TEDxSydney
Drew Berry: Animations of unseeable biology
Drew Berry: Animirani posnetki nevidne biologije
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S prostim očesom ne moremo opazovati molekul in njihovega delovanja. Drew Berry želi to spremeniti. Na TEDxSydney predstavi svoje animirane posnetke, ki ustrezajo znanstvenim podatkom in so hkrati zabavni, s tem pa omogoči raziskovalcem opazovanje nevidnih procesov znotraj naših celic.
Drew Berry - Biomedical animator
Drew Berry creates stunning and scientifically accurate animations to illustrate how the molecules in our cell move and interact. Full bio
Drew Berry creates stunning and scientifically accurate animations to illustrate how the molecules in our cell move and interact. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
What I'm going to show you
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Pokazal vam bom
00:17
are the astonishing molecular machines
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osupljive molekularne naprave,
00:21
that create the living fabric of your body.
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ki sestavljajo živo tovarno vašega telesa.
00:24
Now molecules are really, really tiny.
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Molekule so res izjemno majhne.
00:27
And by tiny,
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Ko rečem majhne,
00:29
I mean really.
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to dejansko to pomeni.
00:31
They're smaller than a wavelength of light,
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Manjše so, kot meri valovna dolžina svetlobe,
00:33
so we have no way to directly observe them.
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zato jih ne moremo neposredno opazovati.
00:36
But through science, we do have a fairly good idea
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A znanost nam omogoča, da si lahko predstavljamo,
00:38
of what's going on down at the molecular scale.
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kaj se dogaja na molekularni ravni.
00:41
So what we can do is actually tell you about the molecules,
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Lahko vam torej o molekulah pripovedujemo,
00:44
but we don't really have a direct way of showing you the molecules.
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ne moremo pa jih vam neposredno pokazati.
00:47
One way around this is to draw pictures.
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Lahko si jih predstavljamo z risanjem.
00:50
And this idea is actually nothing new.
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Ta ideja pa pravzaprav ni nova.
00:52
Scientists have always created pictures
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Za znanstvenike je risanje vedno predstavljalo
00:54
as part of their thinking and discovery process.
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del miselnega in raziskovalnega postopka.
00:57
They draw pictures of what they're observing with their eyes,
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Narišejo, kar vidijo z očmi preko tehnoloških
01:00
through technology like telescopes and microscopes,
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naprav, kot so teleskopi in mikroskopi,
01:02
and also what they're thinking about in their minds.
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in k temu dodajo svoje misli in ideje.
01:05
I picked two well-known examples,
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Izbral sem dva znana primera,
01:07
because they're very well-known for expressing science through art.
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saj predstavljata znanstveno izražanje skozi umetnost.
01:10
And I start with Galileo
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Začel bom z Galileom,
01:12
who used the world's first telescope
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ki je s prvim teleskopom na svetu
01:14
to look at the Moon.
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opazoval Luno.
01:16
And he transformed our understanding of the Moon.
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S tem je spremenil naše dojemanje Lune.
01:18
The perception in the 17th century
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V 17. stoletju so verjeli,
01:20
was the Moon was a perfect heavenly sphere.
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da je Luna popolno nebesno telo.
01:22
But what Galileo saw was a rocky, barren world,
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Galileo pa je videl kamnit, nerodoviten svet,
01:25
which he expressed through his watercolor painting.
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ki ga je izrazil skozi akvarelno slikanje.
01:28
Another scientist with very big ideas,
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Drug znanstvenik z izjemnimi idejami,
01:30
the superstar of biology, is Charles Darwin.
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superzvezdnik biologije, je Charles Darwin.
01:33
And with this famous entry in his notebook,
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Ta znamenit zapis v njegovi beležnici
01:35
he begins in the top left-hand corner with, "I think,"
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začne v zgornjem levem kotu z besedo "Mislim,"
01:38
and then sketches out the first tree of life,
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zraven pa je skica prvega rodoslovnega drevesa,
01:41
which is his perception
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njegove predstave,
01:43
of how all the species, all living things on Earth,
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da so vse vrste, vsa živa bitja na Zemlji,
01:45
are connected through evolutionary history --
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povezana z evolucijsko zgodovino --
01:48
the origin of species through natural selection
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izvorom vrst preko naravnega izbora
01:50
and divergence from an ancestral population.
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in odstopanjem od populacije prednikov.
01:53
Even as a scientist,
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Čeprav sem sam znanstvenik,
01:55
I used to go to lectures by molecular biologists
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so se mi predavanja molekularnih biologov
01:57
and find them completely incomprehensible,
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zdela popolnoma nerazumljiva
02:00
with all the fancy technical language and jargon
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zaradi posebnega tehničnega jezika in žargona,
02:02
that they would use in describing their work,
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s katerim so opisovali svoje delo,
02:04
until I encountered the artworks of David Goodsell,
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dokler nisem odkril umetnin Davida Goodsella,
02:07
who is a molecular biologist at the Scripps Institute.
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molekularnega biologa na inštitutu Scripps.
02:10
And his pictures,
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Na njegovih slikah
02:12
everything's accurate and it's all to scale.
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je vse točno in v pravem merilu.
02:14
And his work illuminated for me
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Njegovo delo mi je osvetlilo razumevanje
02:17
what the molecular world inside us is like.
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molekularnega sveta znotraj nas.
02:19
So this is a transection through blood.
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To je prikaz krvi.
02:22
In the top left-hand corner, you've got this yellow-green area.
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V zgornjem levem delu je rumeno-zeleno območje.
02:24
The yellow-green area is the fluids of blood, which is mostly water,
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Gre za tekočino v krvi, ki je večinoma iz vode,
02:27
but it's also antibodies, sugars,
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a tudi iz protiteles, sladkorjev,
02:29
hormones, that kind of thing.
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hormonov in podobnega.
02:31
And the red region is a slice into a red blood cell.
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Rdeče območje predstavlja prerez rdeče krvničke.
02:33
And those red molecules are hemoglobin.
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Te rdeče molekule so hemoglobin.
02:35
They are actually red; that's what gives blood its color.
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V resnici so rdeče in to daje krvi barvo.
02:37
And hemoglobin acts as a molecular sponge
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Hemoglobin deluje kot molekularna spužva,
02:39
to soak up the oxygen in your lungs
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ki vsrka kisik iz vaših pljuč
02:41
and then carry it to other parts of the body.
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in ga prenaša po drugih delih telesa.
02:43
I was very much inspired by this image many years ago,
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Ta slika me je pred mnogo leti izjemno navdušila,
02:46
and I wondered whether we could use computer graphics
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da sem prišel na idejo uporabe računalniške grafike
02:48
to represent the molecular world.
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za predstavitev molekularnega sveta.
02:50
What would it look like?
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Kako bi izgledal?
02:52
And that's how I really began. So let's begin.
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Tako sem torej začel. Pa poglejmo.
02:55
This is DNA in its classic double helix form.
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To je DNK v običajni obliki dvojne vijačnice.
02:57
And it's from X-ray crystallography,
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Strukturo smo določili z rentgensko kristalografijo,
02:59
so it's an accurate model of DNA.
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zato gre za pravilen model DNK.
03:01
If we unwind the double helix and unzip the two strands,
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Če dvojno vijačnico odvijemo in razpremo niza,
03:03
you see these things that look like teeth.
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vidite majhne zobce.
03:05
Those are the letters of genetic code,
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To so črke genskega zapisa,
03:07
the 25,000 genes you've got written in your DNA.
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25.000 genov, zapisanih v vašem DNK.
03:10
This is what they typically talk about --
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V mislih imamo torej to,
03:12
the genetic code -- this is what they're talking about.
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ko govorimo o genskem zapisu.
03:14
But I want to talk about a different aspect of DNA science,
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A želel bi predstaviti drugačen pogled na znanost DNK,
03:16
and that is the physical nature of DNA.
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in sicer fizikalno naravo DNK.
03:19
It's these two strands that run in opposite directions
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Ta dva niza tečeta v nasprotnih smereh,
03:22
for reasons I can't go into right now.
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a o razlogih za to kdaj drugič.
03:24
But they physically run in opposite directions,
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Fizično torej potekata v nasprotnih smereh,
03:26
which creates a number of complications for your living cells,
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kar ustvari mnogo zapletov za vaše žive celice,
03:29
as you're about to see,
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kar boste tudi videli,
03:31
most particularly when DNA is being copied.
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še posebej pri kopiranju DNK.
03:34
And so what I'm about to show you
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Pokazal vam bom
03:36
is an accurate representation
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natačno predstavitev dejanskega mehanizma
03:38
of the actual DNA replication machine that's occurring right now inside your body,
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podvojevanja DNK, ki se trenutno odvija v vašem telesu,
03:41
at least 2002 biology.
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vsaj pri biologiji, znani leta 2002.
03:44
So DNA's entering the production line from the left-hand side,
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DNK torej z leve strani vstopi na tekoči trak
03:47
and it hits this collection, these miniature biochemical machines,
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in trči ob ta skupek, te majcene biokemične naprave,
03:50
that are pulling apart the DNA strand and making an exact copy.
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ki razpirajo verigo DNK in ustvarjajo natančno kopijo.
03:53
So DNA comes in
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DNK torej vstopi in trči ob
03:55
and hits this blue, doughnut-shaped structure
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modro strukturo v obliki krofa,
03:57
and it's ripped apart into its two strands.
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kjer se razpre na dva niza.
03:59
One strand can be copied directly,
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En niz se lahko prepiše neposredno
04:01
and you can see these things spooling off to the bottom there.
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in vidite, kako se navija navzdol.
04:04
But things aren't so simple for the other strand
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A pri drugem nizu je postopek bolj zapleten,
04:06
because it must be copied backwards.
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saj mora biti prepisan v nasprotni smeri.
04:08
So it's thrown out repeatedly in these loops
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Ta niz se v zankah
04:10
and copied one section at a time,
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prepisuje po delčkih
04:12
creating two new DNA molecules.
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in ustvarja dve novi molekuli DNK.
04:15
Now you have billions of this machine
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Milijarde takih naprav trenutno
04:18
right now working away inside you,
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neumorno delajo v vaših telesih
04:20
copying your DNA with exquisite fidelity.
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in prepisujejo vaš DNK z izjemno natačnostjo.
04:22
It's an accurate representation,
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Ta natančna predstavitev prikazuje tudi
04:24
and it's pretty much at the correct speed for what is occurring inside you.
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bolj ali manj točno hitrost dejanskega postopka.
04:27
I've left out error correction and a bunch of other things.
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Izpustil sem popravo napak in precej drugih podatkov.
04:32
This was work from a number of years ago.
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To je delo izpred mnogo let.
04:34
Thank you.
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Hvala.
04:36
This is work from a number of years ago,
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To je delo izpred mnogo let, sedaj pa vam bom
04:39
but what I'll show you next is updated science, it's updated technology.
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pokazal posodobljeno znanost in tehnologijo.
04:42
So again, we begin with DNA.
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Še enkrat, začnemo z DNK.
04:44
And it's jiggling and wiggling there because of the surrounding soup of molecules,
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Tako miga zaradi mešanice molekul okrog nje,
04:47
which I've stripped away so you can see something.
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ki pa smo jih odstranili, da lahko vidite bistveno.
04:49
DNA is about two nanometers across,
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DNK v premeru meri okrog dva nanometra,
04:51
which is really quite tiny.
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kar je resnično malo.
04:53
But in each one of your cells,
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A v vsaki vaši celici je vsak niz DNK
04:55
each strand of DNA is about 30 to 40 million nanometers long.
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dolg od 30 do 40 milijonov nanometrov.
04:59
So to keep the DNA organized and regulate access to the genetic code,
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Da je DNK urejena in s tem tudi dostop do genskega zapisa,
05:02
it's wrapped around these purple proteins --
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je zavita okrog teh vijoličnih beljakovin,
05:04
or I've labeled them purple here.
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kot so označene tukaj.
05:06
It's packaged up and bundled up.
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Zavita in zamotana je okrog njih.
05:08
All this field of view is a single strand of DNA.
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Pri tem gre le za en sam niz DNK.
05:11
This huge package of DNA is called a chromosome.
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Ta celoten velik paket DNK pa se imenuje kromosom.
05:14
And we'll come back to chromosomes in a minute.
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K njim se bomo vrnili čez minuto.
05:17
We're pulling out, we're zooming out,
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S pogledom se torej oddaljujemo
05:19
out through a nuclear pore,
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skozi jedrno poro, ki predstavlja
05:21
which is the gateway to this compartment that holds all the DNA
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pot do tega oddelka, kjer se nahaja DNK,
05:24
called the nucleus.
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imenovan jedro.
05:26
All of this field of view
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To celotno področje zahteva kak semester
05:28
is about a semester's worth of biology, and I've got seven minutes.
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pri biologiji, jaz pa imam le sedem minut.
05:31
So we're not going to be able to do that today?
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Torej tega ne bomo mogli pokazati danes?
05:34
No, I'm being told, "No."
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Ne, rekli so mi, da ne.
05:37
This is the way a living cell looks down a light microscope.
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Tako je videti živa celica skozi svetlobni mikroskop.
05:40
And it's been filmed under time-lapse, which is why you can see it moving.
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Posneta je pospešeno, zato jo vidite v gibanju.
05:43
The nuclear envelope breaks down.
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Jedrna ovojnica se pretrga, zanimajo pa nas
05:45
These sausage-shaped things are the chromosomes, and we'll focus on them.
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te podolgovate stvari oz. kromosomi.
05:48
They go through this very striking motion
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Njihovo gibanje je presenetljivo,
05:50
that is focused on these little red spots.
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označeno pa je z rožnato barvo.
05:53
When the cell feels it's ready to go,
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Ko celice čutijo, da so pripravljene,
05:56
it rips apart the chromosome.
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pretrgajo kromosom.
05:58
One set of DNA goes to one side,
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En niz DNK gre na eno stran,
06:00
the other side gets the other set of DNA --
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druga stran pa dobi novega
06:02
identical copies of DNA.
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oz. identično kopijo DNK.
06:04
And then the cell splits down the middle.
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Nato se celice razpolovijo.
06:06
And again, you have billions of cells
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Še enkrat, milijarda celic gre prav zdaj
06:08
undergoing this process right now inside of you.
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skozi ta postopek v vašem telesu.
06:11
Now we're going to rewind and just focus on the chromosomes
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Vrnili se bomo nazaj in osredotočili na kromosome
06:14
and look at its structure and describe it.
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ter opisali njihovo strukturo.
06:16
So again, here we are at that equator moment.
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Spet smo pri tem trenutku delitve.
06:19
The chromosomes line up.
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Kromosomi se poravnajo.
06:21
And if we isolate just one chromosome,
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Osredotočimo se le na en kromosom,
06:23
we're going to pull it out and have a look at its structure.
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ga izvzamemo in si ogledamo njegovo strukturo.
06:25
So this is one of the biggest molecular structures that you have,
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To je ena od večjih molekularnih struktur v vašem telesu,
06:28
at least as far as we've discovered so far inside of us.
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vsaj kar smo jih odkrili doslej.
06:32
So this is a single chromosome.
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To je en kromosom.
06:34
And you have two strands of DNA in each chromosome.
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V vsakem imate dva niza DNK.
06:37
One is bundled up into one sausage.
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En je zavit v en sveženj,
06:39
The other strand is bundled up into the other sausage.
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drug pa v drugega.
06:41
These things that look like whiskers that are sticking out from either side
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To, kar izgleda kot mačje brčice na vsaki strani,
06:44
are the dynamic scaffolding of the cell.
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je dinamični gradbeni oder celice.
06:47
They're called mircrotubules. That name's not important.
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Imenujejo se mikrotubuli. Ime ni tako pomembno.
06:49
But what we're going to focus on is this red region -- I've labeled it red here --
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Osredotočili se bomo na to rdeče označeno območje,
06:52
and it's the interface
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ki predstavlja stičišče med
06:54
between the dynamic scaffolding and the chromosomes.
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dinamičnim gradbenim odrom in kromosomi.
06:57
It is obviously central to the movement of the chromosomes.
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To je ključno za gibanje kromosomov.
07:00
We have no idea really as to how it's achieving that movement.
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Ne vemo, kako pride do tega gibanja.
07:03
We've been studying this thing they call the kinetochore
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Ta kinetični lok je predmet
07:05
for over a hundred years with intense study,
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intenzivnega preučevanja že več kot sto let
07:07
and we're still just beginning to discover what it's all about.
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in šele začenjamo odkrivati, za kaj gre.
07:10
It is made up of about 200 different types of proteins,
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Sestavlja ga okrog 200 različnih vrst beljakovin,
07:13
thousands of proteins in total.
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skupaj na tisoče beljakovin.
07:16
It is a signal broadcasting system.
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Je sistem širjenja signala.
07:19
It broadcasts through chemical signals
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Preko kemičnih signalov
07:21
telling the rest of the cell when it's ready,
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sporoča preostali celici, kdaj je pravi čas,
07:24
when it feels that everything is aligned and ready to go
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kdaj čuti, da je vse na pravem mestu in
07:27
for the separation of the chromosomes.
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pripravljeno za delitev kromosomov.
07:29
It is able to couple onto the growing and shrinking microtubules.
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Lahko se pripne na mikrotubule, ki rastejo in se krčijo.
07:32
It's involved with the growing of the microtubules,
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Sodeluje pri rasti mikrotubulov
07:35
and it's able to transiently couple onto them.
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in nanje se lahko začasno pripne.
07:38
It's also an attention sensing system.
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Je tudi sistem zaznavanja pripravljenosti.
07:40
It's able to feel when the cell is ready,
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Zaznava, kdaj je celica pripravljena,
07:42
when the chromosome is correctly positioned.
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kdaj je kromosom pravilno postavljen.
07:44
It's turning green here
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Tu se obarva zeleno,
07:46
because it feels that everything is just right.
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saj zazna, da je vse na pravem mestu.
07:48
And you'll see, there's this one little last bit
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Kot vidite, je tu še majhen del,
07:50
that's still remaining red.
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ki je še vedno rdeč.
07:52
And it's walked away down the microtubules.
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Pomika se vzdolž mikrotubulov.
07:56
That is the signal broadcasting system sending out the stop signal.
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Ta sistem sporoča signal zaustavitve.
07:59
And it's walked away. I mean, it's that mechanical.
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Odhaja stran. Dobesedno tako mehansko je.
08:02
It's molecular clockwork.
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To je urni mehanizem molekule.
08:04
This is how you work at the molecular scale.
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Tako deluje vaše telo na molekularni ravni.
08:07
So with a little bit of molecular eye candy,
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Da bi bila molekula še bolj privlačna,
08:10
we've got kinesins, which are the orange ones.
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so tu še kinezini v oranžni barvi,
08:13
They're little molecular courier molecules walking one way.
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majhne molekularne kurirske celice, ki se pomikajo v eni smeri.
08:15
And here are the dynein. They're carrying that broadcasting system.
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Imamo tudi dineine, ki nosijo ta informacijski sistem.
08:18
And they've got their long legs so they can step around obstacles and so on.
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S svojimi dolgimi nogami se lahko izognejo oviram.
08:21
So again, this is all derived accurately
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Vse to je točen prikaz
08:23
from the science.
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znanstvenih odkritij.
08:25
The problem is we can't show it to you any other way.
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Težava je, da tega ne moremo prikazati drugače.
08:28
Exploring at the frontier of science,
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Raziskovanje novega področja znanosti,
08:30
at the frontier of human understanding,
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novega področja človeškega razumevanja,
08:32
is mind-blowing.
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je noro.
08:35
Discovering this stuff
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Odkrivanje teh stvari
08:37
is certainly a pleasurable incentive to work in science.
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je gotovo prijetna spodbuda za delo v znanosti.
08:40
But most medical researchers --
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A večina raziskovalcev v medicini --
08:43
discovering the stuff
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Odkrivanje teh stvari
08:45
is simply steps along the path to the big goals,
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so le koraki na poti do velikih ciljev,
08:48
which are to eradicate disease,
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kot je izkoreninjanje bolezni,
08:51
to eliminate the suffering and the misery that disease causes
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trpljenja in nesreče, ki jih povzročajo,
08:53
and to lift people out of poverty.
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ter popeljati ljudi iz revščine.
08:55
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
08:57
(Applause)
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(Aplavz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Drew Berry - Biomedical animatorDrew Berry creates stunning and scientifically accurate animations to illustrate how the molecules in our cell move and interact.
Why you should listen
Drew Berry is a biomedical animator whose scientifically accurate and aesthetically rich visualisations reveal the microscopic world inside our bodies to a wide range of audiences. His animations have exhibited at venues such as the Guggenheim Museum, Museum of Modern Art (New York), the Royal Institute of Great Britain and the University of Geneva. In 2010 he received a MacArthur Fellowship "Genius Award".
Drew Berry | Speaker | TED.com