TED2018
Kaitlyn Sadtler: How we could teach our bodies to heal faster
凯特琳· 萨 特勒: 我们如何指导身体更快痊愈
Filmed:
Readability: 5.6
2,315,538 views
如果我们能帮助身体更快的愈合，并且不留疤痕，就像X战警里的金刚狼一样，会怎么样呢？TED成员凯特琳 · 萨特勒（Kaitlyn Sadtler）正致力于通过开发新的生物材料来实现这个梦想，这些材料可以改变我们免疫系统对损伤的反应。在这个简短的演讲中，她展示了这些产品有可能帮助身体再生的不同方法。
Kaitlyn Sadtler - Regenerative tissue engineer
Kaitlyn Sadtler researches how our body can regenerate tissue through instructions from our immune system. Full bio
Kaitlyn Sadtler researches how our body can regenerate tissue through instructions from our immune system. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
如果你吃颗药或者是打一针，
00:13
What if you could take a pill or a vaccine
0
1404
3508
00:16
and, just like getting over a cold,
1
4936
1730
就能让身上的伤口更快痊愈，
就像治好了感冒那样，听起来如何？
00:18
you could heal your wounds faster?
2
6690
2095
00:20
Today, if we have
an operation or an accident,
an operation or an accident,
3
8809
3522
今天，如果我们要做个手术，或出了事故，
通常要在医院里住上几个星期，
00:24
we're in the hospital for weeks,
4
12355
1621
00:26
and often left with scars
and painful side effects
and painful side effects
5
14000
2626
而且经常留下疤痕，
还要忍受痛苦的副作用，
还要忍受痛苦的副作用，
00:28
of our inability to regenerate
or regrow healthy, uninjured organs.
or regrow healthy, uninjured organs.
6
16650
5135
因为我们的身体无法再生
健康的，完好无损的器官。
健康的，完好无损的器官。
00:34
I work to create materials
7
22436
2026
我的工作是创造不同的材料
00:36
that instruct our immune system to give us
the signals to grow new tissues.
the signals to grow new tissues.
8
24486
4203
来指导我们的免疫系统，向身体
传达信号，生长出新的组织。
传达信号，生长出新的组织。
00:41
Just like vaccines instruct
our body to fight disease,
our body to fight disease,
9
29497
3074
就像疫苗能指导我们的
身体对抗疾病一样，
身体对抗疾病一样，
00:44
we could instead instruct
our immune system
our immune system
10
32595
2728
我们也可以指导自身的免疫系统
00:47
to build tissues
and more quickly heal wounds.
and more quickly heal wounds.
11
35347
2864
去生成组织，更快地治愈伤口。
00:50
Now, regrowing body parts out of nowhere
might seem like magic,
might seem like magic,
12
38886
3778
凭空再生出身体器官
看起来似乎很神奇，
看起来似乎很神奇，
00:54
but there are several organisms
that can achieve this feat.
that can achieve this feat.
13
42688
3191
但实际上，有许多生物都可以做到这点。
00:57
Some lizards can regrow their tails,
14
45903
2443
有些蜥蜴能重新长出尾巴，
01:00
the humble salamander
can completely regenerate their arm,
can completely regenerate their arm,
15
48370
3945
小小的蝾螈可以
完全再生它们的手臂，
完全再生它们的手臂，
甚至我们人类也可以在
01:04
and even us mere humans
can regrow our liver
can regrow our liver
16
52339
2889
失去超过一半的肝脏后，自行复原。
01:07
after losing more than half
of its original mass.
of its original mass.
17
55252
2571
01:10
To make this magic
a bit closer to reality,
a bit closer to reality,
18
58615
2635
为了让这个魔术般的技能更现实，
我正在研究我们的身体
如何通过免疫系统的指令
如何通过免疫系统的指令
01:13
I'm investigating how our body
can heal wounds and build tissue
can heal wounds and build tissue
19
61274
4095
01:17
through instructions
from the immune system.
from the immune system.
20
65393
2129
来治愈伤口和构建组织。
01:20
From a scrape on your knee
to that annoying sinus infection,
to that annoying sinus infection,
21
68387
3525
从膝盖的擦伤到恼人的鼻窦感染，
免疫系统保护我们的身体免遭危险。
01:23
our immune system defends
our body from danger.
our body from danger.
22
71936
2681
01:27
I'm an immunologist,
23
75199
1461
我是一名免疫学家，
01:28
and by using what I know
about our body's defense system,
about our body's defense system,
24
76684
3030
通过运用我对自身防御系统的了解，
我能够识别出身体在对抗伤口和瘀伤时，
01:31
I was able to identify key players
25
79738
2176
01:33
in our fight to build back
our cuts and bruises.
our cuts and bruises.
26
81938
2688
扮演着关键角色的成员。
01:37
When looking at materials
that are currently being tested
that are currently being tested
27
85436
2669
在观察测试中的
帮助肌肉再生能力的材料时，
01:40
for their abilities to help regrow muscle,
28
88129
2198
01:42
our team noticed that after treating
an injured muscle with these materials,
an injured muscle with these materials,
29
90351
4159
我们的团队注意到，
用这些材料处理受伤的肌肉后，
用这些材料处理受伤的肌肉后，
01:46
there was a large number of immune cells
30
94534
2323
在这些材料及其周围的肌肉中
01:48
in that material
and the surrounding muscle.
and the surrounding muscle.
31
96881
2557
出现了大量的免疫细胞。
01:52
So in this case,
32
100010
1158
所以在这种情况下，
免疫细胞并没有冲向感染处去对抗细菌，
01:53
instead of the immune cells rushing off
towards infection to fight bacteria,
towards infection to fight bacteria,
33
101192
4214
01:57
they're rushing toward an injury.
34
105430
2087
而是聚集在了伤口处。
01:59
I discovered a specific
type of immune cell,
type of immune cell,
35
107922
2833
我发现了一种特殊类型的免疫细胞，
02:02
the helper T cell,
36
110779
1294
辅助T细胞，
02:04
was present inside
that material that I implanted
that material that I implanted
37
112097
2729
存在于我植入的材料中，
02:06
and absolutely critical for wound healing.
38
114850
2397
并且对伤口愈合至关重要。
02:10
Now, just like when you were a kid
and you'd break your pencil
and you'd break your pencil
39
118325
3442
就跟你还是孩子时会弄断铅笔，
然后试着把它重新粘在一起一样。
02:13
and try and tape it back together again,
40
121791
2538
我们的伤口可以自行愈合，
02:16
we can heal,
41
124353
1154
但可能不是以最有效的方式进行，
02:17
but it might not be
in the most functional way,
in the most functional way,
42
125531
2245
02:19
and we'll get a scar.
43
127800
1373
于是就会留下疤痕。
02:21
So if we don't have these helper T cells,
44
129515
2984
如果我们没有这些辅助T细胞，
肌肉会在伤口里生成脂肪细胞，
02:24
instead of healthy muscle,
45
132523
1587
02:26
our muscle develops
fat cells inside of it,
fat cells inside of it,
46
134134
2611
而不是健康的肌肉。
02:28
and if there's fat in our muscle,
it isn't as strong.
it isn't as strong.
47
136769
2477
而如果我们的肌肉里有脂肪，
它就不那么强壮了。
它就不那么强壮了。
02:32
Now, using our immune system,
48
140033
2400
而利用免疫系统，
02:34
our body could grow back
without these scars
without these scars
49
142457
2497
我们的身体可以在不产生
疤痕的情况下恢复，
疤痕的情况下恢复，
02:36
and look like what it was
before we were even injured.
before we were even injured.
50
144978
2912
并且看起来就像未受伤时一样。
02:41
I'm working to create materials
51
149128
2560
我正在努力创造一种材料，
通过改变免疫反应
02:43
that give us the signals
to build new tissue
to build new tissue
52
151712
2279
来产生信号，让我们的身体
去再生新的组织。
去再生新的组织。
02:46
by changing the immune response.
53
154015
1840
02:48
We know that any time
a material is implanted in our body,
a material is implanted in our body,
54
156840
4215
我们知道，任何时候
一种物质被植入我们的身体，
一种物质被植入我们的身体，
02:53
the immune system will respond to it.
55
161079
2055
免疫系统就会对此做出反应。
这涵盖了从心脏起搏器到胰岛素泵，
02:55
This ranges from pacemakers
to insulin pumps
to insulin pumps
56
163158
4509
02:59
to the materials that engineers are using
to try and build new tissue.
to try and build new tissue.
57
167691
3666
再到工程师们用来尝试
构建新组织的材料。
构建新组织的材料。
03:03
So when I place that material,
or scaffold, in the body,
or scaffold, in the body,
58
171932
4065
所以当我把那种材料，
或者支架，放入体内时，
或者支架，放入体内时，
03:08
the immune system creates
a small environment of cells and proteins
a small environment of cells and proteins
59
176021
4405
免疫系统就会创造一个
由细胞和蛋白质组成的小环境，
由细胞和蛋白质组成的小环境，
它可以改变我们干细胞的行为方式。
03:12
that can change the way
that our stem cells behave.
that our stem cells behave.
60
180450
2872
03:15
Now, just like the weather
affects our daily activities,
affects our daily activities,
61
183817
3898
就像天气会影响我们的日常活动一样，
03:19
like going for a run
62
187739
1325
比如出去跑步还是呆在家里，
03:21
or staying inside and binge-watching
an entire TV show on Netflix,
an entire TV show on Netflix,
63
189088
4485
在Netflix（付费视频网站）上
看一整套电视节目，
看一整套电视节目，
03:25
the immune environment of a scaffold
64
193597
1968
支架的免疫环境
03:27
affects the way that
our stem cells grow and develop.
our stem cells grow and develop.
65
195589
2825
也会影响我们干细胞
生长发育的方式。
生长发育的方式。
03:30
If we have the wrong signals,
66
198883
2016
如果我们有错误的信号，
03:32
say the Netflix signals,
67
200923
1675
比如Netflix的信号，
03:34
we get fat cells instead of muscle.
68
202622
2864
我们就会得到脂肪细胞，而不是肌肉。
03:38
These scaffolds are made
of a variety of different things,
of a variety of different things,
69
206790
3127
这些支架由各种不同的材料制成，
从塑料到天然材料，
03:41
from plastics to naturally
derived materials,
derived materials,
70
209941
3365
03:45
nanofibers of varying thicknesses,
71
213330
2751
不同厚度的纳米纤维，
03:48
sponges that are more or less porous,
72
216105
2413
多孔或少孔的海绵结构，
03:50
gels of different stiffnesses.
73
218542
2119
不同硬度的凝胶。
03:52
And researchers
can even make the materials
can even make the materials
74
220685
2110
研究人员甚至可以让这些材料
03:54
release different signals over time.
75
222819
2039
随时间释放不同的信号。
03:57
So in other words, we can orchestrate
this Broadway show of cells
this Broadway show of cells
76
225473
5246
换句话说，我们可以通过给细胞们
04:02
by giving them the correct
stage, cues and props
stage, cues and props
77
230743
3858
正确的舞台，线索和道具来
编排细胞的百老汇表演，
编排细胞的百老汇表演，
04:06
that can be changed for different tissues,
78
234625
2221
这些道具可以为不同的组织做出改变，
就像制片人会为分别为
《悲惨世界》和《恐怖小店》
《悲惨世界》和《恐怖小店》
04:08
just like a producer would change the set
79
236870
2196
04:11
for "Les Mis" versus
"Little Shop of Horrors."
"Little Shop of Horrors."
80
239090
2923
设计不同的布景一样。
04:14
I'm combining specific types of signals
81
242398
2684
我会结合一些特定类型的信号，
04:17
that mimic how our body responds to injury
to help us regenerate.
to help us regenerate.
82
245106
4708
来模拟我们身体对损伤的反应
来帮助我们再生。
来帮助我们再生。
04:22
In the future, we could see
a scar-proof band-aid,
a scar-proof band-aid,
83
250283
3528
在未来，我们可以看到
一种防疤痕创可贴，
一种防疤痕创可贴，
04:25
a moldable muscle filler
or even a wound-healing vaccine.
or even a wound-healing vaccine.
84
253835
3978
一种可塑形的肌肉填充物，
甚至一种帮助伤口愈合疫苗。
甚至一种帮助伤口愈合疫苗。
04:29
Now, we aren't going to wake up tomorrow
and be able to heal like Wolverine.
and be able to heal like Wolverine.
85
257837
3577
现在，我们还无法做到明早醒来
便能像金刚狼那样痊愈。
便能像金刚狼那样痊愈。
04:33
Probably not next Tuesday, either.
86
261438
1866
估计再过一周也不会。
但随着这些进步，
04:35
But with these advances,
87
263328
1184
04:36
and working with our immune system
to help build tissue and heal wounds,
to help build tissue and heal wounds,
88
264536
4205
结合我们的免疫系统在
构建组织和愈合伤口上的帮助，
构建组织和愈合伤口上的帮助，
04:40
we could begin seeing
products on the market
products on the market
89
268765
2229
我们会开始看到市场上的一些产品，
04:43
that work with our body's defense system
to help us regenerate,
to help us regenerate,
90
271018
3866
可以与我们身体的
防御系统协作，帮助我们再生，
防御系统协作，帮助我们再生，
04:46
and maybe one day be able
to keep pace with a salamander.
to keep pace with a salamander.
91
274908
4055
也许有一天，我们能够跟上蝾螈的步伐。
04:51
Thank you.
92
279876
1151
谢谢你们。
（掌声）
04:53
(Applause)
93
281051
3639
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kaitlyn Sadtler - Regenerative tissue engineerKaitlyn Sadtler researches how our body can regenerate tissue through instructions from our immune system.
Why you should listen
Kaitlyn Sadtler is a postdoctoral fellow at MIT and received her Ph.D. from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, where she discovered a certain type of immune cell -- the T cell -- was critical for muscle regeneration. This work was published in Science Magazine and has led to more findings in how our immune system responds to materials used in tissue engineering.
Kaitlyn Sadtler | Speaker | TED.com