TED2018
Kaitlyn Sadtler: How we could teach our bodies to heal faster
Kaitlyn Sadtler: Jinsi tunaweza fundisha miili yetu kupona haraka
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Itakuaje kama tutaweza saidia miili yetu kupona haraka bila makovu, kama Wolverine kwenye X-Men? Mshiriki wa TED Kaitlyn Sadtler anafanya kazi ili ndoto hii iwe kweli kwa kutengeneza vifaa vya biolojia vipya vinavyoweza kubadili jinsi mfumo wetu wa kinga unavyojibu majeraha. Kwenye mazungumzo haya mafupi, anaonyesha njia tofauti ambazo bidhaa hizi zinaweza kusaidia mwili ukajijenga upya.
Kaitlyn Sadtler - Regenerative tissue engineer
Kaitlyn Sadtler researches how our body can regenerate tissue through instructions from our immune system. Full bio
Kaitlyn Sadtler researches how our body can regenerate tissue through instructions from our immune system. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
Je kama unaweza kuchukua kidonge
au chanjo
au chanjo
00:13
What if you could take a pill or a vaccine
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na kama ukawa unapona mafua,
00:16
and, just like getting over a cold,
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00:18
you could heal your wounds faster?
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unaweza kuponya jeraha kwa urahisi?
00:20
Today, if we have
an operation or an accident,
an operation or an accident,
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Leo, kama tukiwa na upasuaji au ajali,
00:24
we're in the hospital for weeks,
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tunakaa hospitalini kwa wiki,
00:26
and often left with scars
and painful side effects
and painful side effects
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na mara nyingi tunabaki na makovu
na madhara ya uchungu
na madhara ya uchungu
00:28
of our inability to regenerate
or regrow healthy, uninjured organs.
or regrow healthy, uninjured organs.
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kwa uwezo wetu wa kutengeneza au
kukuza afya, na viungo visivyo na jeraha.
kukuza afya, na viungo visivyo na jeraha.
00:34
I work to create materials
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Nafanya kazi kujenga vifaa
00:36
that instruct our immune system to give us
the signals to grow new tissues.
the signals to grow new tissues.
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vinavyofundisha mfumo wetu wa kinga ili
utupe alama za kukuza tishu mpya.
utupe alama za kukuza tishu mpya.
00:41
Just like vaccines instruct
our body to fight disease,
our body to fight disease,
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Kama tu chanjo inavyofundisha
mwili wetu kupigana na magonjwa,
mwili wetu kupigana na magonjwa,
00:44
we could instead instruct
our immune system
our immune system
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badala yake tunaweza fundisha
mfumo wetu wa kinga
mfumo wetu wa kinga
00:47
to build tissues
and more quickly heal wounds.
and more quickly heal wounds.
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kujenga tishu
na kuponya majeraha kwa urahisi.
na kuponya majeraha kwa urahisi.
00:50
Now, regrowing body parts out of nowhere
might seem like magic,
might seem like magic,
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Sasa, kukuza sehemu za mwili kutoka
popote inaweza kuonekana kama uchawi,
popote inaweza kuonekana kama uchawi,
00:54
but there are several organisms
that can achieve this feat.
that can achieve this feat.
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lakini kuna viumbe kadhaa
vinavyoweza kutimiza mafanikio haya.
vinavyoweza kutimiza mafanikio haya.
00:57
Some lizards can regrow their tails,
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Baadhi ya mijusi inaweza kukuza mikia yao,
01:00
the humble salamander
can completely regenerate their arm,
can completely regenerate their arm,
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yule salamanda mnyenyekevu
anaweza kukuza kabisa mkono wake,
anaweza kukuza kabisa mkono wake,
01:04
and even us mere humans
can regrow our liver
can regrow our liver
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na hata binadamu tu
wanaweza kukuza ini lao
wanaweza kukuza ini lao
01:07
after losing more than half
of its original mass.
of its original mass.
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baada ya kupoteza zaidi ya nusu
ya uzito wao wa awali.
ya uzito wao wa awali.
01:10
To make this magic
a bit closer to reality,
a bit closer to reality,
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Ili kufanya uchawi huu
kuwa karibu zaidi na ukweli,
kuwa karibu zaidi na ukweli,
01:13
I'm investigating how our body
can heal wounds and build tissue
can heal wounds and build tissue
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nina fanya uchunguzi wa jinsi mwili wetu
unaweza kuponya majeraha na kujenga tishu
unaweza kuponya majeraha na kujenga tishu
01:17
through instructions
from the immune system.
from the immune system.
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kupitia maelekezo kutoka mfumo
wa kinga.
wa kinga.
01:20
From a scrape on your knee
to that annoying sinus infection,
to that annoying sinus infection,
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Kutoka kwenye mkato wa goti lako
mpaka maambukizi ya sinus yanayoboa,
mpaka maambukizi ya sinus yanayoboa,
01:23
our immune system defends
our body from danger.
our body from danger.
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mfumo wetu wa kinga unalinda
mwili wetu na hatari.
mwili wetu na hatari.
01:27
I'm an immunologist,
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Mimi ni immunolojisti
01:28
and by using what I know
about our body's defense system,
about our body's defense system,
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na kwa kutumia ninachojua
kuhusu mfumo wa ulinzi wa mwili wetu,
kuhusu mfumo wa ulinzi wa mwili wetu,
01:31
I was able to identify key players
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niliweza kutambua wachezaji wakuu
01:33
in our fight to build back
our cuts and bruises.
our cuts and bruises.
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kwenye mapambano ya kujenga
mikato na michubuko yetu.
mikato na michubuko yetu.
01:37
When looking at materials
that are currently being tested
that are currently being tested
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Tunapoangalia vifaa
vinavyojaribiwa kwa sasa
vinavyojaribiwa kwa sasa
01:40
for their abilities to help regrow muscle,
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kwa uwezo wao wa kusaidia kukuza misuli,
01:42
our team noticed that after treating
an injured muscle with these materials,
an injured muscle with these materials,
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timu yetu imeona kua baada ya kutibu
msuli uliojeruhiwa na vifaa hivi,
msuli uliojeruhiwa na vifaa hivi,
01:46
there was a large number of immune cells
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kulikua na idadi kubwa ya seli za kinga
01:48
in that material
and the surrounding muscle.
and the surrounding muscle.
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ndani ya kifaa
na inayozunguka msuli.
na inayozunguka msuli.
01:52
So in this case,
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Hivyo kwa sababu hii,
01:53
instead of the immune cells rushing off
towards infection to fight bacteria,
towards infection to fight bacteria,
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badala ya seli za kinga kukimbilia
kwenye maambukizi kupigana na bakteria,
kwenye maambukizi kupigana na bakteria,
01:57
they're rushing toward an injury.
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zinakimbilia kuelekea kwenye jeraha.
01:59
I discovered a specific
type of immune cell,
type of immune cell,
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Nimegundua aina maalum
ya seli za kinga,
ya seli za kinga,
02:02
the helper T cell,
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ni msaidizi T kiini,
02:04
was present inside
that material that I implanted
that material that I implanted
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ilikua inapatikana ndani ya
kile kifaa nilichokipanda
kile kifaa nilichokipanda
02:06
and absolutely critical for wound healing.
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na ni muhimu kabisa kwa ajili ya uponyaji
jeraha.
jeraha.
02:10
Now, just like when you were a kid
and you'd break your pencil
and you'd break your pencil
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Sasa, kama tu ulivyokua mdogo na
ukavunja penseli yako
ukavunja penseli yako
02:13
and try and tape it back together again,
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na kujaribu kugundisha kwa pamoja tena,
02:16
we can heal,
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tunaweza kupona,
02:17
but it might not be
in the most functional way,
in the most functional way,
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lakini inaweza isiwe
njia inayofanya kazi zaidi,
njia inayofanya kazi zaidi,
02:19
and we'll get a scar.
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na tutapata kovu.
02:21
So if we don't have these helper T cells,
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Hivyo kama hatuna hizi msaidizi T kiini,
02:24
instead of healthy muscle,
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badala ya misuli yenye afya,
02:26
our muscle develops
fat cells inside of it,
fat cells inside of it,
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misuli yetu inatengeneza
seli za mafuta ndani yake,
seli za mafuta ndani yake,
02:28
and if there's fat in our muscle,
it isn't as strong.
it isn't as strong.
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na kama kuna mafuta kwenye misuli yetu,
haina nguvu.
haina nguvu.
02:32
Now, using our immune system,
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Sasa, kutumia mfumo wetu wa kinga,
02:34
our body could grow back
without these scars
without these scars
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miili yetu inaweza kukua tena
bila haya makovu
bila haya makovu
02:36
and look like what it was
before we were even injured.
before we were even injured.
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na kuonekana kama ilivyokua
kabla hata hatujajeruhiwa.
kabla hata hatujajeruhiwa.
02:41
I'm working to create materials
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Nina fanya kazi kutengeneza vifaa
02:43
that give us the signals
to build new tissue
to build new tissue
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vinavyotuma alama
za kujenga tishu mpya
za kujenga tishu mpya
02:46
by changing the immune response.
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kwa kubadilisha mwitikio wa kinga.
02:48
We know that any time
a material is implanted in our body,
a material is implanted in our body,
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Tunajua kua muda wowote
kifaa kinapopandwa mwilini mwetu,
kifaa kinapopandwa mwilini mwetu,
02:53
the immune system will respond to it.
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mfumo wa kinga utaitikia kwake.
02:55
This ranges from pacemakers
to insulin pumps
to insulin pumps
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Hii hutofautiana kwanzia kipima mapigo ya
moyo mpaka pampu za insulini
moyo mpaka pampu za insulini
02:59
to the materials that engineers are using
to try and build new tissue.
to try and build new tissue.
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mpaka vifaa ambavyo wanatumia wahandisi
ili kujaribu kujenga tishu mpya.
ili kujaribu kujenga tishu mpya.
03:03
So when I place that material,
or scaffold, in the body,
or scaffold, in the body,
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Hivyo ninapoweka hicho kifaa,
au kiguzo, ndani ya mwili,
au kiguzo, ndani ya mwili,
03:08
the immune system creates
a small environment of cells and proteins
a small environment of cells and proteins
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mfumo wa kinga hutengeneza
mazingira madogo ya seli na protini
mazingira madogo ya seli na protini
03:12
that can change the way
that our stem cells behave.
that our stem cells behave.
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ambazo zinaweza badili jinsi
seli shina zetu zinavyoishi.
seli shina zetu zinavyoishi.
03:15
Now, just like the weather
affects our daily activities,
affects our daily activities,
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Sasa, kama hali ya hewa
inavyoathiri shughuli zetu za siku,
inavyoathiri shughuli zetu za siku,
03:19
like going for a run
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kama kwenda kukimbia
03:21
or staying inside and binge-watching
an entire TV show on Netflix,
an entire TV show on Netflix,
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au kukaa ndani na kutazama
kipindi kizima cha TV kwenye Netflix,
kipindi kizima cha TV kwenye Netflix,
03:25
the immune environment of a scaffold
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mazingira ya kinga ya kiguzo
03:27
affects the way that
our stem cells grow and develop.
our stem cells grow and develop.
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inaathiri jinsi seli shina zetu
zinavyokua na kuendelea.
zinavyokua na kuendelea.
03:30
If we have the wrong signals,
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Kama tunakua na ishara za mbovu,
03:32
say the Netflix signals,
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tuseme kama ishara za Netflix,
03:34
we get fat cells instead of muscle.
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tunapata seli za mafuta badala ya misuli.
03:38
These scaffolds are made
of a variety of different things,
of a variety of different things,
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Viguzo hivi vimetengenezwa na
aina nyingi tofauti ya vitu,
aina nyingi tofauti ya vitu,
03:41
from plastics to naturally
derived materials,
derived materials,
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kwanzia plastiki mpaka vitu
vinavyopatikana kiasili,
vinavyopatikana kiasili,
03:45
nanofibers of varying thicknesses,
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nyuzi ndogo zinazotofautiana unene,
03:48
sponges that are more or less porous,
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sifongo ambazo zina matundu makubwa
au madogo,
au madogo,
03:50
gels of different stiffnesses.
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jeli zenye ugumu unaotofautiana.
03:52
And researchers
can even make the materials
can even make the materials
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Na watafiti wanaweza hata
kutengeneza vifaa
kutengeneza vifaa
03:54
release different signals over time.
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kutoa ishara tofauti na mda.
03:57
So in other words, we can orchestrate
this Broadway show of cells
this Broadway show of cells
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Hivyo kwa maneno mengine, tunaweza kupanga
maonyesho hayaya Broadway ya seli
maonyesho hayaya Broadway ya seli
04:02
by giving them the correct
stage, cues and props
stage, cues and props
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kwa kuzipa jukwaa, sehemu
na heshima sahihi
na heshima sahihi
04:06
that can be changed for different tissues,
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inayoweza kubadilishwa kwa tishu tofauti,
04:08
just like a producer would change the set
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kama tu mtengenezaji anavyobadilisha
jukwaa
jukwaa
04:11
for "Les Mis" versus
"Little Shop of Horrors."
"Little Shop of Horrors."
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kwa "Les Mis" dhidi ya
"Little Shop of Horrors."
"Little Shop of Horrors."
04:14
I'm combining specific types of signals
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Nina changanya aina maalum za ishara
04:17
that mimic how our body responds to injury
to help us regenerate.
to help us regenerate.
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ambazo zinaiga jinsi miili yetu inavyojibu
maumivu kutusaidia kua wapya.
maumivu kutusaidia kua wapya.
04:22
In the future, we could see
a scar-proof band-aid,
a scar-proof band-aid,
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Huko mbeleni, tutaona bandi ya misaada
ambayo ni kizuia kovu,
ambayo ni kizuia kovu,
04:25
a moldable muscle filler
or even a wound-healing vaccine.
or even a wound-healing vaccine.
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kijazo cha msuli kinachofinyangika
au hata chanjo inayoponya jeraha.
au hata chanjo inayoponya jeraha.
04:29
Now, we aren't going to wake up tomorrow
and be able to heal like Wolverine.
and be able to heal like Wolverine.
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Sasa, hatutaweza kuamka kesho na
kuweza kuponywa kama Wolverine.
kuweza kuponywa kama Wolverine.
04:33
Probably not next Tuesday, either.
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Pengine hata sio Jumanne ijayo pia.
04:35
But with these advances,
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Ila na haya maednelelo,
04:36
and working with our immune system
to help build tissue and heal wounds,
to help build tissue and heal wounds,
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na kufanya kazi na mfumo wetu wa kinga
kusaidia kuunda tishu na kutibu majeraha,
kusaidia kuunda tishu na kutibu majeraha,
04:40
we could begin seeing
products on the market
products on the market
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tunaweza kuanza kuona
bidhaa kwenye soko
bidhaa kwenye soko
04:43
that work with our body's defense system
to help us regenerate,
to help us regenerate,
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zinazofanya kazi na mfumo wa ulinzi
mwilini kusaidia kutengeneza upya,
mwilini kusaidia kutengeneza upya,
04:46
and maybe one day be able
to keep pace with a salamander.
to keep pace with a salamander.
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na labda siku moja tutaweza
kua sambamba na salamander.
kua sambamba na salamander.
04:51
Thank you.
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Asante.
04:53
(Applause)
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(Makofi)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kaitlyn Sadtler - Regenerative tissue engineerKaitlyn Sadtler researches how our body can regenerate tissue through instructions from our immune system.
Why you should listen
Kaitlyn Sadtler is a postdoctoral fellow at MIT and received her Ph.D. from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, where she discovered a certain type of immune cell -- the T cell -- was critical for muscle regeneration. This work was published in Science Magazine and has led to more findings in how our immune system responds to materials used in tissue engineering.
Kaitlyn Sadtler | Speaker | TED.com