類能夠有一樣的想法那會是多麼奇妙的一件事啊
06:37
thought similar類似, since以來 they seem似乎 so different不同 from us.
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因為兩者之間的長相實在是差別太大了
06:41
So we asked if humans人類 and bees蜜蜂 might威力 solve解決
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我們進階猜想 人類跟蜜蜂是不是有可能用一樣的方式
06:44
complex複雜 problems問題 in the same相同 way.
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去解決一個複雜的問題
06:46
Really, we wanted to know if bees蜜蜂 can also adapt適應
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真的 我們想知道蜜蜂是否能夠用他們先前的經驗
06:50
themselves他們自己 to new situations情況 using運用 previously先前 learned學到了 rules規則
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去適應它們所遇到的新事情和新情況
06:53
and conditions條件. So what if bees蜜蜂 can think like us?
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如果蜜蜂真的能夠像人類一樣思考呢?
06:58
Well, it'd它會 be amazing驚人, since以來 we're talking about an insect昆蟲
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那就真的很神奇了吧
我們正在討論的是
07:00
with only one million百萬 brain cells細胞.
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只有一百萬個腦細胞的昆蟲耶
07:03
But it actually其實 makes品牌 a lot of sense they should,
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不過它們也應該具有這樣的能力
07:05
because bees蜜蜂, like us, can recognize認識 a good flower
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它們有能力
07:08
regardless而不管 of the time of day, the light, the weather天氣,
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透過時間 光線 天氣 來分辨一朵好花
07:12
or from any angle角度 they approach途徑 it from. (Applause掌聲)
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還能從任何一個角度去接近花朵 (掌聲)
07:17
BLBL: So the next下一個 step was to design設計 an experiment實驗,
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BL: 而下一步 就是開始設計這個實驗
07:21
which哪一個 is a game遊戲. So the kids孩子 went off and they designed設計
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一個玩樂的實驗 所以孩子們開始設計實驗了
07:24
this experiment實驗, and so -- well, game遊戲 -- and so,
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又或是說 設計一個遊戲
07:28
Amy艾米, can you tell us what the game遊戲 was,
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艾咪 你可以跟大家分享你們所設計的這個遊戲嗎?
07:29
and the puzzle難題 that you set the bees蜜蜂?
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還有你們為蜜蜂所設計的關卡
07:31
AOAO: The puzzle難題 we came來了 up with was an if-thenIF-THEN rule規則.
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艾咪? 我們想出的關卡是一個 "如果-則" 的規則
07:34
We asked the bees蜜蜂 to learn學習 not just to go to a certain某些 color顏色,
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我們要求蜜蜂學習不只是飛向特定的顏色
07:38
but to a certain某些 color顏色 flower only
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而是特定顏色的花
07:41
when it's in a certain某些 pattern模式.
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和特定的顏色圖案
07:42
They were only rewarded獎勵 if they went to the yellow黃色 flowers花卉
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它們只有飛到黃色花朵的時候能被獎賞
07:46
if the yellow黃色 flowers花卉 were surrounded包圍 by the blue藍色,
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如果當黃色的花是被藍色的花包圍的時候
07:49
or if the blue藍色 flowers花卉 were surrounded包圍 by the yellow黃色.
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又或是藍色的話被黃色的花包圍的時候
07:52
Now there's a number of different不同 rules規則 the bees蜜蜂 can learn學習
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現在有好幾條蜜蜂可以學習的規則
使他們能夠解決這個關卡
07:55
to solve解決 this puzzle難題. The interesting有趣 question is, which哪一個?
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有趣的是 是哪一條規則呢
07:58
What was really exciting扣人心弦 about this project項目 was we,
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但是這個實驗最刺激的地方就在於
08:01
and Beau花花公子, had no idea理念 whether是否 it would work.
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我們還有Beau都不知道這個實驗到底會不會成功
08:03
It was completely全然 new, and no one had doneDONE it before,
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這實驗是一個全新的點子 從來沒有人做過
08:06
including包含 adults成年人. (Laughter笑聲)
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包括 "大人們" (笑聲)
08:09
BLBL: Including包含 the teachers教師, and that was really hard for the teachers教師.
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BL: 包括老師們 因為這個實驗對老師來說也是非常難
08:13
It's easy簡單 for a scientist科學家 to go in and not have a clue線索 what he's doing,
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對一個科學家來說 進到實驗室之後卻毫無頭緒是正常的
08:16
because that's what we do in the lab實驗室, but for a teacher老師
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因為這就是實驗室的一部份
但是對於老師來說
08:18
not to know what's going to happen發生 at the end結束 of the day --
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如果完全不知道每天結束都會發生什麼事的話...
08:20
so much of the credit信用 goes to Dave戴夫 StrudwickStrudwick, who was
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所以我們就把這個責任交給 Dave Strudwick
08:22
the collaborator合作者 on this project項目. Okay?
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也就是我們這個計畫的合作者
08:25
So I'm not going to go through通過 the whole整個 details細節 of the study研究
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我等等並不會直接講述這個研究的細節
08:27
because actually其實 you can read about it, but the next下一個 step
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因為你們等等就會瞭解了 而下一個步驟
08:30
is observation意見. So here are some of the students學生們
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就是觀察 這邊有幾個孩子
08:34
doing the observations意見. They're recording記錄 the data數據
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正在做觀察 他們正在紀錄
08:36
of where the bees蜜蜂 fly.
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紀錄蜜蜂飛行的方向
08:41
(Video視頻) Dave戴夫 StrudwickStrudwick: So what we're going to do —Student學生: 5C.
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(影片) Dave Strudwick: 所以我們現在要做的是?
學生: 5C
08:43
Dave戴夫 StrudwickStrudwick: Is she still going up here?Student學生: Yeah.
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Dave Strudwick: 蜜蜂還正在往上飛嗎?
學生: 對
08:47
Dave戴夫 StrudwickStrudwick: So you keep track跟踪 of each.Student學生: Henry亨利, can you help me here?
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Dave Strudwick: 你們繼續觀察牠們飛行的方向喔
學生: "亨利 可以幫我一下嗎? "
08:51
BLBL: "Can you help me, Henry亨利?" What good scientist科學家 says that, right?
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BL: "可以幫我一下嗎 亨利" 好的科學家都是這樣說的 對吧?
08:54
Student學生: There's two up there.
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學生: 這裡有兩隻蜜蜂
08:59
And three in here.
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那裏有三隻
09:02
BLBL: Right? So we've我們已經 got our observations意見. We've我們已經 got our data數據.
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BL: 看到了吧? 我們做完了觀察 也得到了數據
09:04
They do the simple簡單 mathematics數學, averaging平均, etc等等., etc等等.
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他們做了一些簡單的數學運算 平均 等等等等
09:08
And now we want to share分享. That's the next下一個 step.
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所以我們想要分享我們的結果 這就是下一步了
09:10
So we're going to write this up and try to submit提交 this
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我們必須把結果寫成報告並且提交
09:11
for publication出版物. Right? So we have to write it up.
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才能發表 對吧? 所以我們開始寫報告
09:14
So we go, of course課程, to the pub酒館. All right? (Laughter笑聲)
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所以我們去了 當然 去了酒吧 (笑聲)
09:19
The one on the left is mine, okay? (Laughter笑聲)
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左邊的那杯是我喝的 看到了吧 (笑聲)
09:21
Now, I tell them, a paper has four different不同 sections部分:
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我告訴他們 一份正式的報告應該有四個部分
09:23
an introduction介紹, a methods方法, a results結果, a discussion討論.
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引言 方法 結論 討論
09:26
The introduction介紹 says, what's the question and why?
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引言的部分應該要提到 你們所提出的問題和理由
09:28
Methods方法, what did you do? Results結果, what was the observation意見?
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方法, 你們做了什麼?
結論, 你們觀察的結果
09:31
And the discussion討論 is, who cares管它? Right?
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最後是討論 不過誰在乎啊? 對吧
09:34
That's a science科學 paper, basically基本上. (Laughter笑聲)
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基本上 這就是一份科學的報告 (笑聲)
09:36
So the kids孩子 give me the words, right? I put it into a narrative敘述,
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所以孩子們給我這些字句 而我把這些字句寫成敘述文
09:41
which哪一個 means手段 that this paper is written書面 in kidspeakkidspeak.
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也就是說 這邊報告是用孩子們的口吻所寫的
09:44
It's not written書面 by me. It's written書面 by Amy艾米
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所以不是我寫的報告 是艾咪
09:46
and the other students學生們 in the class. As a consequence後果,
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還有班上其他的孩子們一起寫的 所以
09:50
this science科學 paper begins開始, "Once一旦 upon a time ... " (Laughter笑聲)
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這邊報告的第一句話是 "從前從前..." (笑聲)
09:56
The results結果 section部分, it says: "Training訓練 phase, the puzzle難題 ... duh duh duuuuuhhhduuuuuhhh." Right? (Laughter笑聲)
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結論的部分寫了 "難題 duh duh duuuuuhhh." (笑聲)
10:01
And the methods方法, it says, "Then we put the bees蜜蜂
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方法的部分則是寫了 "然後我們把蜜蜂冰進冰箱裡"
10:03
into the fridge冰箱 (and made製作 bee蜜蜂 pie餡餅)," smiley笑臉 face面對. Right? (Laughter笑聲)
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"然後做成蜜蜂派" 還有加個笑臉 (笑聲)
10:06
This is a science科學 paper. We're going to try to get it published發表.
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這可是一個科學報告 而我們希望能夠發表出來耶
10:10
So here's這裡的 the title標題 page. We have a number of authors作者 there.
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這是報告的封面 上面有這些小小作者的名字
10:13
All the ones那些 in bold膽大 are eight to 10 years年份 old.
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這些8到10歲的小朋友
10:16
The first author作者 is BlackawtonBlackawton Primary School學校, because
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名列第一位作者的是 Blackawton 小學
10:18
if it were ever referenced引用, it would be "BlackawtonBlackawton et al,"
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因為這樣子以後只要有人引注這份資料
名字就會是 "Blackawton小學等人"
10:21
and not one individual個人. So we submit提交 it to a public上市 access訪問 journal日誌,
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而不是任何一個個人
然後我們將報告投稿到一個公共的期刊
10:24
and it says this. It said many許多 things, but it said this.
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期刊說了好多事 但最重要的是 它說了
10:28
"I'm afraid害怕 the paper fails失敗 our initial初始 quality質量 control控制 checks檢查 in several一些 different不同 ways方法." (Laughter笑聲)
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這份研究報告恐怕沒有達到很多方面的最低標準(笑聲)
10:32
In other words, it starts啟動 off "once一旦 upon a time,"
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換句話來說 這份報告是由 "從前從前..."這句話開始的
10:34
the figures人物 are in crayon蠟筆, etc等等. (Laughter笑聲)
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圖還是用蠟筆畫的 (笑聲)
10:37
So we said, we'll get it reviewed回顧. So I sent發送 it to Dale戴爾 Purves帕維斯,
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於是我們說 我們會再拿去修改一下 所以我把報告寄給了Dale Purves
10:41
who is at the National國民 Academy學院 of Science科學, one of the leading領導 neuroscientists神經學家 in the world世界,
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一個國家科學研究院工作頂尖的神經學專家
10:45
and he says, "This is the most original原版的 science科學 paper I have ever read" — (Laughter笑聲) —
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而他說 "這是一份我看過最原汁原味的報告了" (笑聲)
10:48
"and it certainly當然 deserves值得 wide exposure曝光."
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"而它值得被更多人注意到"
10:50
Larry拉里 Maloney馬洛尼, expert專家 in vision視力, says, "The paper is magnificent華麗的.
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視覺專家Larry Maloney 說 "這份報告實在是很了不起"
10:54
The work would be publishable發布的 if doneDONE by adults成年人."
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如果這是一個成人做的研究 一定會被發表
10:58
So what did we do? We send發送 it back to the editor編輯.
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於是我們做了什麼? 我們把報告拿回去給編輯
11:00
They say no.
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不過他們還是不願意發表
11:01
So we asked Larry拉里 and Natalie娜塔莉 Hempel亨佩爾 to write
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所以我們請了Larry還有Natalie Hempel
11:04
a commentary評論 situating情境 the findings發現 for scientists科學家們, right,
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請他們幫科學家們寫了情境評估
11:08
putting in the references引用, and we submit提交 it to Biology生物學 Letters快報.
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放在引注資料裡 然後將它投稿到 <<生物通訊>>
11:12
And there, it was reviewed回顧 by five independent獨立 referees裁判,
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它被五位獨立的評審審查之後
11:15
and it was published發表. Okay? (Applause掌聲)
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它被發表了 (掌聲)
11:20
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
11:26
It took four months個月 to do the science科學,
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這個研究花了4個月完成
11:29
two years年份 to get it published發表. (Laughter笑聲)
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卻花了兩年才被發表 (笑聲)
11:32
Typical典型 science科學, actually其實, right? So this makes品牌 Amy艾米 and
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典型的科學 對吧? 而這個發表使艾咪和她的朋友
11:37
her friends朋友 the youngest最年輕的 published發表 scientists科學家們 in the world世界.
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成為史上最年輕已發表的科學家
11:39
What was the feedback反饋 like?
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那麼反應如何呢?
11:41
Well, it was published發表 two days before Christmas聖誕,
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嗯 那是在聖誕節前兩周發表的
11:44
downloaded下載 30,000 times in the first day, right?
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在第一天就被下載了三萬次
11:48
It was the Editors'編者 Choice選擇 in Science科學, which哪一個 is a top最佳 science科學 magazine雜誌.
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它成為了有名的科學雜誌<<科學>>的編輯推薦
11:52
It's forever永遠 freely自如 accessible無障礙 by Biology生物學 Letters快報.
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<<生物通訊>> 開放了它的永久免費分享
11:55
It's the only paper that will ever be freely自如 accessible無障礙 by this journal日誌.
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這是<<生物通訊>>唯一開放永久免費分享的一篇研究報告
11:58
Last year, it was the second-most第二個最 downloaded下載 paper
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去年 這篇它成為了<<生物通訊>>下載量第二的報告
12:01
by Biology生物學 Letters快報, and the feedback反饋 from not just scientists科學家們
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除了科學家和老師之外
12:05
and teachers教師 but the public上市 as well.
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也得到了大眾的回饋
12:08
And I'll just read one.
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我來唸一個吧
12:09
"I have read 'Blackawton“Blackawton Bees'蜜蜂' recently最近. I don't have
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"我讀了這篇Blackawton蜜蜂的報告"
12:12
words to explain說明 exactly究竟 how I am feeling感覺 right now.
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"我不知道如何用文字來形容我的感覺"
12:14
What you guys have doneDONE is real真實, true真正 and amazing驚人.
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"你們所做的事真實而且驚人"
12:17
Curiosity好奇心, interest利益, innocence無辜 and zeal熱情 are the most basic基本
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"對於科學來說最重要且基本的事就是"
12:20
and most important重要 things to do science科學.
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"好奇心 興趣 純真 與熱情"
12:22
Who else其他 can have these qualities氣質 more than children孩子?
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"誰能比孩子們擁有更多這些特質呢?"
12:24
Please congratulate祝賀 your children's兒童 team球隊 from my side."
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"請代我向這些孩子們說聲恭喜"
12:28
So I'd like to conclude得出結論 with a physical物理 metaphor隱喻.
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我想用一個物理上的隱喻來做總結
12:31
Can I do it on you? (Laughter笑聲)
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我能在你身上做這個實驗嗎? (笑聲)
12:34
Oh yeah, yeah, yeah, come on. Yeah yeah. Okay.
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嗯 嗯 嗯 你來吧 好 好 好
12:37
Now, science科學 is about taking服用 risks風險, so this is an incredible難以置信 risk風險, right? (Laughter笑聲)
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科學就是冒險 所以這是一個很好玩的實驗(笑聲)
12:42
For me, not for him. Right? Because we've我們已經 only doneDONE this once一旦 before. (Laughter笑聲)
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是對我來說而不是對他 對吧?
因為這個實驗之前只做過一次
12:48
And you like technology技術, right?
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你喜歡科技 對吧?
12:50
Shimon西蒙 SchockenSchocken: Right, but I like myself.
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Shimon Schocken: 對 但我更喜歡我自己
12:52
BLBL: This is the epitome縮影 of technology技術. Right. Okay.
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BL:這是一個科技的縮影 好
12:55
Now ... (Laughter笑聲)
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現在... (笑聲)
12:59
Okay. (Laughter笑聲)
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好了 (笑聲)
13:02
Now, we're going to do a little demonstration示範, right?
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現在我們來做些示範吧 好嗎?
13:06
You have to close your eyes眼睛, and you have to point
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請你把你的眼睛閉上
13:10
where you hear me clapping拍手. All right?
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然後指出掌聲是從哪個方向來的 可以嗎?
13:13
(Clapping拍手)
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(掌聲)
13:17
(Clapping拍手)
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(掌聲)
13:20
Okay, how about if everyone大家 over there shouts長嘯. One, two, three?
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好 那 那邊的觀眾出聲音 一 二 三
13:23
Audience聽眾: (Shouts公開發言)
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觀眾: (觀眾聲音)
13:26
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
13:31
(Shouts公開發言) (Laughter笑聲)
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(觀眾聲音) (笑聲)
13:34
Brilliant輝煌. Now, open打開 your eyes眼睛. We'll do it one more time.
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太棒了 現在打開你的眼睛 我們再做一次
13:37
Everyone大家 over there shout. (Shouts公開發言)
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那邊的觀眾出聲音 (觀眾聲音)
13:40
Where's哪裡 the sound聲音 coming未來 from? (Laughter笑聲) (Applause掌聲)
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聲音是從哪邊來的呢? (笑聲) (掌聲)
13:46
Thank you very much. (Applause掌聲)
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謝謝你的配合 (掌聲)
13:50
What's the point? The point is what science科學 does for us.
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剛剛的重點是什麼? 重點是科學對我們做了什麼
13:54
Right? We normally一般 walk步行 through通過 life responding響應,
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是吧? 我們通常只是機械式的對生活做出反應
13:56
but if we ever want to do anything different不同, we have to
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但如果我們想做些不一樣的事
我們就需要踏出我們的舒適圈
13:59
step into uncertainty不確定. When he opened打開 his eyes眼睛,
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當他打開眼睛時
14:01
he was able能夠 to see the world世界 in a new way.
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他看事情的角度也不一樣了
14:04
That's what science科學 offers報價 us. It offers報價 the possibility可能性
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而這就是科學提供給我們的東西
14:07
to step on uncertainty不確定 through通過 the process處理 of play, right?
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科學透過一連串的玩樂提供我們探索未知的機會
14:11
Now, true真正 science科學 education教育 I think should be about
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我想 真正的科學教育 應該是給人發聲
14:14
giving people a voice語音 and enabling啟用 to express表現 that voice語音,
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並且擁有能力去實踐
14:17
so I've asked Amy艾米 to be the last voice語音 in this short story故事.
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所以我請艾咪成為這演講最後的發言人
14:22
So, Amy艾米?
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艾咪?
14:25
AOAO: This project項目 was really exciting扣人心弦 for me,
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艾咪: 這個研究計畫對我來說實在是太刺激了
14:27
because it brought the process處理 of discovery發現 to life,
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因為它讓探索的過程中真正融入生活中
14:30
and it showed顯示 me that anyone任何人, and I mean anyone任何人,
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也讓我了解到 任何人 每一個人
14:33
has the potential潛在 to discover發現 something new,
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都有發現新事物的潛力
14:36
and that a small question can lead into a big discovery發現.
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對事情一個小小的疑問 最後就有可能變成一個巨大的發現
14:40
Changing更改 the way a person thinks about something
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改變對一個人本來對一件事情的想法
14:42
can be easy簡單 or hard. It all depends依靠 on the way the person
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可能簡單也又可能困難 而那取決於
14:46
feels感覺 about change更改.
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一個人對改變的看法
14:48
But changing改變 the way I thought about science科學 was
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但是 改變我對科學的看法 就是驚人的簡單
14:50
surprisingly出奇 easy簡單. Once一旦 we played發揮 the games遊戲
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從我們玩了一次遊戲
14:52
and then started開始 to think about the puzzle難題,
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然後想了如何設置蜜蜂的關卡
14:55
I then realized實現 that science科學 isn't just a boring無聊 subject學科,
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我發現到 原來科學並不只是一個無聊的科目
14:59
and that anyone任何人 can discover發現 something new.
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而是一個讓每個人都能夠發現新事情的東西
15:02
You just need an opportunity機會. My opportunity機會 came來了
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你只是需要一個機會 而我的機會
15:05
in the form形成 of Beau花花公子, and the BlackawtonBlackawton Bee蜜蜂 Project項目.
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就是Beau 還有這個 Blackawton 蜜蜂計畫提供給我的
15:08
Thank you.BLBL: Thank you very much. (Applause掌聲)
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謝謝 BL: 謝謝大家 (掌聲)
15:12
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by YaoYang Han
Reviewed by Yuguo Zhang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Beau Lotto - Neuroscientist, Artist
Beau Lotto is founder of Lottolab, a hybrid art studio and science lab. With glowing, interactive sculpture -- and old-fashioned peer-reviewed research--he's illuminating the mysteries of the brain's visual system.

Why you should listen

"Let there be perception," was evolution's proclamation, and so it was that all creatures, from honeybees to humans, came to see the world not as it is, but as was most useful. This uncomfortable place--where what an organism's brain sees diverges from what is actually out there--is what Beau Lotto and his team at Lottolab are exploring through their dazzling art-sci experiments and public illusions. Their Bee Matrix installation, for example, places a live bee in a transparent enclosure where gallerygoers may watch it seek nectar in a virtual meadow of luminous Plexiglas flowers. (Bees, Lotto will tell you, see colors much like we humans do.) The data captured isn't just discarded, either: it's put to good use in probing scientific papers, and sometimes in more exhibits.

At their home in London’s Science Museum, the lab holds "synesthetic workshops" where kids and adults make abstract paintings that computers interpret into music, and they host regular Lates--evenings of science, music and "mass experiments." Lotto is passionate about involving people from all walks of life in research on perception--both as subjects and as fellow researchers. One such program, called "i,scientist," in fact led to the publication of the first ever peer-reviewed scientific paper written by schoolchildren ("Blackawton Bees," December 2010). It starts, "Once upon a time ..."

These and Lotto's other conjurings are slowly, charmingly bending the science of perception--and our perceptions of what science can be.

More profile about the speaker
Beau Lotto | Speaker | TED.com
Amy O'Toole - Student
Amy O'Toole is a 12-year-old student who helped run a science experiment inspired by Beau Lotto's participative science approach. At age 10 she became one of the youngest people ever to publish a peer-reviewed science paper.

Why you should listen

Amy O'Toole is a 12-year-old student with a peer-reviewed scientific publication under her belt. She took part in a participative science program led by Beau Lotto , called "i, scientist," which inspired a science experiment by a group of 26 primary school students in Blackawton, Devon, UK. O'Toole was never interested in science before this project, but now intends to study the human mind and body. The project led to the publication of the first ever peer-reviewed scientific paper written by schoolchildren ("Blackawton Bees," Royal Society's Biology Letters, December 2010). It starts: "Once upon a time ... ."

More profile about the speaker
Amy O'Toole | Speaker | TED.com