TEDxSydney
Drew Berry: Animations of unseeable biology
Dru Beri (Drew Berry): Nevidljiva biologija u animacijama
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2,509,183 views
Ne postoji način da neposredno posmatramo molekule i ono što čine - Dru Beri želi to da promeni. Na TEDxSydney on nam pokazuje svoje naučno tačne (i zabavne) animacije koje pomažu istraživačima da posmatraju nevidljive procese unutar naših ćelija.
Drew Berry - Biomedical animator
Drew Berry creates stunning and scientifically accurate animations to illustrate how the molecules in our cell move and interact. Full bio
Drew Berry creates stunning and scientifically accurate animations to illustrate how the molecules in our cell move and interact. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
What I'm going to show you
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Ono što ću vam pokazati
00:17
are the astonishing molecular machines
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su zadivljujuće molekularne mašine
00:21
that create the living fabric of your body.
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koje stvaraju živu materiju vašeg tela.
00:24
Now molecules are really, really tiny.
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Molekuli su stvarno, stvarno malecki.
00:27
And by tiny,
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A kada kažem mali,
00:29
I mean really.
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stvarno to mislim.
00:31
They're smaller than a wavelength of light,
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Manji su od talasne dužine svetlosti,
00:33
so we have no way to directly observe them.
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pa zato ne postoji način da ih direktno posmatramo.
00:36
But through science, we do have a fairly good idea
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Ali zahvaljujući nauci, imamo prilično dobru predstavu
00:38
of what's going on down at the molecular scale.
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šta se događa na nivou molekula.
00:41
So what we can do is actually tell you about the molecules,
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Zato zapravo možemo da vam pričamo o molekulima,
00:44
but we don't really have a direct way of showing you the molecules.
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ali nemamo neposredan način da vam pokažemo molekule.
00:47
One way around this is to draw pictures.
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Jedan način da to prevaziđemo jeste slikanje.
00:50
And this idea is actually nothing new.
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Ova ideja nije stvarno nova.
00:52
Scientists have always created pictures
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Naučnici su oduvek slikali,
00:54
as part of their thinking and discovery process.
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to je deo razmišljanja i procesa pronalaženja.
00:57
They draw pictures of what they're observing with their eyes,
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Slikaju ono što posmatraju očima,
01:00
through technology like telescopes and microscopes,
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koristeći tehnologiju kao što su teleskopi i mikroskopi,
01:02
and also what they're thinking about in their minds.
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i takođe ono o čemu razmišljaju.
01:05
I picked two well-known examples,
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Izabrao sam dva poznata primera,
01:07
because they're very well-known for expressing science through art.
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jer su poznata po prikazivanju nauke putem umetnosti.
01:10
And I start with Galileo
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Počeću sa Galilejem,
01:12
who used the world's first telescope
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on je koristio prvi teleskop na svetu
01:14
to look at the Moon.
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da posmatra Mesec.
01:16
And he transformed our understanding of the Moon.
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Transformisao je način na koji razmišljamo o Mesecu.
01:18
The perception in the 17th century
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U 17. veku se smatralo
01:20
was the Moon was a perfect heavenly sphere.
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da je Mesec savršena nebeska sfera.
01:22
But what Galileo saw was a rocky, barren world,
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Ali je Galilej video da je to stenovit, pust svet,
01:25
which he expressed through his watercolor painting.
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koji je prikazao na svojim akvarelima.
01:28
Another scientist with very big ideas,
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Još jedan naučnik sa velikim idejama,
01:30
the superstar of biology, is Charles Darwin.
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velika zvezda biologije, je Čarls Darvin.
01:33
And with this famous entry in his notebook,
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Čuveni prikaz u njegovoj svesci
01:35
he begins in the top left-hand corner with, "I think,"
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on započinje komentarom u gornjem levom uglu: ''Ja mislim,''
01:38
and then sketches out the first tree of life,
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a onda skicira prvo drvo života,
01:41
which is his perception
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što je njegovo viđenje
01:43
of how all the species, all living things on Earth,
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opšte povezanosti svih vrsta, svih živih stvari na Zemlji,
01:45
are connected through evolutionary history --
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evolucionom istorijom,
01:48
the origin of species through natural selection
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to je nastanak vrsta putem prirodne selekcije
01:50
and divergence from an ancestral population.
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i odvajanje od populacije predaka.
01:53
Even as a scientist,
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Čak i kao naučnik,
01:55
I used to go to lectures by molecular biologists
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išao sam na predavanja molekularnih biologa
01:57
and find them completely incomprehensible,
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i bila su mi potpuno nerazumljiva,
02:00
with all the fancy technical language and jargon
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zbog svih složenih tehničkih izraza i žargona
02:02
that they would use in describing their work,
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koji koriste za opis svog rada,
02:04
until I encountered the artworks of David Goodsell,
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dok nisam naišao na umetničke radove Dejvida Gudsela,
02:07
who is a molecular biologist at the Scripps Institute.
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koji je molekularni biolog na Skrips institutu.
02:10
And his pictures,
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Na njegovim slikama
02:12
everything's accurate and it's all to scale.
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je sve tačno i proporcionalno.
02:14
And his work illuminated for me
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Njegov rad mi je pojasnio
02:17
what the molecular world inside us is like.
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kako izgleda molekularni svet u nama.
02:19
So this is a transection through blood.
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Ovo je presek kroz krv.
02:22
In the top left-hand corner, you've got this yellow-green area.
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U gornjem levom uglu vidite ovaj žuto zeleni deo.
02:24
The yellow-green area is the fluids of blood, which is mostly water,
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Žuto zeleni deo su tečnosti u krvi, koja se uglavnom sastoji iz vode,
02:27
but it's also antibodies, sugars,
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ali tu su i antitela, šećeri,
02:29
hormones, that kind of thing.
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hormoni, takve stvari.
02:31
And the red region is a slice into a red blood cell.
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A crveni region je presek kroz crvena krvna zrnca.
02:33
And those red molecules are hemoglobin.
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A ovi crveni molekuli su hemoglobini.
02:35
They are actually red; that's what gives blood its color.
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Oni su stvarno crveni; to daje boju krvi.
02:37
And hemoglobin acts as a molecular sponge
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Hemoglobin deluje kao molekularni sunđer
02:39
to soak up the oxygen in your lungs
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koji upija kiseonik u plućima
02:41
and then carry it to other parts of the body.
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i prenosi ga u druge delove tela.
02:43
I was very much inspired by this image many years ago,
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Inspirisala me je ova slika pre mnogo godina,
02:46
and I wondered whether we could use computer graphics
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pa sam se pitao da li bismo mogli da koristimo kompjutersku grafiku
02:48
to represent the molecular world.
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da predstavimo svet molekula.
02:50
What would it look like?
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Kako bi izgledao?
02:52
And that's how I really began. So let's begin.
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Tako sam zapravo započeo. Hajde da počnemo.
02:55
This is DNA in its classic double helix form.
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Ovo je DNK u klasičnoj formi duplog heliksa.
02:57
And it's from X-ray crystallography,
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Ovo je snimak dobijen rendgenskom kristalografijom,
02:59
so it's an accurate model of DNA.
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to je precizan model DNK.
03:01
If we unwind the double helix and unzip the two strands,
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Ako odmotamo dupli heliks i odvežemo dva lanca,
03:03
you see these things that look like teeth.
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vidite ove stvari što liče na zupce.
03:05
Those are the letters of genetic code,
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To su slova genetskog koda,
03:07
the 25,000 genes you've got written in your DNA.
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25.000 gena koji su upisani u vašu DNK.
03:10
This is what they typically talk about --
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O tome obično govore --
03:12
the genetic code -- this is what they're talking about.
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o genetskom kodu -- upravo na ovo misle.
03:14
But I want to talk about a different aspect of DNA science,
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Ali želim da vam pričam o drugom aspektu nauke o DNK,
03:16
and that is the physical nature of DNA.
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a to je fizička priroda DNK.
03:19
It's these two strands that run in opposite directions
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Ova dva lanca se pružaju u suprotnim smerovima
03:22
for reasons I can't go into right now.
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iz razloga u koje sada neću ulaziti.
03:24
But they physically run in opposite directions,
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Ali se fizički pružaju u suprotnim smerovima,
03:26
which creates a number of complications for your living cells,
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što stvara brojne komplikacije za vaše žive ćelije,
03:29
as you're about to see,
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kao što ćete videti,
03:31
most particularly when DNA is being copied.
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a najviše kada se prepisuje DNK.
03:34
And so what I'm about to show you
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Ono što ću vam sada pokazati
03:36
is an accurate representation
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je tačan prikaz
03:38
of the actual DNA replication machine that's occurring right now inside your body,
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stvarne mašine za replikaciju DNK koja se sada odvija u vašem telu,
03:41
at least 2002 biology.
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barem prema biologiji iz 2002.
03:44
So DNA's entering the production line from the left-hand side,
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Znači DNK ulazi u mašineriju za proizvodnju sa leve strane,
03:47
and it hits this collection, these miniature biochemical machines,
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i sudara se sa ovim skupom, ovim minijaturnim biohemijskim mašinama,
03:50
that are pulling apart the DNA strand and making an exact copy.
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koje rastavljaju DNK lance i prave tačnu kopiju.
03:53
So DNA comes in
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Dolazi DNK
03:55
and hits this blue, doughnut-shaped structure
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i udara u ovu plavu, okruglu strukturu sa rupom u sredini
03:57
and it's ripped apart into its two strands.
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i razdvaja se na dva dela.
03:59
One strand can be copied directly,
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Jedan lanac je moguće direktno prepisati,
04:01
and you can see these things spooling off to the bottom there.
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možete videti ove stvari koje se odmotavaju tamo na dnu.
04:04
But things aren't so simple for the other strand
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Ali stvari nisu toliko jednostavne za drugi lanac
04:06
because it must be copied backwards.
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jer se mora prepisivati unazad.
04:08
So it's thrown out repeatedly in these loops
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Pa se okreće nanovo u ovim petljama
04:10
and copied one section at a time,
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i prepisuje deo po deo,
04:12
creating two new DNA molecules.
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stvarajući dva nova DNK molekula.
04:15
Now you have billions of this machine
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Sada imate milijarde ovih mašina
04:18
right now working away inside you,
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koje u ovom trenutku rade u vama,
04:20
copying your DNA with exquisite fidelity.
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prepisivajući vašu DNK sa izuzetnom preciznošću.
04:22
It's an accurate representation,
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To je tačan prikaz,
04:24
and it's pretty much at the correct speed for what is occurring inside you.
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i prilično tačna brzina za ono što se događa u vama.
04:27
I've left out error correction and a bunch of other things.
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Izostavio sam ispravljanje grešaka i mnogo drugih stvari.
04:32
This was work from a number of years ago.
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Ovo je urađeno pre nekoliko godina.
04:34
Thank you.
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Hvala.
04:36
This is work from a number of years ago,
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Ovo je urađeno pre nekoliko godina,
04:39
but what I'll show you next is updated science, it's updated technology.
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ali ono što ću vam pokazati sledeće je nova nauka, usavršena tehnologija.
04:42
So again, we begin with DNA.
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Ponovo, počinjemo sa DNK.
04:44
And it's jiggling and wiggling there because of the surrounding soup of molecules,
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Ona se tu mrda i drma zbog okolne supe od molekula,
04:47
which I've stripped away so you can see something.
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koju sam sklonio kako biste mogli nešto da vidite.
04:49
DNA is about two nanometers across,
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DNK ima oko dva nanometra u prečniku,
04:51
which is really quite tiny.
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što je stvarno veoma malo.
04:53
But in each one of your cells,
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Ali u svakoj vašoj ćeliji,
04:55
each strand of DNA is about 30 to 40 million nanometers long.
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svaki lanac DNK je dug oko 30 do 40 miliona nanometara.
04:59
So to keep the DNA organized and regulate access to the genetic code,
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Da bi DNK bila organizovana i da bi pristup genetskom kodu bio regulisan,
05:02
it's wrapped around these purple proteins --
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obmotana je oko ovih ljubičastih proteina --
05:04
or I've labeled them purple here.
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ili sam ih ovde obeležio ljubičastom bojom.
05:06
It's packaged up and bundled up.
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Zapakovana je i sva je na gomili.
05:08
All this field of view is a single strand of DNA.
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Sve ovo što se vidi je jedan jedini lanac DNK.
05:11
This huge package of DNA is called a chromosome.
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Ovo ogromno pakovanje DNK se zove hromozom.
05:14
And we'll come back to chromosomes in a minute.
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Vratićemo se ubrzo na hromozome.
05:17
We're pulling out, we're zooming out,
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Približavamo se, udaljavamo se,
05:19
out through a nuclear pore,
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kroz nuklearnu poru,
05:21
which is the gateway to this compartment that holds all the DNA
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koja čini prolaz u deo koji sadrži svu DNK
05:24
called the nucleus.
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koji se naziva jedro.
05:26
All of this field of view
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Sve što se vidi ovde
05:28
is about a semester's worth of biology, and I've got seven minutes.
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se predaje ceo jedan semestar na biologiji, a ja imam sedam minuta.
05:31
So we're not going to be able to do that today?
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Znači to nećemo moći danas da stignemo?
05:34
No, I'm being told, "No."
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Kažu mi: ''Ne.''
05:37
This is the way a living cell looks down a light microscope.
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Ovako izgleda živa ćelija posmatrana kroz svetlosni mikroskop.
05:40
And it's been filmed under time-lapse, which is why you can see it moving.
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Snimana je u toku dugog perioda vremena, zato možete da vidite da se kreće.
05:43
The nuclear envelope breaks down.
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Omotač jezgra se razgrađuje.
05:45
These sausage-shaped things are the chromosomes, and we'll focus on them.
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Ove stvari u obliku kobasica su hromozomi i fokusiraćemo se na njih.
05:48
They go through this very striking motion
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Oni se kreću na ovaj zanimljiv način,
05:50
that is focused on these little red spots.
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a fokusirani su na ove male crvene tačke.
05:53
When the cell feels it's ready to go,
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Kada ćelija oseti da je spremna,
05:56
it rips apart the chromosome.
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dolazi do razdvajanja hromozoma.
05:58
One set of DNA goes to one side,
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Jedan komplet DNK odlazi na jednu stranu,
06:00
the other side gets the other set of DNA --
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a druga strana dobija drugi komplet DNK--
06:02
identical copies of DNA.
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identične kopije DNK.
06:04
And then the cell splits down the middle.
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A onda se ćelija deli po sredini
06:06
And again, you have billions of cells
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I opet, imate milijarde ćelija
06:08
undergoing this process right now inside of you.
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koje prolaze kroz ovaj proces upravo sada u vama.
06:11
Now we're going to rewind and just focus on the chromosomes
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Sada ćemo se vratiti nazad i fokusirati se na hromozome
06:14
and look at its structure and describe it.
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i pogledati i opisati njihovu strukturu.
06:16
So again, here we are at that equator moment.
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Opet smo ovde na tom ekvatorskom polu ćelije.
06:19
The chromosomes line up.
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Hromozomi se poređaju.
06:21
And if we isolate just one chromosome,
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Izolovaćemo samo jedan hromozom,
06:23
we're going to pull it out and have a look at its structure.
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izvućićemo ga i pogledati njegovu strukturu.
06:25
So this is one of the biggest molecular structures that you have,
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Ovo je jedna od najvećih molekulskih struktura koje imate,
06:28
at least as far as we've discovered so far inside of us.
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barem na osnovu onoga što do sada znamo o nama.
06:32
So this is a single chromosome.
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Znači ovo je jedan hromozom.
06:34
And you have two strands of DNA in each chromosome.
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Imate dva lanca DNK u svakom hromozomu.
06:37
One is bundled up into one sausage.
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Jedan je skupljen u jednu kobasicu.
06:39
The other strand is bundled up into the other sausage.
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Drugi lanac je skupljen u drugu kobasicu.
06:41
These things that look like whiskers that are sticking out from either side
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Ove stvari koje izgledaju kao brkovi koji štrče sa obe strane
06:44
are the dynamic scaffolding of the cell.
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su dinamične skele ćelije.
06:47
They're called mircrotubules. That name's not important.
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Zovu se mikrotubule. To ime nije važno.
06:49
But what we're going to focus on is this red region -- I've labeled it red here --
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Ali ćemo se fokusirati na ovaj crveni region, obeležio sam ga crvenom bojom,
06:52
and it's the interface
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i to je dodirna površina
06:54
between the dynamic scaffolding and the chromosomes.
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između dinamičnih skela i hromozoma.
06:57
It is obviously central to the movement of the chromosomes.
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Očigledno je ključno za kretanje hromozoma.
07:00
We have no idea really as to how it's achieving that movement.
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Nemamo predstavu kako se zapravo postiže to kretanje.
07:03
We've been studying this thing they call the kinetochore
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Proučavali smo ovo što se naziva kinetohor,
07:05
for over a hundred years with intense study,
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preko sto godina intenzivnog proučavanja,
07:07
and we're still just beginning to discover what it's all about.
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i tek sada počinjemo da otkrivamo o čemu se radi.
07:10
It is made up of about 200 different types of proteins,
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Sastoji se od oko 200 različitih vrsta proteina,
07:13
thousands of proteins in total.
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hiljada proteina ukupno.
07:16
It is a signal broadcasting system.
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To je sistem za emitovanje signala.
07:19
It broadcasts through chemical signals
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Emituje hemijske signale i tako
07:21
telling the rest of the cell when it's ready,
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govori ostatku ćelije kada je spreman,
07:24
when it feels that everything is aligned and ready to go
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kada smatra da je sve poređano i spremno
07:27
for the separation of the chromosomes.
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za razdvajanje hromozoma.
07:29
It is able to couple onto the growing and shrinking microtubules.
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U stanju je da se spoji sa mikrotubulama koje rastu i smanjuju se.
07:32
It's involved with the growing of the microtubules,
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Uključen je u rast mikrotubula,
07:35
and it's able to transiently couple onto them.
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i u stanju je privremeno da se spoji sa njima.
07:38
It's also an attention sensing system.
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Takođe je to sistem za skretanje pažnje.
07:40
It's able to feel when the cell is ready,
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U stanju je da oseti kada je ćelija spremna,
07:42
when the chromosome is correctly positioned.
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kada je hromozom na pravom položaju.
07:44
It's turning green here
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Ovde postaje zelen
07:46
because it feels that everything is just right.
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jer smatra da je sve baš kako treba.
07:48
And you'll see, there's this one little last bit
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Videćete, ima jedan poslednji mali deo
07:50
that's still remaining red.
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koji je još crven.
07:52
And it's walked away down the microtubules.
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I prelazi nadole niz mikrotubule.
07:56
That is the signal broadcasting system sending out the stop signal.
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To je stop signal koji šalje sistem za emitovanje.
07:59
And it's walked away. I mean, it's that mechanical.
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I otišao je. To je mehanički proces.
08:02
It's molecular clockwork.
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To je molekularni časovnik.
08:04
This is how you work at the molecular scale.
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Tako funkionišete na molekularnom nivou.
08:07
So with a little bit of molecular eye candy,
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Sa malo molekularnog šareniša,
08:10
we've got kinesins, which are the orange ones.
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imamo kinezine, ove narandžaste.
08:13
They're little molecular courier molecules walking one way.
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To su mali molekularni kuriri koji idu u jednom pravcu.
08:15
And here are the dynein. They're carrying that broadcasting system.
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Ovo su dineini. Oni prenose taj sistem za emitovanje.
08:18
And they've got their long legs so they can step around obstacles and so on.
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Imaju duge noge pa mogu da pređu preko bilo koje prepreke i tako dalje.
08:21
So again, this is all derived accurately
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Opet ponavljam, sve ovo je
08:23
from the science.
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precizan prikaz nauke.
08:25
The problem is we can't show it to you any other way.
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Problem je u tome što to ne možemo da vam pokažemo na bilo koji drugi način.
08:28
Exploring at the frontier of science,
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Istraživanje na granicama nauke,
08:30
at the frontier of human understanding,
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na granici ljudskog shvatanja,
08:32
is mind-blowing.
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je zapanjujuće.
08:35
Discovering this stuff
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Pronalaženje ovih stvari
08:37
is certainly a pleasurable incentive to work in science.
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je svakako prijatan podsticaj za rad u nauci.
08:40
But most medical researchers --
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Ali većini medicinskih istraživača
08:43
discovering the stuff
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je otkrivanje fenomena
08:45
is simply steps along the path to the big goals,
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samo korak na putu ka velikim ciljevima,
08:48
which are to eradicate disease,
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kao što su iskorenjivanje bolesti,
08:51
to eliminate the suffering and the misery that disease causes
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sprečavanje patnje i nesreće koju bolest izaziva
08:53
and to lift people out of poverty.
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i oslobađanje ljudi od siromaštva.
08:55
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
08:57
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Drew Berry - Biomedical animatorDrew Berry creates stunning and scientifically accurate animations to illustrate how the molecules in our cell move and interact.
Why you should listen
Drew Berry is a biomedical animator whose scientifically accurate and aesthetically rich visualisations reveal the microscopic world inside our bodies to a wide range of audiences. His animations have exhibited at venues such as the Guggenheim Museum, Museum of Modern Art (New York), the Royal Institute of Great Britain and the University of Geneva. In 2010 he received a MacArthur Fellowship "Genius Award".
Drew Berry | Speaker | TED.com