TED2014
Rob Knight: How our microbes make us who we are
Rob Najt (Rob Knight): Kako nas naši mikrobi čine onim što jesmo
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Rob Najt je pokretač u proučavanju ljudskih mikroba, zajednici sićušnih jednoćeliskih organizama koji žive u našim telima koji imaju ogromnu - i u velikoj meri neistraženu - ulogu u našem zdravlju. "1,3 kilograma mikroba koje nosite sa sobom, mogu biti važniji od svakog pojedinačnog gena koji nosite u svom genomu," on tvrdi. Otkrijte zašto.
Rob Knight - Microbial ecologist
Rob Knight explores the unseen microbial world that exists literally right under our noses -- and everywhere else on (and in) our bodies. Full bio
Rob Knight explores the unseen microbial world that exists literally right under our noses -- and everywhere else on (and in) our bodies. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
We humans have always been very concerned
about the health of our bodies,
about the health of our bodies,
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Mi ljudi smo oduvek bili
veoma zabrinuti za zdravlje svojih tela,
veoma zabrinuti za zdravlje svojih tela,
00:17
but we haven't always been that good
at figuring out what's important.
at figuring out what's important.
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ali ne shvatamo uvek tako dobro
ono što je važno.
ono što je važno.
00:21
Take the ancient Egyptians, for example:
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Uzmimo za primer drevne Egipćane:
veoma su brinuli
veoma su brinuli
00:23
very concerned about the body parts
they thought they'd need in the afterlife,
they thought they'd need in the afterlife,
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o delovima tela za koje su smatrali
da će im biti potrebni u zagrobnom životu,
da će im biti potrebni u zagrobnom životu,
00:27
but they left some parts out.
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ali su izostavili neke delove.
00:29
This part, for example.
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Ovaj deo, na primer.
00:32
Although they very carefully
preserved the stomach, the lungs,
preserved the stomach, the lungs,
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Iako su veoma pažljivo
čuvali stomak, pluća,
čuvali stomak, pluća,
00:35
the liver, and so forth,
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jetru i nadalje,
00:36
they just mushed up the brain,
drained it out through the nose,
drained it out through the nose,
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od mozga su jednostavno pravili masu,
izvukli je kroz nos
izvukli je kroz nos
00:39
and threw it away,
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i bacili ga,
00:41
which makes sense, really,
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što zapravo ima smisla,
00:42
because what does a brain
do for us anyway?
do for us anyway?
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jer čemu nam mozak uopšte služi?
00:45
But imagine if there were a kind
of neglected organ in our bodies
of neglected organ in our bodies
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Ai zamislite da u našim telima postoji
zanemaren organ
zanemaren organ
00:48
that weighed just as much as the brain
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koji je iste težine kao mozak
00:50
and in some ways was just
as important to who we are,
as important to who we are,
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i koji je u određenim funkcijama
od podjednake važnosti za nas,
od podjednake važnosti za nas,
00:53
but we knew so little about
and treated with such disregard.
and treated with such disregard.
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ali o kom znamo veoma malo
i koji zanemarujemo.
i koji zanemarujemo.
00:57
And imagine if,
through new scientific advances,
through new scientific advances,
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Zamislite da,
zahvaljujući naučnim dostignućima,
zahvaljujući naučnim dostignućima,
01:00
we were just beginning to understand
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tek počinjemo da shvatamo
01:01
its importance to how
we think of ourselves.
we think of ourselves.
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njegovu važnost
za razumevanje nas samih.
za razumevanje nas samih.
01:04
Wouldn't you want to know more about it?
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Zar ne biste želeli da saznate
više o njemu?
više o njemu?
01:07
Well, it turns out that we do
have something just like that:
have something just like that:
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Ispostavilo se da imamo
nešto upravo takvo:
nešto upravo takvo:
01:10
our gut,
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našu utrobu.
01:12
or rather, its microbes.
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Ili bolje rečeno, njene mikrobe.
01:15
But it's not just the microbes
in our gut that are important.
in our gut that are important.
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Međutim, nisu važni samo mikrobi
u našoj utrobi.
u našoj utrobi.
01:18
Microbes all over our body
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Ispostavilo se da su
mikrobi u čitavom telu
mikrobi u čitavom telu
01:19
turn out to be really critical
to a whole range of differences
to a whole range of differences
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od suštinske važnosti
za čitav niz razlika
za čitav niz razlika
01:22
that make different people who we are.
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koje nas čine različitima.
01:25
So for example, have you ever noticed
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Na primer, da li ste ikada primetili
01:27
how some people get bitten by mosquitos
way more often than others?
way more often than others?
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da komarci ujedaju neke ljude
mnogo češće nego druge?
mnogo češće nego druge?
01:31
It turns out that everyone's anecdotal
experience out camping is actually true.
experience out camping is actually true.
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Ispostavilo se da su šaljiva iskustva
sa kampovanja zapravo tačna.
sa kampovanja zapravo tačna.
01:36
For example, I seldom
get bitten by mosquitos,
get bitten by mosquitos,
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Na primer, mene retko ujedaju komarci,
01:38
but my partner Amanda
attracts them in droves,
attracts them in droves,
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međutim, moja partnerka Amanda
ih privlači u rojevima,
ih privlači u rojevima,
01:41
and the reason why is that we have
different microbes on our skin
different microbes on our skin
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a razlog tome je što imamo
različite mikrobe na koži,
različite mikrobe na koži,
01:44
that produce different chemicals
that the mosquitos detect.
that the mosquitos detect.
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koji proizvode različite hemikalije
koje komarci detektuju.
koje komarci detektuju.
01:48
Now, microbes are also really important
in the field of medicine.
in the field of medicine.
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Mikrobi su takođe veoma važni
u oblasti medicine.
u oblasti medicine.
01:51
So, for example, what microbes
you have in your gut
you have in your gut
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Tako na primer,
mikrobi koje imate u crevima
mikrobi koje imate u crevima
01:54
determine whether particular painkillers
are toxic to your liver.
are toxic to your liver.
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određuju da li su izvesni lekovi
protiv bolova otrovni po vašu jetru.
protiv bolova otrovni po vašu jetru.
01:58
They also determine whether or not other
drugs will work for your heart condition.
drugs will work for your heart condition.
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Oni takođe određuju da li će drugi lekovi
za vaše srčane probleme delovati ili ne.
za vaše srčane probleme delovati ili ne.
02:02
And, if you're a fruit fly, at least,
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A u slučaju vinskih mušica
02:05
your microbes determine
who you want to have sex with.
who you want to have sex with.
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mikrobi određuju
izbor seksualnog partnera.
izbor seksualnog partnera.
02:08
We haven't demonstrated this in humans yet
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Ovo još nismo dokazali kod ljudi
02:10
but maybe it's just a matter of time
before we find out. (Laughter)
before we find out. (Laughter)
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ali možda je samo pitanje vremena
kada ćemo otkriti. (Smeh)
kada ćemo otkriti. (Smeh)
02:15
So microbes are performing
a huge range of functions.
a huge range of functions.
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Tako da mikrobi obavljaju
ogroman broj funkcija.
ogroman broj funkcija.
02:17
They help us digest our food.
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Pomažu nam da varimo hranu.
02:19
They help educate our immune system.
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Pomažu nam da oformimo
imunološki sistem.
imunološki sistem.
02:21
They help us resist disease,
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Pomažu nam da se odbranimo od bolesti,
02:23
and they may even
be affecting our behavior.
be affecting our behavior.
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a moguće je da utiču
čak i na naše ponašanje.
čak i na naše ponašanje.
02:26
So what would a map of all these
microbial communities look like?
microbial communities look like?
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Dakle, kako bi izgledala mapa svih
ovih grupacija mikroba?
ovih grupacija mikroba?
02:30
Well, it wouldn't look exactly like this,
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Ne bi izgledala baš ovako,
02:32
but it's a helpful guide
for understanding biodiversity.
for understanding biodiversity.
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ali ovo je koristan vodič
za razumevanje biodiverziteta.
za razumevanje biodiverziteta.
02:35
Different parts of the world
have different landscapes of organisms
have different landscapes of organisms
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Različiti delovi sveta
imaju različite organizme u okruženju
imaju različite organizme u okruženju
02:39
that are immediately characteristic
of one place or another
of one place or another
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koji su neposredno karakteristični
za jedno mesto ili drugo
za jedno mesto ili drugo
02:43
or another.
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ili neko drugo.
02:45
With microbiology, it's kind of the same,
although I've got to be honest with you:
although I've got to be honest with you:
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U neku ruku je isto i sa mikrobiologijom,
mada moram biti iskren prema vama:
mada moram biti iskren prema vama:
02:49
All the microbes essentially
look the same under a microscope.
look the same under a microscope.
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svi mikroorganizmi izgledaju
isto pod mikroskopom.
isto pod mikroskopom.
02:52
So instead of trying
to identify them visually,
to identify them visually,
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Tako da, umesto da pokušavamo
da ih vizuelno identifikujemo,
da ih vizuelno identifikujemo,
02:55
what we do is we look
at their DNA sequences,
at their DNA sequences,
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mi posmatramo njihove DNK sekvence,
u projektu koji je nazvan
Projekat ljudskog bioma,
Projekat ljudskog bioma,
02:57
and in a project called
the Human Microbiome Project,
the Human Microbiome Project,
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03:00
NIH funded this $173 million project
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koji je Nacionalni institut za zdravlje
finansirao sa 173 miliona dolara,
finansirao sa 173 miliona dolara,
03:04
where hundreds
of researchers came together
of researchers came together
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u kom su okupljene stotine istraživača
03:06
to map out all the A's, T's, G's, and C's,
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u cilju detaljnog uređenja svih vrsta
A, T, G i C
A, T, G i C
03:09
and all of these microbes
in the human body.
in the human body.
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i svih ovih mikroba u ljudskom telu.
03:11
So when we take them together,
they look like this.
they look like this.
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Tako da, kada ih spojimo,
oni izgledaju ovako.
oni izgledaju ovako.
03:14
It's a bit more difficult
to tell who lives where now, isn't it?
to tell who lives where now, isn't it?
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Sada je malo teže odrediti
ko gde živi, zar ne?
ko gde živi, zar ne?
03:18
What my lab does is develop
computational techniques that allow us
computational techniques that allow us
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Moja laboratorija se bavi
razvijanjem kompjuterskih tehnika
razvijanjem kompjuterskih tehnika
03:22
to take all these terabytes
of sequence data
of sequence data
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koje nam omogućavaju da uzmemo
ove terabajte nizova podataka
ove terabajte nizova podataka
03:24
and turn them into something
that's a bit more useful as a map,
that's a bit more useful as a map,
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i pretvorimo ih u nešto što je
malo korisnije, kao mapa,
malo korisnije, kao mapa,
03:27
and so when we do that
with the human microbiome data
with the human microbiome data
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i kada to učinimo sa podacima
ljudskog mikrobioma
ljudskog mikrobioma
03:30
from 250 healthy volunteers,
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koji potiču od 250 zdravih dobrovoljaca,
03:32
it looks like this.
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to izgleda ovako.
03:35
Each point here represents
all the complex microbes
all the complex microbes
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Svaka tačka ovde predstavlja
sve kompleksne mikrobe
sve kompleksne mikrobe
03:38
in an entire microbial community.
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u celokupnoj mikrobijalnoj zajednici.
03:40
See, I told you they basically
all look the same.
all look the same.
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Rekao sam vam,
u suštini svi izgledaju isto.
u suštini svi izgledaju isto.
03:43
So what we're looking at is each point
represents one microbial community
represents one microbial community
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Ono sto zapažamo je da svaka tačka
predstavlja jednu mikrobijalnu zajednicu
predstavlja jednu mikrobijalnu zajednicu
03:46
from one body site
of one healthy volunteer.
of one healthy volunteer.
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s jednog tela
jednog zdravog dobrovoljca.
jednog zdravog dobrovoljca.
03:49
And so you can see that there's different
parts of the map in different colors,
parts of the map in different colors,
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Možete primetiti da su različiti delovi
mape različitih boja,
mape različitih boja,
03:53
almost like separate continents.
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skoro kao odvojeni kontinenti.
03:54
And what it turns out to be
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Pokazalo se da oni,
03:56
is that those, as the different
regions of the body,
regions of the body,
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kao različiti delovi tela,
03:58
have very different microbes in them.
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sadrže veoma različite mikrobe.
04:00
So what we have is we have
the oral community up there in green.
the oral community up there in green.
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Imamo oralnu zajednicu gore u zelenom.
04:04
Over on the other side,
we have the skin community in blue,
we have the skin community in blue,
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Gore s druge strane imamo
zajednicu kože koja je plava,
zajednicu kože koja je plava,
04:07
the vaginal community in purple,
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vaginalna zajednica je ljubičasta,
04:09
and then right down at the bottom,
we have the fecal community in brown.
we have the fecal community in brown.
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i onda skroz dole na dnu,
imamo fekalnu zajednicu koja je braon.
imamo fekalnu zajednicu koja je braon.
04:13
And we've just over the last few years
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Tek smo u poslednjih nekoliko
godina otkrili
godina otkrili
04:15
found out that the microbes
in different parts of the body
in different parts of the body
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da se mikrobi
u različitim delovima tela
u različitim delovima tela
04:18
are amazingly different from one another.
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neverovatno međusobno razlikuju.
04:20
So if I look at just one person's microbes
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Tako da, ako pogledam mikrobe
04:23
in the mouth and in the gut,
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u ustima ili crevima samo jedne osobe,
04:25
it turns out that the difference between
those two microbial communities
those two microbial communities
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ispostavlja se da je razlika između
te dve zajednice mikroba
te dve zajednice mikroba
04:28
is enormous.
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ogromna.
04:30
It's bigger than the difference
between the microbes in this reef
between the microbes in this reef
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Veća je od razlike između mikroba
na ovom grebenu
na ovom grebenu
04:33
and the microbes in this prairie.
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i mikroba u ovoj preriji.
04:36
So this is incredible
when you think about it.
when you think about it.
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Ovo je neverovatno
kada razmislite o tome.
kada razmislite o tome.
04:38
What it means is that a few feet
of difference in the human body
of difference in the human body
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To znači da nekoliko metara razlike
u ljudskom telu
u ljudskom telu
04:42
makes more of a difference
to your microbial ecology
to your microbial ecology
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čini veću razliku
vašoj mikrobijalnoj ekologiji
vašoj mikrobijalnoj ekologiji
04:44
than hundreds of miles on Earth.
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nego stotine kilometara na Zemlji.
04:46
And this is not to say that two people
look basically the same
look basically the same
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Time se ne tvrdi da dve osobe
izgledaju potpuno isto
izgledaju potpuno isto
04:49
in the same body habitat, either.
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niti da su im tela ista.
04:51
So you probably heard
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Verovatno ste čuli
04:53
that we're pretty much all the same
in terms of our human DNA.
in terms of our human DNA.
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da smo svi mi uglavnom isti
kada je u pitanju naš ljudski DNK.
kada je u pitanju naš ljudski DNK.
04:56
You're 99.99 percent identical
in terms of your human DNA
in terms of your human DNA
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Vi ste 99,99 posto identični
osobi koja sedi pored vas
osobi koja sedi pored vas
05:00
to the person sitting next to you.
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kada je pitanju vaš ljudski DNK.
05:02
But that's not true of your gut microbes:
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Međutim, to nije isto
za vaše crevne mikrobe.
za vaše crevne mikrobe.
05:04
you might only share 10 percent similarity
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Možete deliti samo 10 procenata sličnosti
05:07
with the person sitting next to you
in terms of your gut microbes.
in terms of your gut microbes.
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sa osobom koja sedi pored vas,
kada se radi o crevnim mikrobima.
kada se radi o crevnim mikrobima.
05:10
So that's as different
as the bacteria on this prairie
as the bacteria on this prairie
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Oni se razlikuju kao bakterije
na ovoj preriji
na ovoj preriji
05:13
and the bacteria in this forest.
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i bakterije u ovoj šumi.
05:16
So these different microbes
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Tako da ti različiti mikrobi
05:17
have all these different kinds
of functions that I told you about,
of functions that I told you about,
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imaju svakakve različite vrste funkcija
o kojim sam vam pričao,
o kojim sam vam pričao,
05:21
everything from digesting food
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počevši od varenja hrane
05:22
to involvement
in different kinds of diseases,
in different kinds of diseases,
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do učestvovanja
u različitim bolestima,
u različitim bolestima,
05:25
metabolizing drugs, and so forth.
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razlaganju lekova, i tako dalje.
05:27
So how do they do all this stuff?
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Nego, kako uspevaju u svemu tome?
05:29
Well, in part it's because
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Delimično tako što,
05:31
although there's just three pounds
of those microbes in our gut,
of those microbes in our gut,
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uprkos tome što ima samo 1,3 kilograma
ovih mikroba u našim crevima,
ovih mikroba u našim crevima,
05:34
they really outnumber us.
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zapravo ih ima više nego nas.
05:36
And so how much do they outnumber us?
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A koliko više ih ima od nas?
05:38
Well, it depends on what
you think of as our bodies.
you think of as our bodies.
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Pa, zavisi od toga
šta smatramo našim telima.
šta smatramo našim telima.
05:41
Is it our cells?
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Da li su to naše ćelije?
05:43
Well, each of us consists
of about 10 trillion human cells,
of about 10 trillion human cells,
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Svako od nas se sastoji
od oko 10 biliona ljudskih ćelija,
od oko 10 biliona ljudskih ćelija,
05:46
but we harbor as many
as 100 trillion microbial cells.
as 100 trillion microbial cells.
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ali svi posedujemo 100 biliona
mikrobijalnih ćelija.
mikrobijalnih ćelija.
05:49
So they outnumber us 10 to one.
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Tako da ih ima više od nas
u srazmeri 10 prema 1.
u srazmeri 10 prema 1.
05:52
Now, you might think, well,
we're human because of our DNA,
we're human because of our DNA,
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Možda ćete pomisliti, pa,
mi smo ljudi zbog našeg DNK.
mi smo ljudi zbog našeg DNK.
05:56
but it turns out that each of us has
about 20,000 human genes,
about 20,000 human genes,
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ali se ispostavilo da svako od nas
ima oko 20,000 ljudskih gena,
ima oko 20,000 ljudskih gena,
u zavisnosti od toga šta tačno brojite,
05:59
depending on what you count exactly,
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06:01
but as many as two million
to 20 million microbial genes.
to 20 million microbial genes.
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ali imate između dva miliona
i 20 miliona mikrobijalnih gena.
i 20 miliona mikrobijalnih gena.
06:06
So whichever way we look at it,
we're vastly outnumbered
we're vastly outnumbered
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Tako da, na koji god način da posmatramo,
veoma su nas brojno nadmašili
veoma su nas brojno nadmašili
06:08
by our microbial symbionts.
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naši mikrobijalni organizmi u simbiozi.
06:11
And it turns out that in addition
to traces of our human DNA,
to traces of our human DNA,
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Ispostavilo se da
pored tragova našeg ljudskog DNK,
pored tragova našeg ljudskog DNK,
takođe ostavljamo tragove
našeg mikrobijalnog DNK
našeg mikrobijalnog DNK
06:15
we also leave traces
of our microbial DNA
of our microbial DNA
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06:17
on everything we touch.
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na svemu što dodirnemo.
06:19
We showed in a study a few years ago
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U studiji od pre nekoliko godina
pokazali smo
pokazali smo
06:20
that you can actually match
the palm of someone's hand up
the palm of someone's hand up
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da zapravo možete
spariti dlan nečije ruke
spariti dlan nečije ruke
06:23
to the computer mouse
that they use routinely
that they use routinely
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sa kompjuterskim mišem
koji uobičajeno koriste
koji uobičajeno koriste
06:25
with up to 95 percent accuracy.
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sa preciznošću do čak 95 procenata.
06:28
So this came out in a scientific journal
a few years ago,
a few years ago,
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Ovo je objavljeno u naučnom časopisu
pre nekoliko godina,
pre nekoliko godina,
06:31
but more importantly,
it was featured on "CSI: Miami,"
it was featured on "CSI: Miami,"
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ali što je još važnije,
prikazano je u ''CSI: Miami'',
prikazano je u ''CSI: Miami'',
06:33
so you really know it's true.
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tako da sigurno znate da je tačno.
06:35
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
06:36
So where do our microbes
come from in the first place?
come from in the first place?
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Odakle uopšte potiču naši mikrobi?
06:40
Well if, as I do, you have dogs or kids,
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Pa, ako poput mene, imate pse ili decu,
06:43
you probably have
some dark suspicions about that,
some dark suspicions about that,
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verovatno imate neku mračnu sumnju
vezanu za to,
vezanu za to,
06:45
all of which are true, by the way.
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1979
što je, uzgred rečeno, tačno.
06:47
So just like we can match
you to your computer equipment
you to your computer equipment
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Tako da, baš kao što možemo spariti vas
i vašu kompjutersku opremu
i vašu kompjutersku opremu
06:50
by the microbes you share,
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pomoću mikroba koje delite,
06:51
we can also match you up to your dog.
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isto možemo uraditi
kada je vaš pas u pitanju.
kada je vaš pas u pitanju.
06:54
But it turns out that in adults,
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Međutim, ispostavilo se
da su kod odraslih,
da su kod odraslih,
06:56
microbial communities
are relatively stable,
are relatively stable,
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mikrobijalne zajednice relativno stabilne,
06:58
so even if you live together with someone,
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pa čak iako živite sa nekim,
07:00
you'll maintain your separate
microbial identity
microbial identity
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zadržaćete svoj odvojeni
mikrobijalni identitet
mikrobijalni identitet
07:02
over a period of weeks,
months, even years.
months, even years.
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nedeljama, mesecima, pa čak i godinama.
07:05
It turns out that our
first microbial communities
first microbial communities
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Ispostavilo se da naše prve
mikrobijalne zajednice
mikrobijalne zajednice
07:08
depend a lot on how we're born.
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dosta zavise od načina
na koji smo rođeni.
na koji smo rođeni.
07:11
So babies that come out
the regular way,
the regular way,
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Tako da kod beba koje su rođene
na uobičajen način
na uobičajen način
07:13
all of their microbes are basically
like the vaginal community,
like the vaginal community,
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svi mikrobe su poput vaginalne zajednice,
07:16
whereas babies that are
delivered by C-section,
delivered by C-section,
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dok kod beba koje su rođene
carskim rezom
carskim rezom
07:18
all of their microbes instead
look like skin.
look like skin.
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svi mikrobi izgledaju kao koža.
07:21
And this might be associated
with some of the differences
with some of the differences
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Ovo može biti povezano
sa nekim razlikama u zdravlju
sa nekim razlikama u zdravlju
07:24
in health associated with Cesarean birth,
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koje se dovode u vezu
sa rođenjem putem carskog reza,
sa rođenjem putem carskog reza,
07:27
such as more asthma, more allergies,
even more obesity,
even more obesity,
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kao što su učestalija astma, alergije,
čak i više gojaznosti,
čak i više gojaznosti,
07:30
all of which have been linked
to microbes now,
to microbes now,
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i sve se danas dovode u vezu
sa mikrobima,
sa mikrobima,
07:33
and when you think about it,
until recently, every surviving mammal
until recently, every surviving mammal
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i kada razmislite o tome, do nedavno,
svaki preživeli sisar
svaki preživeli sisar
07:37
had been delivered by the birth canal,
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je došao na svet kroz vaginalni kanal,
07:39
and so the lack
of those protective microbes
of those protective microbes
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pa nedostatak tih zaštitnih mikroba
07:41
that we've co-evolved with
might be really important
might be really important
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bez kojih se razvijamo,
može biti veoma bitan
može biti veoma bitan
07:44
for a lot of these different conditions
that we now know involve the microbiome.
that we now know involve the microbiome.
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kada su u pitanju mnoga različita stanja
za koja danas znamo da uključuju mikrobe.
za koja danas znamo da uključuju mikrobe.
07:48
When my own daughter was born
a couple of years ago
a couple of years ago
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Kada je moja kćerka rođena pre par godina
07:51
by emergency C-section,
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putem hitnog carskog reza,
07:53
we took matters into our own hands
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mi smo uzeli stvar u svoje ruke
07:55
and made sure she was coated
with those vaginal microbes
with those vaginal microbes
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i osigurali se da bude pokrivena
sa tim vaginalnim mikrobima
sa tim vaginalnim mikrobima
07:58
that she would have gotten naturally.
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koje bi dobila prirodnim putem.
08:00
Now, it's really difficult to tell
whether this has had an effect
whether this has had an effect
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Veoma je teško reći
da li je ovo imalo uticaja
da li je ovo imalo uticaja
08:03
on her health specifically, right?
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2002
specifično na njeno zdravlje, zar ne?
08:05
With a sample size of just one child,
no matter how much we love her,
no matter how much we love her,
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Vodeći se primerom samo jednog deteta,
bez obzira na to koliko je volimo,
bez obzira na to koliko je volimo,
08:09
you don't really have
enough of a sample size
enough of a sample size
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2217
zapravo nemamo dovoljno uzoraka
08:11
to figure out what happens on average,
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1946
da zaključimo šta se dešava u proseku,
08:13
but at two years old,
she hasn't had an ear infection yet,
she hasn't had an ear infection yet,
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ali sa dve pune godine,
još uvek nije imala infekciju uha,
još uvek nije imala infekciju uha,
08:16
so we're keeping our fingers
crossed on that one.
crossed on that one.
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tako da se nadamo najboljem.
08:18
And what's more, we're starting
to do clinical trials with more children
to do clinical trials with more children
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3457
Povrh svega, počinjemo sa kliničkim
ispitivanjima s većim brojem dece
ispitivanjima s većim brojem dece
08:22
to figure out whether
this has a protective effect generally.
this has a protective effect generally.
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da bismo zaključili da li to ima
zaštitni uticaj uopšteno.
zaštitni uticaj uopšteno.
08:27
So how we're born has a tremendous effect
on what microbes we have initially,
on what microbes we have initially,
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To kako smo rođeni ima izuzetan uticaj
na mikrobe koje posedujemo u početku,
na mikrobe koje posedujemo u početku,
08:32
but where do we go after that?
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ali šta se dalje dešava?
08:34
What I'm showing you
again here is this map
again here is this map
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Ovo što vam ponovo pokazujem ovde je mapa
08:36
of the Human Microbiome Project Data,
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504541
1998
Podataka ljudskog mikrobijalnog projekta,
08:38
so each point represents
a sample from one body site
a sample from one body site
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tako svaka tačka predstavlja
uzorak iz jednog tela,
uzorak iz jednog tela,
08:41
from one of 250 healthy adults.
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jednog od 250 zdravih odraslih ljudi.
08:43
And you've seen children
develop physically.
develop physically.
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2067
Videli ste kako se deca razvijaju fizički.
08:45
You've seen them develop mentally.
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Videli ste kako se razvijaju mentalno.
08:47
Now, for the first time,
you're going to see
you're going to see
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Sada ćete videti, po prvi put,
08:50
one of my colleague's children
develop microbially.
develop microbially.
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kako se jedno od dece mog saradnika
razvija mikrobijalno.
razvija mikrobijalno.
08:53
So what we are going to look at
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Ono što ćemo gledati
08:54
is we're going to look
at this one baby's stool,
at this one baby's stool,
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je stolica ove bebe,
08:57
the fecal community,
which represents the gut,
which represents the gut,
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2449
fekalna zajednica,
koja predstavlja utrobu,
koja predstavlja utrobu,
09:00
sampled every week
for almost two and a half years.
for almost two and a half years.
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3169
sakupljana svake nedelje
skoro dve i po godine.
skoro dve i po godine.
09:03
And so we're starting on day one.
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Počinjemo sa prvim danom.
09:04
What's going to happen is that the infant
is going to start off as this yellow dot,
is going to start off as this yellow dot,
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3918
Novorođenče će početi od ove žute tačke,
09:08
and you can see that he's starting off
basically in the vaginal community,
basically in the vaginal community,
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i možete videti da zapravo počinje
u vaginalnoj zajednici,
u vaginalnoj zajednici,
09:12
as we would expect from his delivery mode.
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2026
što smo i očekivali po načinu rođenja.
09:14
And what's going to happen
over these two and a half years
over these two and a half years
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2714
Za ove dve i po godine,
09:17
is that he's going to travel
all the way down
all the way down
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2142
ono će otputovati skroz dole
i počeće da podseća
i počeće da podseća
09:19
to resemble the adult fecal community from
healthy volunteers down at the bottom.
healthy volunteers down at the bottom.
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3814
na fekalnu zajednicu odraslih
zdravih volontera skroz na dnu.
zdravih volontera skroz na dnu.
09:23
So I'm just going to start this going
and we'll see how that happens.
and we'll see how that happens.
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Pokrenuću ovo
i videćemo šta se dešava.
i videćemo šta se dešava.
09:26
What you can see, and remember
each step in this is just one week,
each step in this is just one week,
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4036
Ovde vidite, i zapamtite da svaki korak
predstavlja samo jednu nedelju,
predstavlja samo jednu nedelju,
09:30
what you can see is that week to week,
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možete videti iz nedelje u nedelju
09:32
the change in the microbial community
of the feces of this one child,
of the feces of this one child,
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4683
da je promena u mikrobijalnoj zajednici
fekalija ovog deteta,
fekalija ovog deteta,
09:37
the differences week to week
are much greater
are much greater
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2551
razlike iz nedelje u nedelju
su mnogo veće
su mnogo veće
09:40
than the differences between
individual healthy adults
individual healthy adults
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2531
od razlika između
zdravih odraslih ljudi
zdravih odraslih ljudi
09:42
in the Human Microbiome Project cohort,
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570580
1950
u grupi Ljudskog mikrobijalnog projekta,
09:44
which are those brown dots
down at the bottom.
down at the bottom.
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koji predstavljaju ove braon tačke
skroz na dnu.
skroz na dnu.
Možete videti da on počinje da se
približava fekalnoj zajednici odraslih.
približava fekalnoj zajednici odraslih.
09:47
And you can see he's starting
to approach the adult fecal community.
to approach the adult fecal community.
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3197
09:50
This is up to about two years.
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1515
Ovo obuhvata oko dve godine.
09:51
But something amazing
is about to happen here.
is about to happen here.
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Ali nešto sjajno će se desiti ovde.
09:53
So he's getting antibiotics
for an ear infection.
for an ear infection.
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Dakle, on dobija antibiotike
za infekciju uha.
za infekciju uha.
09:56
What you can see is
this huge change in the community,
this huge change in the community,
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Ono sto možete primetiti je
ogromna promena u zajednici,
ogromna promena u zajednici,
09:59
followed by a relatively rapid recovery.
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2058
praćena relativno brzim oporavkom.
10:01
I'll just rewind that for you.
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2182
Ja ću vam premotati to.
10:05
And what we can see is that
just over these few weeks,
just over these few weeks,
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Ono što možemo videti je da
tokom samo nekoliko nedelja,
tokom samo nekoliko nedelja,
10:08
we have a much more radical change,
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1933
imamo mnogo značajniju promenu,
10:10
a setback of many months
of normal development,
of normal development,
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višemesečni zastoj u normalnom razvoju,
10:13
followed by a relatively rapid recovery,
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praćen relativno brzim oporavkom,
10:15
and by the time he reaches day 838,
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4133
a kada dođe 838. dan,
što je i kraj ovog videa
što je i kraj ovog videa
10:19
which is the end of this video,
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možete videti da je on u suštini stigao
10:21
you can see that he has essentially
reached the healthy adult stool community,
reached the healthy adult stool community,
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3697
do fekalne zajednice
zdravih odraslih osoba,
zdravih odraslih osoba,
10:25
despite that antibiotic intervention.
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2448
uprkos intervenciji antibioticima.
10:27
So this is really interesting
because it raises fundamental questions
because it raises fundamental questions
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Ovo je veoma zanimljivo zato što
postavlja suštinska pitanja
postavlja suštinska pitanja
10:30
about what happens when we intervene
at different ages in a child's life.
at different ages in a child's life.
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4099
u vezi sa tim šta se dešava kada se
umešamo u različitim dobima života deteta.
umešamo u različitim dobima života deteta.
10:35
So does what we do early on, where
the microbiome is changing so rapidly,
the microbiome is changing so rapidly,
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3611
Dakle, da li ono što rano radimo,
kada se mikrobi ubrzano menjaju,
kada se mikrobi ubrzano menjaju,
10:38
actually matter,
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1300
zapravo utiče,
10:39
or is it like throwing a stone
into a stormy sea,
into a stormy sea,
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2483
ili je to poput bacanja kamena
u uzburkano more,
u uzburkano more,
10:42
where the ripples will just be lost?
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1742
gde će mali talasi samo biti izgubljeni?
10:45
Well, fascinatingly, it turns out
that if you give children antibiotics
that if you give children antibiotics
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4291
Fascinantno je to što se ispostavilo
da ako deci date antibiotike
da ako deci date antibiotike
10:49
in the first six months of life,
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u prvih šest meseci života,
10:50
they're more likely
to become obese later on
to become obese later on
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veća je verovatnoća
da će kasnije biti gojazni
da će kasnije biti gojazni
u poređenju s tim ako im tada ne damo
antibiotike ili ako im ih damo kasnije,
antibiotike ili ako im ih damo kasnije,
10:53
than if they don't get antibiotics then
or only get them later,
or only get them later,
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3127
10:56
and so what we do early on
may have profound impacts
may have profound impacts
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2946
tako da, ono što radimo veoma rano
može imati snažan uticaj
može imati snažan uticaj
10:59
on the gut microbial community
and on later health
and on later health
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3497
na crevnu mikrobijalnu zajednicu
i buduće zdravlje,
i buduće zdravlje,
11:03
that we're only beginning to understand.
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2326
što tek počinjemo da razumemo.
11:05
So this is fascinating, because one day,
in addition to the effects
in addition to the effects
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Ovo je fascinantno jer, jednoga dana,
osim efekata
osim efekata
koje antibiotici imaju na bakterije
koje su otporne na antibiotike,
koje su otporne na antibiotike,
11:09
that antibiotics have
on antibiotic-resistant bacteria,
on antibiotic-resistant bacteria,
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2646
11:12
which are very important,
240
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1696
koji su veoma bitni,
11:14
they may also be degrading
our gut microbial ecosystems,
our gut microbial ecosystems,
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2903
oni takođe mogu oštetiti nas crevni
mikrobijalni ekosistem,
mikrobijalni ekosistem,
11:17
and so one day we may come
to regard antibiotics with the same horror
to regard antibiotics with the same horror
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tako bismo jednog dana mogli gledati
na antibiotike sa istim užasom
na antibiotike sa istim užasom
11:20
that we currently reserve
for those metal tools
for those metal tools
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2463
s kojim danas posmatramo
metalno oruđe
metalno oruđe
koje su Egipćani koristili
da naprave kašu od mozgova
da naprave kašu od mozgova
11:22
that the Egyptians used to use
to mush up the brains
to mush up the brains
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2459
11:25
before they drained them out
for embalming.
for embalming.
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2064
pre nego što bi ih izvadili
za balsamovanje.
za balsamovanje.
11:27
So I mentioned that microbes
have all these important functions,
have all these important functions,
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3021
Pomenuo sam da mikrobi
imaju sve te važne funkcije
imaju sve te važne funkcije
11:30
and they've also now,
just over the past few years,
just over the past few years,
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2649
a sada su takođe,
tek tokom poslednjih nekoliko godina,
tek tokom poslednjih nekoliko godina,
11:32
been connected to a whole range
of different diseases,
of different diseases,
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povezivane sa čitavim nizom
različitih bolesti,
različitih bolesti,
11:35
including inflammatory bowel disease,
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uključujući zapaljenje creva,
11:37
heart disease, colon cancer,
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bolesti srca, rak debelog creva,
11:39
and even obesity.
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pa čak i gojaznost.
11:41
Obesity has a really
large effect, as it turns out,
large effect, as it turns out,
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Gojaznost ima veliki uticaj,
kako se ispostavilo,
kako se ispostavilo,
11:44
and today, we can tell
whether you're lean or obese
whether you're lean or obese
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i danas možemo zaključiti
da li ste mršavi ili gojazni
da li ste mršavi ili gojazni
11:46
with 90 percent accuracy
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sa preciznošću od 90 procenata,
11:48
by looking at the microbes in your gut.
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gledajući mikrobe u vašoj utrobi.
11:50
Now, although that might sound impressive,
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Iako to može zvučati imresivno,
11:52
in some ways it's a little bit problematic
as a medical test,
as a medical test,
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na neki način je možda problematično
kao medicinski test
kao medicinski test
11:56
because you can probably tell
which of these people is obese
which of these people is obese
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jer verovatno možete reći
koji od ovih ljudi je gojazan,
koji od ovih ljudi je gojazan,
11:59
without knowing anything
about their gut microbes,
about their gut microbes,
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a da ne znate ništa o mikrobima
u njihovim crevima.
u njihovim crevima.
ali ispostavilo se da, čak iako napravimo
niz njihovih kompletnih genoma
niz njihovih kompletnih genoma
12:01
but it turns out that even
if we sequence their complete genomes
if we sequence their complete genomes
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12:04
and had all their human DNA,
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i ako bismo imali
čitav njihov ljudski DNK,
čitav njihov ljudski DNK,
12:06
we could only predict which one
was obese with about 60 percent accuracy.
was obese with about 60 percent accuracy.
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mogli bismo predvideti ko je gojazan
sa preciznošću od samo 60 procenata.
sa preciznošću od samo 60 procenata.
12:10
So that's amazing, right?
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To je neverovatno, zar ne?
12:12
What it means that the three pounds
of microbes that you carry around with you
of microbes that you carry around with you
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To znači da su 1,3 kilograma mikroba
koje nosite sa sobom,
koje nosite sa sobom,
12:16
may be more important
for some health conditions
for some health conditions
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možda važniji za neke bolesti
12:18
than every single gene in your genome.
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od svakog pojedinog gena u vašem genomu.
12:23
And then in mice, we can do a lot more.
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Kada su miševi u pitanju,
možemo učiniti mnogo više.
možemo učiniti mnogo više.
12:25
So in mice, microbes have been linked
to all kinds of additional conditions,
to all kinds of additional conditions,
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Kod miševa, mikrobi su povezani sa raznim
vrstama dodatnih bolesti,
vrstama dodatnih bolesti,
12:29
including things like multiple sclerosis,
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uključujući sklerozu multipleks,
12:32
depression, autism, and again, obesity.
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depresiju, autizam, i opet, gojaznost.
12:35
But how can we tell whether
these microbial differences
these microbial differences
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Ali kako možemo otkriti
da li su ove mikrobijalne razlike
da li su ove mikrobijalne razlike
12:38
that correlate with disease
are cause or effect?
are cause or effect?
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vezane za bolesti
njihov uzrok ili posledica?
njihov uzrok ili posledica?
12:41
Well, one thing we can do
is we can raise some mice
is we can raise some mice
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Mogli bismo da uzgajamo miševe
bez ikakvih mikroba
bez ikakvih mikroba
12:44
without any microbes of their own
in a germ-free bubble.
in a germ-free bubble.
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koji pripadaju njima,
u mehuru bez bacila.
u mehuru bez bacila.
12:46
Then we can add in some microbes
that we think are important,
that we think are important,
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Onda možemo ubaciti neke bacile
koje smatramo važnima
koje smatramo važnima
12:49
and see what happens.
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i da vidimo šta se dešava.
12:51
When we take the microbes
from an obese mouse
from an obese mouse
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Kada uzmemo mikrobe iz gojaznog miša
12:54
and transplant them
into a genetically normal mouse
into a genetically normal mouse
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i transplantujemo ih
u genetski normalnog miša
u genetski normalnog miša
12:56
that's been raised in a bubble
with no microbes of its own,
with no microbes of its own,
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koji je uzgajan u mehuru
bez sopstvenih mikroba
bez sopstvenih mikroba
12:59
it becomes fatter than if it got them
from a regular mouse.
from a regular mouse.
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on postaje još deblji nego
da ih je dobio iz običnog miša.
da ih je dobio iz običnog miša.
13:04
Why this happens
is absolutely amazing, though.
is absolutely amazing, though.
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Neverovatno je zašto se to događa.
13:06
Sometimes what's going on
is that the microbes
is that the microbes
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Ponekad se dešava da im mikrobi
13:08
are helping them digest food
more efficiently from the same diet,
more efficiently from the same diet,
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pomažu da efikasnije vare hranu
iz istog načina ishrane,
iz istog načina ishrane,
13:11
so they're taking more energy
from their food,
from their food,
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tako da dobijaju više energije iz hrane
13:13
but other times, the microbes
are actually affecting their behavior.
are actually affecting their behavior.
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ali u drugim slučajevima, mikrobi
zapravo utiču na njihovo ponašanje.
zapravo utiču na njihovo ponašanje.
13:17
What they're doing is they're eating
more than the normal mouse,
more than the normal mouse,
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Oni jedu više nego normalni miševi.
13:20
so they only get fat if we let them
eat as much as they want.
eat as much as they want.
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pa se goje samo onoliko koliko im
mi dozvolimo da jedu.
mi dozvolimo da jedu.
13:24
So this is really remarkable, right?
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Ovo je izuzetno, zar ne?
13:27
The implication is that microbes
can affect mammalian behavior.
can affect mammalian behavior.
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Implikacija je da mikrobi mogu uticati
na ponašanje sisara.
na ponašanje sisara.
13:33
So you might be wondering whether we can
also do this sort of thing across species,
also do this sort of thing across species,
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4158
Možda se pitate da li ovako nešto
možemo uraditi sa drugim vrstama,
možemo uraditi sa drugim vrstama,
13:37
and it turns out that if you take microbes
from an obese person
from an obese person
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i ispostavilo se da ako uzmete mikrobe
iz gojazne osobe
iz gojazne osobe
13:40
and transplant them into mice
you've raised germ-free,
you've raised germ-free,
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i transplantujete ih u miša
koji je uzgajan bez bacila,
koji je uzgajan bez bacila,
13:43
those mice will also become fatter
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ti miševi će takođe postati deblji
13:45
than if they received the microbes
from a lean person,
from a lean person,
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813805
3041
nego u slučaju da dobiju mikrobe
iz mršave osobe,
iz mršave osobe,
13:48
but we can design a microbial community
that we inoculate them with
that we inoculate them with
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ali možemo da stvorimo mikrobijalnu
zajednicu kojom bismo ih zaštitili
zajednicu kojom bismo ih zaštitili
13:52
that prevents them
from gaining this weight.
from gaining this weight.
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i koja bi ih sprečila da se ugoje.
Ovo takođe možemo uraditi
i kod neuhranjenosti.
i kod neuhranjenosti.
13:55
We can also do this for malnutrition.
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2055
13:57
So in a project funded
by the Gates Foundation,
by the Gates Foundation,
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Tako da u projektu koji finansira
Fondacija Gejts
Fondacija Gejts
14:00
what we're looking at
is children in Malawi
is children in Malawi
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posmatramo decu u Malaviju
14:02
who have kwashiorkor,
a profound form of malnutrition,
a profound form of malnutrition,
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830871
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koja imaju kvašiorkor,
ozbiljan oblik neuhranjenosti,
ozbiljan oblik neuhranjenosti,
14:05
and mice that get the kwashiorkor
community transplanted into them
community transplanted into them
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833529
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i miševi koji dobiju transplantovanu
zajednicu kvašiorkora
zajednicu kvašiorkora
14:08
lose 30 percent of their body mass
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izgube 30 procenata telesne mase
14:11
in just three weeks,
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839022
1179
za samo tri nedelje,
14:12
but we can restore their health by using
the same peanut butter-based supplement
the same peanut butter-based supplement
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ali možemo obnoviti njihovo zdravlje
uz isti dodatak na bazi kikiriki putera,
uz isti dodatak na bazi kikiriki putera,
14:16
that is used for
the children in the clinic,
the children in the clinic,
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korišćen za decu na klinici,
14:18
and the mice that receive the community
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846132
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a miševi koji dobiju zajednicu
14:19
from the healthy identical twins
of the kwashiorkor children do fine.
of the kwashiorkor children do fine.
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847988
3247
od zdravih identičnih blizanaca dece
obolele od kvašiorkoa su dobro.
obolele od kvašiorkoa su dobro.
14:24
This is truly amazing because it suggests
that we can pilot therapies
that we can pilot therapies
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852035
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Ovo ja zaista sjajno, jer nam omogućava
da prilagođavamo terapije
da prilagođavamo terapije
14:27
by trying them out
in a whole bunch of different mice
in a whole bunch of different mice
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isprobavajući ih na velikom broju
različitih miševa,
različitih miševa,
14:30
with individual people's gut communities
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858483
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sa crevnim zajednicama pojedinačnih ljudi
14:32
and perhaps tailor those therapies
all the way down to the individual level.
all the way down to the individual level.
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4599
i možda prilagodimo te terapije
za individualne potrebe.
za individualne potrebe.
14:38
So I think it's really important
that everyone has a chance
that everyone has a chance
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Smatram da je veoma važno
da svako dobije šansu
da svako dobije šansu
14:41
to participate in this discovery.
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2706
da učestvuje u ovom otkriću.
14:43
So, a couple of years ago,
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Pre par godina
14:45
we started this project
called American Gut,
called American Gut,
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873131
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započeli smo projekat nazvan
Američka utroba
Američka utroba
14:47
which allows you to claim a place
for yourself on this microbial map.
for yourself on this microbial map.
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875202
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koji vam omogućava da zauzmete mesto
na mikrobijalnoj mapi.
na mikrobijalnoj mapi.
14:51
This is now the largest crowd-funded
science project that we know of --
science project that we know of --
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879406
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Ovo je sada najveći naučni
masovno finansiran projekat koji postoji -
masovno finansiran projekat koji postoji -
14:54
over 8,000 people
have signed up at this point.
have signed up at this point.
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trenutno broji preko 8.000 ljudi.
14:57
What happens is,
they send in their samples,
they send in their samples,
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885651
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Oni šalju svoje uzorke,
15:00
we sequence the DNA of their microbes
and then release the results back to them.
and then release the results back to them.
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888229
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a mi od njihovih mikroba pravimo
DNK nizove i šaljemo im rezultate.
DNK nizove i šaljemo im rezultate.
15:04
We also release them, de-identified,
to scientists, to educators,
to scientists, to educators,
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892014
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Takođe ih, bez identifikacije
šaljemo naučnicima, profesorima,
šaljemo naučnicima, profesorima,
15:07
to interested members
of the general public, and so forth,
of the general public, and so forth,
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895705
3019
zainteresovanima iz javnog sektora,
i tako dalje,
i tako dalje,
15:10
so anyone can have access to the data.
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tako da svako ima pristup podacima.
15:13
On the other hand,
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901879
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S druge strane,
15:15
when we do tours of our lab
at the BioFrontiers Institute,
at the BioFrontiers Institute,
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903050
3282
kada pokazujemo našu laboratoriju
na Institutu BioFrontiers,
na Institutu BioFrontiers,
15:18
and we explain that we use robots
and lasers to look at poop,
and lasers to look at poop,
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906332
3560
i objašnjavamo kako koristimo robote
i lasere da proučavamo izmet,
i lasere da proučavamo izmet,
15:21
it turns out that not
everyone wants to know.
everyone wants to know.
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909892
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ispostavi se da ne žele svi da znaju.
15:25
(Laughter)
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913004
1282
(Smeh)
15:26
But I'm guessing that many of you do,
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914286
1921
Ali pretpostavljam da mnogi od vas žele,
15:28
and so I brought some kits here
if you're interested
if you're interested
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2659
pa sam doneo opremu ovde
ako ste zainteresovani
ako ste zainteresovani
15:30
in trying this out for yourself.
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2730
da ovo probate sami.
15:35
So why might we want to do this?
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923046
1947
Zašto bismo želeli da radimo ovo?
15:36
Well, it turns out that microbes
are not just important
are not just important
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924993
2570
Ispostavilo se da mikrobi
ne samo da su važni
ne samo da su važni
15:39
for finding out where we are
in terms of our health,
in terms of our health,
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927563
2901
za otkrivanje našeg zdravstvenog stanja,
15:42
but they can actually cure disease.
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930464
2408
već mogu zapravo da leče bolesti.
15:44
This is one of the newest things
we've been able to visualize
we've been able to visualize
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932872
2925
Ovo je jedna od najnovijih stvari
koje smo uspeli da ostvarimo
koje smo uspeli da ostvarimo
15:47
with colleagues
at the University of Minnesota.
at the University of Minnesota.
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935797
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sa kolegama sa Univerziteta u Minesoti.
15:50
So here's that map
of the human microbiome again.
of the human microbiome again.
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2617
Evo ponovo te mape ljudskih mikroba.
15:53
What we're looking at now --
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941153
1457
Ono što sada gledamo -
15:54
I'm going to add in the community
of some people with C. diff.
of some people with C. diff.
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942610
3370
sada ću dodati zajednice
nekih ljudi sa Klostridijum Dificile.
nekih ljudi sa Klostridijum Dificile.
15:57
So, this is a terrible form of diarrhea
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945980
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Ovo je užasan oblik dijareje,
16:00
where you have to go
up to 20 times a day,
up to 20 times a day,
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2345
koja zahteva pražnjenje
do 20 puta dnevno,
do 20 puta dnevno,
i ovim ljudima nije pomogla terapija
antibioticima tokom dve godine
antibioticima tokom dve godine
16:02
and these people have failed
antibiotic therapy for two years
antibiotic therapy for two years
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950604
3111
16:05
before they're eligible for this trial.
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953715
2299
pre nego što su se kvalifikovali
za ovo testiranje.
za ovo testiranje.
16:08
So what would happen if we transplanted
some of the stool from a healthy donor,
some of the stool from a healthy donor,
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956014
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Šta bi se desilo kad bismo transplantovali
deo stolice zdravog davaoca
deo stolice zdravog davaoca
16:12
that star down at the bottom,
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960427
1857
te zvezde na dnu,
16:14
into these patients.
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1416
u ove pacijente?
16:15
Would the good microbes
do battle with the bad microbes
do battle with the bad microbes
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963700
2609
Da li bi se dobri mikrobi
borili protiv loših
borili protiv loših
16:18
and help to restore their health?
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2079
i pomogli da se obnovi njihovo zdravlje?
16:20
So let's watch exactly what happens there.
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2316
Hajde da vidimo šta se tu tačno dešava.
16:22
Four of those patients
are about to get a transplant
are about to get a transplant
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970704
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Četiri pacijenta
će dobiti transplantaciju
će dobiti transplantaciju
16:25
from that healthy donor at the bottom,
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1904
od tog zdravog davaoca na dnu.
16:27
and what you can see is that immediately,
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975124
1957
i ono što odmah možete videti
16:29
you have this radical change
in the gut community.
in the gut community.
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2405
je da dolazi do korenite promene
u crevnoj zajednici.
u crevnoj zajednici.
16:31
So one day after you do that transplant,
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2069
Tako da jedan dan posle transplantacije
16:33
all those symptoms clear up,
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1649
svi simptomi nestaju
16:35
the diarrhea vanishes,
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983204
1555
i dijareja prestaje i oni su
16:36
and they're essentially healthy again,
coming to resemble the donor's community,
coming to resemble the donor's community,
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984759
3772
suštinski ponovo zdravi i počinju
da podsećaju na zajednicu davaoca
da podsećaju na zajednicu davaoca
16:40
and they stay there.
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988531
2062
i ostaju takvi.
16:42
(Applause)
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990593
4797
(Aplauz)
16:49
So we're just at the beginning
of this discovery.
of this discovery.
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997290
2375
Tek smo na početku ovog otkrića
16:51
We're just finding out that microbes
have implications
have implications
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2540
Tek saznajemo da mikrobi imaju implikacije
16:54
for all these different kinds of diseases,
363
1002205
2173
za sve ove različite vrste bolesti
16:56
ranging from inflammatory
bowel disease to obesity,
bowel disease to obesity,
364
1004378
2468
od inflamatorne bolesti creva
do gojaznosti
do gojaznosti
16:58
and perhaps even autism and depression.
365
1006846
3083
pa možda čak autizma i depresije.
17:01
What we need to do, though,
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1338
Ono što ipak moramo učiniti
17:03
is we need to develop
a kind of microbial GPS,
a kind of microbial GPS,
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2258
je da osmislimo mikrobijalni GPS
17:05
where we don't just know
where we are currently
where we are currently
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2321
pomoću kog ne samo da znamo gde smo
17:07
but also where we want to go
and what we need to do
and what we need to do
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1015846
3551
već i kuda želimo ići
i šta moramo uraditi
i šta moramo uraditi
17:11
in order to get there,
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1486
da bismo tamo stigli
17:12
and we need to be able
to make this simple enough
to make this simple enough
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2345
i to moramo učiniti dovoljno jednostavnim
17:15
that even a child can use it.
(Laughter)
(Laughter)
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2601
da ga i dete može koristiti.
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
17:17
Thank you.
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Hvala.
17:20
(Applause)
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1028058
3204
(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rob Knight - Microbial ecologistRob Knight explores the unseen microbial world that exists literally right under our noses -- and everywhere else on (and in) our bodies.
Why you should listen
Using scatological research methods that might repel the squeamish, microbial researcher Rob Knight uncovers the secret ecosystem (or "microbiome") of microbes that inhabit our bodies -- and the bodies of every creature on earth. In the process, he’s discovered a complex internal ecology that affects everything from weight loss to our susceptibility to disease. As he said to Nature in 2012, "What motivates me, from a pragmatic standpoint, is how understanding the microbial world might help us improve human and environmental health.”
Knight’s recent projects include the American Gut, an attempt to map the unique microbiome of the United States using open-access data mining tools and citizen-scientists to discover how lifestyle and diet affect our internal flora and fauna, and our overall health.
Knight is the author of the TED Book, Follow Your Gut: The Enormous Impact of Tiny Microbes.
Rob Knight | Speaker | TED.com