TED2013
James Flynn: Why our IQ levels are higher than our grandparents'
James Flynn: Prečo máme vyššie IQ než mali naši prarodičia?
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Voláme to "Flynnov efekt" - každá ďalšia generácia je v IQ testoch úspešnejšia než prechádzajúca. Naozaj sme stále inteligentnejší alebo len myslíme inak? Pri krátkom pohľade do histórie poznania 20-teho storočia etik James Flynn naznačuje, že zmeny v spôsobe nášho myslenia mali prekvapivé (a nielen pozitívne) dôsledky.
James Flynn - Moral philosopher
James Flynn challenges our fundamental assumptions about intelligence. Full bio
James Flynn challenges our fundamental assumptions about intelligence. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
We are going to take a quick voyage
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Vydajme sa spolu na krátku cestu
00:15
over the cognitive history of the 20th century,
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dejinami poznania v 20-tom storočí.
00:18
because during that century,
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Za posledných 100 rokov sa nám
00:20
our minds have altered dramatically.
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totiž dramaticky zmenilo myslenie.
00:23
As you all know, the cars that people drove in 1900
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Ako viete, autá, v ktorých sa jazdilo v roku 1900
00:26
have altered because the roads are better
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sa zmenili, lebo sa zlepšili cesty
00:28
and because of technology.
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a technológie.
00:31
And our minds have altered, too.
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Zmenilo sa aj naše myslenie.
00:33
We've gone from people who confronted a concrete world
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Kedysi ľudia čelili skutočnému svetu
00:37
and analyzed that world primarily in terms
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a zisťovali hlavne to,
00:40
of how much it would benefit them
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aký úžitok z neho môžu mať.
00:42
to people who confront a very complex world,
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Dnes však čelíme komplexnému svetu.
00:47
and it's a world where we've had to develop
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Svetu, kde sme si museli vytvoriť
00:49
new mental habits, new habits of mind.
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nové mentálne zvyky, nové myslenie.
00:52
And these include things like
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Odieť napríklad
00:54
clothing that concrete world with classification,
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skutočný svet do kategórií,
00:59
introducing abstractions that we try to make
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zaviesť abstrakcie, ktoré sa snažíme tvoriť
01:01
logically consistent,
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v súlade s logikou,
01:04
and also taking the hypothetical seriously,
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a začať brať hypotézy vážne.
01:06
that is, wondering about what might have been
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Rozmýšľať radšej nad tým, čo mohlo byť
01:09
rather than what is.
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než nad tým, čo je.
01:11
Now, this dramatic change was drawn to my attention
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Dramatické zmeny pritiahli moju pozornosť.
01:15
through massive I.Q. gains over time,
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Hlavne obrovský nárast
01:18
and these have been truly massive.
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hodnôt IQ.
01:21
That is, we don't just get a few more questions right
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Nepribudlo nám len zopár správnych odpovedí
01:25
on I.Q. tests.
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v IQ testoch.
01:27
We get far more questions right on I.Q. tests
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Odpovedáme správne na oveľa viac otázok,
01:30
than each succeeding generation
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než ktorákoľvek prechádzajúca generácia
01:32
back to the time that they were invented.
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od dôb, keď vznikli.
01:35
Indeed, if you score the people a century ago
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Ak by ste pred storočím testovali ľudí
01:39
against modern norms,
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podľa moderných noriem,
01:40
they would have an average I.Q. of 70.
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dosiahli by priemerné IQ 70.
01:43
If you score us against their norms,
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Ak by ste hodnotili nás podľa ich noriem,
01:46
we would have an average I.Q. of 130.
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dosiahli by sme priemerné IQ 130 bodov.
01:50
Now this has raised all sorts of questions.
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Vyvolalo to celý rad otázok.
01:53
Were our immediate ancestors
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Boli naši predkovia
01:55
on the verge of mental retardation?
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na pokraji mentálnej zaostalosti?
01:58
Because 70 is normally the score for mental retardation.
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Pretože IQ 70 sa bežne považuje
za mentálnu zaostalosť.
za mentálnu zaostalosť.
02:02
Or are we on the verge of all being gifted?
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Alebo sme my všetci nadaní?
02:05
Because 130 is the cutting line for giftedness.
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Pretože IQ 130 je hranicou pre nadanie.
02:10
Now I'm going to try and argue for a third alternative
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Pokúsim sa predostrieť a obhájiť tretiu možnosť,
02:13
that's much more illuminating than either of those,
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ktorá osvetľuje oveľa viac než predchádzajúce.
02:17
and to put this into perspective,
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Pre názornosť,
02:19
let's imagine that a Martian came down to Earth
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predstavte si, že pristál na Zemi Marťan
02:22
and found a ruined civilization.
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a našiel zničenú civilizáciu.
02:25
And this Martian was an archaeologist,
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Marťan bol archeológ
02:28
and they found scores, target scores,
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a našiel použité terče,
02:30
that people had used for shooting.
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ktoré ľudia používali pri strieľaní.
02:33
And first they looked at 1865,
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Najprv sa pozrel na terče z roku 1865,
02:36
and they found that in a minute,
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a zistil, že za minútu
02:38
people had only put one bullet in the bullseye.
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trafili ľudia do stredu iba raz.
02:42
And then they found, in 1898,
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Potom zistil, že v roku 1898
02:44
that they'd put about five bullets in the bullseye in a minute.
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skončilo v strede terča asi 5 guliek za minútu.
02:48
And then about 1918 they put a hundred bullets in the bullseye.
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V roku 1918 ich bolo 100.
02:53
And initially, that archaeologist would be baffled.
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Sprvu by bol archeológ bezradný.
02:57
They would say, look, these tests were designed
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Povedal by si, že testy vznikli, aby sa zistilo
02:59
to find out how much people were steady of hand,
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akú pevnú mali ľudia ruku,
03:03
how keen their eyesight was,
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aký mali ostrý zrak,
03:06
whether they had control of their weapon.
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či mali kontrolu nad zbraňou.
03:08
How could these performances have escalated
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Ako mohli výkony vzrásť
03:11
to this enormous degree?
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na takúto enormnú úroveň?
03:13
Well we now know, of course, the answer.
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Dnes už, samozrejme, odpoveď poznáme.
03:16
If that Martian looked at battlefields,
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Ak by sa Marťan pozrel na bojové polia,
03:18
they would find that people had only muskets
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zistil by, že ľudia mali muškety
03:21
at the time of the Civil War
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v časoch Americkej občianskej vojny,
03:23
and that they had repeating rifles
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viacranové pušky
03:25
at the time of the Spanish-American War,
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v časoch Španielsko-americkej vojny,
03:28
and then they had machine guns
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a guľomety
03:30
by the time of World War I.
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v Prvej svetovej vojne.
03:33
And, in other words, it was the equipment
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Inými slovami, pokrok spôsobilo
03:35
that was in the hands of the average soldier
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vybavenie v rukách bežného vojaka,
03:38
that was responsible, not greater keenness of eye
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nie ostrejší zrak,
03:41
or steadiness of hand.
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či pevnosť ruky.
03:43
Now what we have to imagine is the mental artillery
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Len si predstavte mentálnu výzbroj
03:46
that we have picked up over those hundred years,
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ktorú sme nabrali za stovku rokov.
03:50
and I think again that another thinker will help us here,
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Pomôže nám v tom ďalší mysliteľ,
03:54
and that's Luria.
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Luria.
03:56
Luria looked at people
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Luria skúmal ľudí
03:58
just before they entered the scientific age,
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tesne pred začiatkom vedeckej doby
04:02
and he found that these people
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a zistil, že sa bránili
04:04
were resistant to classifying the concrete world.
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klasifikácii skutočného sveta.
04:07
They wanted to break it up
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Chceli ho rozdeliť
04:08
into little bits that they could use.
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na kúsočky, ktoré by mohli využiť.
04:11
He found that they were resistant
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Zistil, že odmietali dedukovať
04:13
to deducing the hypothetical,
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na základe hypotéz
04:17
to speculating about what might be,
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a uvažovať nad tým, čo môže byť.
04:19
and he found finally that they didn't deal well
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Zistil, že im nešlo
04:22
with abstractions or using logic on those abstractions.
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abstraktné myslenie, ani logické uvažovanie.
04:26
Now let me give you a sample of some of his interviews.
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Poviem vám príklady z jeho rozhovorov.
04:30
He talked to the head man of a person
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Zhováral sa so starostom
04:32
in rural Russia.
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na ruskom vidieku.
04:34
They'd only had, as people had in 1900,
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V roku 1900 tam chodili
04:36
about four years of schooling.
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do školy okolo 4 rokov.
04:38
And he asked that particular person,
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A spýtal sa ho,
04:41
what do crows and fish have in common?
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čo majú spoločné vrana a ryba?
04:44
And the fellow said, "Absolutely nothing.
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Odpovedal: "Vôbec nič.
04:47
You know, I can eat a fish. I can't eat a crow.
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Rybu zjesť môžem, vranu nie.
04:50
A crow can peck at a fish.
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Vrana môže zjesť rybu.
04:53
A fish can't do anything to a crow."
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Ryba nemôže urobiť vrane nič."
04:56
And Luria said, "But aren't they both animals?"
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Luria mu odvetil: "Ale nie sú obe zvieratami?"
04:59
And he said, "Of course not.
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Odpoveď: "Samozrejme, že nie.
05:00
One's a fish.
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Jedno je ryba.
05:02
The other is a bird."
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A druhé je vták."
05:04
And he was interested, effectively,
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Zaujímalo ho,
05:06
in what he could do with those concrete objects.
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čo môže s konkrétnymi vecami urobiť.
05:10
And then Luria went to another person,
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A potom šiel Luria za ďalšími
05:12
and he said to them,
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a hovorí im:
05:15
"There are no camels in Germany.
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"V Nemecku nie sú ťavy.
05:17
Hamburg is a city in Germany.
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Hamburg je nemecké mesto.
05:20
Are there camels in Hamburg?"
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Sú v Hamburgu ťavy?"
05:22
And the fellow said,
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A chlapík mu hovorí:
05:23
"Well, if it's large enough, there ought to be camels there."
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"Ak je dosť veľké, tak by tam mali byť ťavy."
05:27
And Luria said, "But what do my words imply?"
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A Luria hovorí: "Ale čo vyplýva z toho, čo som povedal?"
05:31
And he said, "Well, maybe it's a small village,
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A on na to: "Možno je to malá dedina
05:34
and there's no room for camels."
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a nie je tam pre ťavy dosť miesta."
05:36
In other words, he was unwilling to treat this
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Inak povedané, nebol to ochotný riešiť
05:38
as anything but a concrete problem,
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inak ako skutočný problém,
05:41
and he was used to camels being in villages,
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bol zvyknutý na ťavy v dedinách
05:44
and he was quite unable to use the hypothetical,
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a nedokázal si položiť hypotetickú otázku
05:48
to ask himself what if there were no camels in Germany.
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Čo ak v Nemecku ťavy nie sú?
05:53
A third interview was conducted
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Tretí rozhovor urobil
05:55
with someone about the North Pole.
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s človekom z oblasti severného pólu.
05:58
And Luria said, "At the North Pole, there is always snow.
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Luria povedal: "Na severnom póle je stále sneh.
06:03
Wherever there is always snow, the bears are white.
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Všade, kde je sneh stále, sú medvede biele.
06:06
What color are the bears at the North Pole?"
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Akej farby sú medvede na severnom póle?"
06:10
And the response was, "Such a thing
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A odpoveď znela: "Taká vec
06:12
is to be settled by testimony.
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musí byť ozrejmená svedectvom.
06:14
If a wise person came from the North Pole
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Ak by prišiel múdry človek zo severného pólu
06:17
and told me the bears were white,
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a povedal mi, že medvede sú biele,
06:19
I might believe him,
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možno by som mu veril,
06:21
but every bear that I have seen is a brown bear."
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ale všetky medvede,
ktoré som kedy videl, boli hnedé."
ktoré som kedy videl, boli hnedé."
06:25
Now you see again, this person has rejected
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Vidíte ďalší príprad, keď človek odmietol
06:28
going beyond the concrete world
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prejsť za hranice skutočného sveta
06:30
and analyzing it through everyday experience,
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a analyzovať ho cez každodennú skúsenosť.
06:33
and it was important to that person
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Akej farby sú medvede
06:35
what color bears were --
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bolo preňho dôležité,
06:37
that is, they had to hunt bears.
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lebo ich musel loviť.
06:39
They weren't willing to engage in this.
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Neboli ochotní uvažovať inak.
06:41
One of them said to Luria,
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Jeden z nich Luriovi povedal:
06:43
"How can we solve things that aren't real problems?
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"Ako môžeme riešiť problémy, ktoré nie sú reálne?
06:47
None of these problems are real.
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Ani jeden z nich nie je reálny.
06:49
How can we address them?"
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Ako ich môžeme vyriešiť?"
06:51
Now, these three categories --
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Máme tri kategórie -
06:55
classification,
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klasifikáciu,
06:56
using logic on abstractions,
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logické myslenie o abstraktných veciach
06:58
taking the hypothetical seriously --
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a vážny prístup k hypotézam.
07:01
how much difference do they make in the real world
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Aký rozdiel spôsobujú v skutočnom svete,
07:04
beyond the testing room?
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mimo skúšobnej miestnosti?
07:05
And let me give you a few illustrations.
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Dovoľte mi dať vám niekoľko príkladov.
07:08
First, almost all of us today get a high school diploma.
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Po prvé, skoro všetci dnes majú ukončenú strednú.
07:12
That is, we've gone from four to eight years of education
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4 až 8 rokov formálneho vzdelania
07:15
to 12 years of formal education,
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vzrástlo na dvanásť rokov.
07:18
and 52 percent of Americans
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52 % Američanov
07:20
have actually experienced some type of tertiary education.
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sa vzdelávalo aj po strednej škole.
07:24
Now, not only do we have much more education,
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Sme nielen vzdelanejší,
07:28
and much of that education is scientific,
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ale veľká časť vzdelania má vedecký základ.
07:30
and you can't do science without classifying the world.
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Vede sa nemôžete venovať bez klasifikácie sveta.
07:34
You can't do science without proposing hypotheses.
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Nemôžete bádať bez navrhovania hypotéz.
07:38
You can't do science without making it logically consistent.
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Nemôžete bádať bez logického myslenia.
07:42
And even down in grade school, things have changed.
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Zmeny nastali dokonca aj na základných školách.
07:46
In 1910, they looked at the examinations
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Všetky skúšky z roku 1910,
07:49
that the state of Ohio gave to 14-year-olds,
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ktoré robili 14-ročné deti v štáte Ohio,
07:53
and they found that they were all
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sa týkali
07:55
for socially valued concrete information.
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sociálne cenených konkrétnych informácií.
07:58
They were things like,
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Obsahovali otázky typu:
07:59
what are the capitals of the 44 or 45 states
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aké boli hlavné mestá vtedajších
08:02
that existed at that time?
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44 či 45 štátov USA?
08:05
When they looked at the exams
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Skúšky,
08:06
that the state of Ohio gave in 1990,
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zo štátu Ohio z roku 1990,
08:09
they were all about abstractions.
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boli o abstraktnom myslení.
08:12
They were things like,
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Obsahovali úlohy ako:
08:13
why is the largest city of a state rarely the capital?
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Prečo je najväčšie mesto
zriedka aj hlavným mestom?
zriedka aj hlavným mestom?
08:19
And you were supposed to think, well,
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Mali ste uvažovať takto:
08:20
the state legislature was rural-controlled,
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štátna legislatíva sa riadila z vidieckych oblastí,
08:23
and they hated the big city,
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a tie nenávideli veľké mestá.
08:25
so rather than putting the capital in a big city,
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Namiesto toho, aby sa veľké mesto stalo hlavným,
08:28
they put it in a county seat.
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urobili opak.
08:29
They put it in Albany rather than New York.
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Vybrali radšej Albany než New York.
08:32
They put it in Harrisburg rather than Philadelphia.
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Uprednostnili Harrisburg pred Philadelphiou.
08:35
And so forth.
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A tak ďalej.
08:37
So the tenor of education has changed.
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Zmenilo sa teda zameranie vzdelávania.
08:40
We are educating people to take the hypothetical seriously,
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Učíme ľudí brať hypotézy vážne,
08:44
to use abstractions, and to link them logically.
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myslieť abstraktne a logicky.
08:47
What about employment?
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A čo zamestnanie?
08:50
Well, in 1900, three percent of Americans
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3900
V roku 1900 vykonávali 3 % Američanov
08:53
practiced professions that were cognitively demanding.
185
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3542
intelektuálne náročné povolania.
08:57
Only three percent were lawyers or doctors or teachers.
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4055
Iba 3 % tvorili právnici, doktori či učitelia.
09:01
Today, 35 percent of Americans
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Dnes sa 35 % Američanov
09:04
practice cognitively demanding professions,
188
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3319
venuje intelektuálne náročnej profesii.
09:07
not only to the professions proper like lawyer
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2626
Nejde len o tradičnú prácu právnikov,
09:10
or doctor or scientist or lecturer,
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2549
doktorov, vedcov či prednášajúcich,
09:12
but many, many sub-professions
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1818
ale aj mnohé nové profesie,
09:14
having to do with being a technician,
192
542743
1941
súvisiace s technikou
09:16
a computer programmer.
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2025
a programovaním počítačov.
09:18
A whole range of professions now make cognitive demands.
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4324
Celý rad povolaní je dnes intelektuálne náročný.
09:23
And we can only meet the terms of employment
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Nároky zamestnania môžeme v modernom
09:25
in the modern world by being cognitively
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svete naplniť jedine tým, že budeme myslieť
09:28
far more flexible.
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flexibilnejšie.
09:30
And it's not just that we have many more people
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Nielenže sa viac ľudí venuje
09:33
in cognitively demanding professions.
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intelektuálne náročným povolaniam,
09:36
The professions have been upgraded.
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2403
ale zlepšili sa aj samotné povolania.
09:39
Compare the doctor in 1900,
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2111
Porovnajte si doktora z roku 1900,
09:41
who really had only a few tricks up his sleeve,
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3049
ktorý mal v rukáve len zopár trikov,
09:44
with the modern general practitioner or specialist,
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s moderným praktickým lekárom alebo špecialistom,
09:47
with years of scientific training.
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s rokmi odbornej prípravy.
09:49
Compare the banker in 1900,
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2269
Porovnajte bankára z roku 1900,
09:52
who really just needed a good accountant
206
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2413
ktorý potreboval len dobrého účtovníka
09:54
and to know who was trustworthy in the local community
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3176
a vedieť, komu v okolí môže veriť,
09:57
for paying back their mortgage.
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že hypotéku splatí.
10:00
Well, the merchant bankers who brought the world to their knees
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3229
Obchodní bankári, ktorí zrazili svet na kolená
10:03
may have been morally remiss,
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1766
mohli byť eticky nespôsobilí,
10:05
but they were cognitively very agile.
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3139
ale intelektuálne boli veľmi zdatní.
10:08
They went far beyond that 1900 banker.
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4611
Ďaleko predčili bankára z roku 1900.
10:12
They had to look at computer projections
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Sledovali počítačové predpovede diania
10:15
for the housing market.
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2000
na trhu s nehnuteľnosťami.
10:17
They had to get complicated CDO-squared
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3905
Dlhové obligácie upravili tak,
10:20
in order to bundle debt together
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aby zlepili dlhy dokopy
10:23
and make debt look as if it were actually a profitable asset.
217
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3759
a prezentovali ich ako výnosné aktívum.
10:27
They had to prepare a case to get rating agencies
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615159
3100
Museli si pripraviť argumenty pre ratingové agentúry,
10:30
to give it a AAA,
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618259
1111
aby im pridelili AAA,
10:31
though in many cases, they had virtually bribed the rating agencies.
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4234
aj keď v skutočnosti ich vlastne podplatili.
10:35
And they also, of course, had to get people
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2029
Ľudí museli presvedčiť,
10:37
to accept these so-called assets
222
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2687
aby takzvané aktíva uznávali
10:40
and pay money for them
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628320
1500
a platili za ne,
10:41
even though they were highly vulnerable.
224
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2587
aj keď boli vysoko riskantné.
10:44
Or take a farmer today.
225
632407
1590
Alebo si vezmite farmára.
10:45
I take the farm manager of today as very different
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3280
Prácu dnešného farmára považujem za úplne inú
10:49
from the farmer of 1900.
227
637277
2491
ako v roku 1900.
10:51
So it hasn't just been the spread
228
639768
1838
Nerozšírili sa teda len
10:53
of cognitively demanding professions.
229
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3191
kognitívne náročné povolania.
10:56
It's also been the upgrading of tasks
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2380
Aj úlohy dnešných právnikov
10:59
like lawyer and doctor and what have you
231
647177
2567
a doktorov sa stávajú zložitejšími
11:01
that have made demands on our cognitive faculties.
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a kladú vyššie nároky na naše kognitívne schopnosti.
11:05
But I've talked about education and employment.
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3159
Ale hovoril som o vzdelaní a zamestnaní.
11:08
Some of the habits of mind that we have developed
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3339
Niektoré zvyky, ktoré si naša myseľ osvojila
11:12
over the 20th century
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1607
v 20. storočí
11:13
have paid off in unexpected areas.
236
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nám prišli vhod v neočakávaných oblastiach.
11:16
I'm primarily a moral philosopher.
237
664221
2271
Som predovšetkým etikom.
11:18
I merely have a holiday in psychology,
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3688
S psychológiou sa dôverne nepoznám
11:22
and what interests me in general is moral debate.
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4408
a vo všeobecnosti sa zaujímam o etické diskusie.
11:26
Now over the last century,
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2731
Za posledné storočie nabrali
11:29
in developed nations like America,
241
677319
2350
v rozvinutých krajinách ako je Amerika
11:31
moral debate has escalated
242
679669
1981
etické diskusie na intenzite,
11:33
because we take the hypothetical seriously,
243
681650
3339
pretože berieme hypotetické vážne,
11:36
and we also take universals seriously
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3215
a berieme vážne aj všeobecné princípy
11:40
and look for logical connections.
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2796
a hľadáme logické spojitosti.
11:43
When I came home in 1955 from university
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691000
3735
Keď som sa v roku 1955 vrátil domov z univerzity,
11:46
at the time of Martin Luther King,
247
694735
2307
v časoch Martina Luthera Kinga,
11:49
a lot of people came home at that time
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697042
2322
veľa ľudí vtedy prichádzalo domov
11:51
and started having arguments with their parents and grandparents.
249
699364
3750
a začalo sa hádať s rodičmi a prarodičmi.
11:55
My father was born in 1885,
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703114
3228
Môj otec sa narodil v 1885
11:58
and he was mildly racially biased.
251
706342
2563
a bol rasovo predpojatý.
12:00
As an Irishman, he hated the English so much
252
708905
2103
Ako Ír nenávidel Angličanov tak veľmi,
12:03
he didn't have much emotion for anyone else.
253
711008
2321
že pre ostatných mu city nezvýšili.
12:05
(Laughter)
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3271
(Smiech)
12:08
But he did have a sense that black people were inferior.
255
716600
4508
Žil v tom, že černosi sú menejcenní.
12:13
And when we said to our parents and grandparents,
256
721108
2848
Keď sme sa rodičov a prarodičov spýtali:
12:15
"How would you feel if tomorrow morning you woke up black?"
257
723956
4493
"Ako by ste sa cítili,
keby ste sa zajtra zobudili čierni?"
keby ste sa zajtra zobudili čierni?"
12:20
they said that is the dumbest thing you've ever said.
258
728449
3621
Odpovedali že nič hlúpejšie v živote nepočuli.
12:24
Who have you ever known who woke up in the morning --
259
732070
2502
"Kto sa kedy ráno zobudil....
12:26
(Laughter) --
260
734572
2402
(Smiech)
12:28
that turned black?
261
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1230
...a zmenil sa na čierneho?"
12:30
In other words, they were fixed in the concrete
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3516
Inými slovami, boli viazaní na konkrétne
12:33
mores and attitudes they had inherited.
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3513
mravy a postoje, ktoré zdedili.
12:37
They would not take the hypothetical seriously,
264
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3011
Nebrali vážne hypotézy
12:40
and without the hypothetical,
265
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1484
a bez hypotéz
12:41
it's very difficult to get moral argument off the ground.
266
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4019
ťažko viesť etickú diskusiu.
12:45
You have to say, imagine you were
267
753747
2635
Poviete: "Predstavte si, že ste
12:48
in Iran, and imagine that your relatives
268
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5585
v Iráne a vaši príbuzní
12:53
all suffered from collateral damage
269
761967
2700
utrpeli vojnou,
12:56
even though they had done no wrong.
270
764667
1946
aj keď neurobili nič zlé.
12:58
How would you feel about that?
271
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2061
Ako by ste sa cítili?"
13:00
And if someone of the older generation says,
272
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2720
A ak niekto zo staršej generácie povie:
13:03
well, our government takes care of us,
273
771394
1930
"Naša vláda sa stará o nás,
13:05
and it's up to their government to take care of them,
274
773324
2943
ich vláda by sa mala postarať o nich,"
13:08
they're just not willing to take the hypothetical seriously.
275
776267
4068
tak jednoducho nie je ochotný brať hypotézy vážne.
13:12
Or take an Islamic father whose daughter has been raped,
276
780335
3367
Alebo si vezmite moslimského otca,
ktorému znásilnili dcéru,
ktorému znásilnili dcéru,
13:15
and he feels he's honor-bound to kill her.
277
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3210
a cíti morálnu povinnosť zabiť ju.
13:18
Well, he's treating his mores
278
786912
2360
Správa sa ako keby boli zvyky
13:21
as if they were sticks and stones and rocks that he had inherited,
279
789272
3900
niečím nemeniteľným, čo zdedil.
13:25
and they're unmovable in any way by logic.
280
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2645
Akoby ich nebolo možné logicky spochybniť.
13:27
They're just inherited mores.
281
795817
2576
Skrátka ich zdedil.
13:30
Today we would say something like,
282
798393
2201
Dnes by sme povedali niečo ako:
13:32
well, imagine you were knocked unconscious and sodomized.
283
800594
3577
"Predstav si, že by ťa niekto
zbil do bezvedomia a znásilnil.
zbil do bezvedomia a znásilnil.
13:36
Would you deserve to be killed?
284
804171
1673
Zaslúžil by si si zomrieť?"
13:37
And he would say, well that's not in the Koran.
285
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2895
Povedal by, že sa o tom v Koráne nepíše.
13:40
That's not one of the principles I've got.
286
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4022
"Nepatrí to k mojim zásadám."
13:44
Well you, today, universalize your principles.
287
812761
2841
Dnes zásady zovšeobecňujeme.
13:47
You state them as abstractions and you use logic on them.
288
815602
3557
Fungujú ako abstrakcie, pod taktovkou logických princípov.
13:51
If you have a principle such as,
289
819159
2273
Ak ste presvedčení, že
13:53
people shouldn't suffer unless they're guilty of something,
290
821432
3646
ľudia by nemali trpieť, ak neurobili nič zlé,
13:57
then to exclude black people
291
825078
2096
aby ste z toho vylúčili černochov,
13:59
you've got to make exceptions, don't you?
292
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2498
musíte urobiť výnimku, však?
14:01
You have to say, well, blackness of skin,
293
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2988
Keďže ľudia by nemali trpieť
14:04
you couldn't suffer just for that.
294
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2623
len pre farbu pokožky,
14:07
It must be that blacks are somehow tainted.
295
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3263
čierni musia byť nejakým spôsobom skazení.
14:10
And then we can bring empirical evidence to bear, can't we,
296
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3167
Potom môžeme zvažovať empirické dôkazy, však?
14:13
and say, well how can you consider all blacks tainted
297
841713
2916
"Ako môžete všetkých černochov považovať za skazených,
14:16
when St. Augustine was black and Thomas Sowell is black.
298
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3794
keď aj sv. Augustín a Thomas Sowell boli čierni?"
14:20
And you can get moral argument off the ground, then,
299
848423
3425
Môžete začať etickú diskusiu,
14:23
because you're not treating moral principles as concrete entities.
300
851848
4554
lebo nepovažujete etické zásady za nemenné.
14:28
You're treating them as universals,
301
856402
1937
Beriete ich ako všeobecne platné princípy,
14:30
to be rendered consistent by logic.
302
858339
2779
ktoré majú byť logické.
14:33
Now how did all of this arise out of I.Q. tests?
303
861118
3130
Ako sme toto všetko vyčítali z IQ testov?
14:36
That's what initially got me going on cognitive history.
304
864248
4010
Práve preto som sa začal zaoberať
dejinami poznania.
dejinami poznania.
14:40
If you look at the I.Q. test,
305
868258
1885
Ak sa pozriete na IQ testy,
14:42
you find the gains have been greatest in certain areas.
306
870143
3985
zistíte, že výsledky vzrástli
najviac v určitých oblastiach.
najviac v určitých oblastiach.
14:46
The similarities subtest of the Wechsler
307
874128
2603
Wechslerov čiastkový test podobností
14:48
is about classification,
308
876731
2269
sa zaoberá klasifikáciou,
14:51
and we have made enormous gains
309
879000
2080
a práve v ňom sme zaznamenali
14:53
on that classification subtest.
310
881080
3110
obrovské zlepšenie.
14:56
There are other parts of the I.Q. test battery
311
884190
3281
Ďalšie časti merania IQ si vyžadujú
14:59
that are about using logic on abstractions.
312
887471
3096
použitie logiky v abstraktných situáciách.
15:02
Some of you may have taken Raven's Progressive Matrices,
313
890567
3474
Niektorí ste už možno robili Ravenove progresívne matrice,
15:06
and it's all about analogies.
314
894041
2538
tie sú celé o analógiách.
15:08
And in 1900, people could do simple analogies.
315
896579
3856
V roku 1900 ľudia dokázali vytvoriť
jednoduché analógie.
jednoduché analógie.
15:12
That is, if you said to them, cats are like wildcats.
316
900435
4345
Ak by ste im povedali, že mačky sú ako divoké mačky.
15:16
What are dogs like?
317
904780
1576
Potom psy sú ako?
15:18
They would say wolves.
318
906356
2092
Odvetili by vlky.
15:20
But by 1960, people could attack Raven's
319
908448
3544
V 1960 už ľudia pristupovali k Ravenovi
15:23
on a much more sophisticated level.
320
911992
2650
omnoho sofistikovanejšie.
15:26
If you said, we've got two squares followed by a triangle,
321
914642
4507
Po dvoch štvorcoch nasledujú dva trojuholníky.
15:31
what follows two circles?
322
919149
2236
Čo nasleduje po dvoch kruhoch?
15:33
They could say a semicircle.
323
921385
2287
Povedali by polkruhy.
15:35
Just as a triangle is half of a square,
324
923672
2178
Tak ako je trojuholník polovicou zo štvorca,
15:37
a semicircle is half of a circle.
325
925850
2718
polkruh je polovicou z kruhu.
15:40
By 2010, college graduates, if you said
326
928568
3593
Ak by ste v roku 2010 povedali univerzitným absolventom:
15:44
two circles followed by a semicircle,
327
932161
3235
"Dva kruhy a polkruh,
15:47
two sixteens followed by what,
328
935396
2790
dve šestnástky a čo?"
15:50
they would say eight, because eight is half of 16.
329
938186
3736
povedali by 8, keďže 8 je polovica zo 16.
15:53
That is, they had moved so far from the concrete world
330
941922
2866
Od skutočného sveta sa odosobnili natoľko,
15:56
that they could even ignore
331
944788
2293
že dokážu ignorovať
15:59
the appearance of the symbols that were involved in the question.
332
947081
4523
tvar symbolov obsiahnutých v otázke.
16:03
Now, I should say one thing that's very disheartening.
333
951604
3164
Teraz vyslovím nesmierne skľučujúcu skutočnosť.
16:06
We haven't made progress on all fronts.
334
954768
2872
Nepokročili sme na všetkých frontoch.
16:09
One of the ways in which we would like to deal
335
957640
2764
Jednou z ciest akou by sme sa chceli vyrovnať
16:12
with the sophistication of the modern world
336
960404
2198
s komplikovanosťou moderného sveta,
16:14
is through politics,
337
962602
2036
je politika.
16:16
and sadly you can have humane moral principles,
338
964638
3335
Nanešťatie môžete mať ľudské etické zásady,
16:19
you can classify, you can use logic on abstractions,
339
967973
4420
môžete klasifikovať, používať logiku na hypotézy,
16:24
and if you're ignorant of history and of other countries,
340
972393
2930
ale ak neberiete do úvahy dejiny
a ostatné krajiny,
a ostatné krajiny,
16:27
you can't do politics.
341
975323
2427
nemôžete robiť politiku.
16:29
We've noticed, in a trend among young Americans,
342
977750
3020
Medzi mladými Američanmi sme si všimli,
16:32
that they read less history and less literature
343
980770
2875
že čítajú menej o histórii a menej literatúry,
16:35
and less material about foreign lands,
344
983645
2610
čítajú menej o cudzích krajinách.
16:38
and they're essentially ahistorical.
345
986255
1695
V otázkach dejín sú v podstate negramotní.
16:39
They live in the bubble of the present.
346
987950
2117
Žijú v bubline prítomnosti.
16:42
They don't know the Korean War from the war in Vietnam.
347
990067
2856
Nerozoznajú Kórejskú vojnu od Vietnamskej vojny.
16:44
They don't know who was an ally of America in World War II.
348
992923
4183
Nepoznajú spojencov USA
v Druhej svetovej vojne.
v Druhej svetovej vojne.
16:49
Think how different America would be
349
997106
2621
Predstavte si ako by vyzerala Amerika,
16:51
if every American knew that this is the fifth time
350
999727
3596
keby každý Američan vedel, že do Afganistanu vpadli
16:55
Western armies have gone to Afghanistan to put its house in order,
351
1003323
4094
armády západných štátov už piaty raz,
aby tam urobili poriadok.
aby tam urobili poriadok.
16:59
and if they had some idea of exactly what had happened
352
1007417
3364
A ak by tušili, čo sa tam stalo
17:02
on those four previous occasions.
353
1010781
2325
v predchádzajúcich štyroch prípadoch.
17:05
(Laughter)
354
1013106
950
(Smiech)
17:06
And that is, they had barely left,
355
1014056
1948
A to, že sotva čo odišli,
17:08
and there wasn't a trace in the sand.
356
1016004
2332
nenechali za sebou ani stopu.
17:10
Or imagine how different things would be
357
1018336
3208
Predstavte si, aká zmena by nastala,
17:13
if most Americans knew that we had been lied
358
1021544
2756
keby väčšina Američanov vedela, že nás klamali
17:16
into four of our last six wars.
359
1024300
2925
v štyroch z posledných šiestich vojen.
17:19
You know, the Spanish didn't sink the battleship Maine,
360
1027225
2934
Viete, Španieli nepotopili vojnovú loď Maine,
17:22
the Lusitania was not an innocent vessel
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Lusitania nebola nevinná loď,
17:24
but was loaded with munitions,
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ale bola plná munície,
17:27
the North Vietnamese did not attack the Seventh Fleet,
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Severní Vietnamci nenapadli Siedmu flotilu,
17:31
and, of course, Saddam Hussein hated al Qaeda
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a, samozrejme, Saddám Husajn nenávidel al-Káidu
17:34
and had nothing to do with it,
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a nič s ňou nemal.
17:36
and yet the administration convinced 45 percent of the people
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Napriek tomu vláda presvedčila 45 % ľudí,
17:40
that they were brothers in arms,
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že boli bratmi v zbrani,
17:41
when he would hang one from the nearest lamppost.
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zatiaľ čo by sa najradšej navzájom obesili na najbližsom kandelábri.
17:45
But I don't want to end on a pessimistic note.
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Ale nechcem skončiť v pesimistickom duchu.
17:49
The 20th century has shown enormous cognitive reserves
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20. storočie nám ukázalo obrovské rezervy v poznaní
17:53
in ordinary people that we have now realized,
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obyčajných ľudí, ktoré sme si práve uvedomili.
17:57
and the aristocracy was convinced
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Aristokracia bola presvedčená,
17:59
that the average person couldn't make it,
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že priemerný človek nikdy nebude
18:01
that they could never share their mindset
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zdieľať rovnaký svetonázor,
18:04
or their cognitive abilities.
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či kognitívne schopnosti.
18:07
Lord Curzon once said
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Lord Curzon raz povedal,
18:09
he saw people bathing in the North Sea,
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že videl ľudí kúpať sa v Severnom mori
18:11
and he said, "Why did no one tell me
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a povedal: "Prečo mi nikto nepovedal,
18:12
what white bodies the lower orders have?"
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aké biele telá majú najnižšie vrstvy?"
18:15
As if they were a reptile.
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Ako keby boli plazmi.
18:18
Well, Dickens was right and he was wrong. [Correction: Rudyard Kipling]
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Dickens mal pravdu i nie.
[Oprava: Rudyard Kipling]
[Oprava: Rudyard Kipling]
18:21
[Kipling] said, "The colonel's lady and Judy O'Grady
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keď povedal: "Admirálova žena a Judy O'Gradyová
18:25
are sisters underneath the skin."
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sú v hĺbke duše sestrami."
18:28
(Applause)
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(Potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
James Flynn - Moral philosopherJames Flynn challenges our fundamental assumptions about intelligence.
Why you should listen
Year over year, people fare better on standardized tests, a global phenomenon known as the Flynn Effect. James Flynn, the New Zealand-based researcher who discovered this, believes that environmental factors play a greater role in intelligence than genetics does.
His latest findings, discussed in his 2012 book Are We Getting Smarter?, also suggest that women are not only as intelligent as men, but superior when it comes to executive function. “Women, when exposed to modernity, do equal men for IQ,” Flynn said to TV ONE’s Greg Boyed. “But in the formal educational setting where they apply their intelligence, they’re outperforming men all hollow.”
Flynn, a retired university professor, has written extensively about the connection between ongoing equality and IQ gains, democracy and human rights. He also wrote a compelling book about books, The Torchlight List, in which he lists 200 must-reads.
James Flynn | Speaker | TED.com