TED2018
Kaitlyn Sadtler: How we could teach our bodies to heal faster
Kaitlyn Sadtler: Kako bi lahko naučili svoje telo, da se hitreje zdravi
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Kaj če bi lahko pomagali svojemu telesu, da se celi hitreje in brez brazgotin, kot Wolverine v filmu Možje X? Članica TED-a, Kaitlyn Sadtler, se trudi uresničiti te sanje, ko razvija nove biomateriale, ki bi lahko spremenili, kako se naš imunski sistem odziva na poškodbe. V tem hitrem govoru pokaže različne načine, kako bi lahko ti produkti pomagali telesu pri regeneraciji.
Kaitlyn Sadtler - Regenerative tissue engineer
Kaitlyn Sadtler researches how our body can regenerate tissue through instructions from our immune system. Full bio
Kaitlyn Sadtler researches how our body can regenerate tissue through instructions from our immune system. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
What if you could take a pill or a vaccine
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Kaj če bi lahko vzeli tableto ali cepivo
00:16
and, just like getting over a cold,
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in bi lahko, kot prebolimo prehlad,
00:18
you could heal your wounds faster?
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svoje rane celili hitreje?
00:20
Today, if we have
an operation or an accident,
an operation or an accident,
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Če imamo dandanes operacijo ali nesrečo,
00:24
we're in the hospital for weeks,
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smo v bolnici cele tedne
potem pa nam ostane brazgotina
in boleči stranski učinki
in boleči stranski učinki
00:26
and often left with scars
and painful side effects
and painful side effects
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00:28
of our inability to regenerate
or regrow healthy, uninjured organs.
or regrow healthy, uninjured organs.
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naše nesposobnosti regeneracije
ali ponovne tvorbe zdravih organov.
ali ponovne tvorbe zdravih organov.
00:34
I work to create materials
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Ustvarjam materiale,
00:36
that instruct our immune system to give us
the signals to grow new tissues.
the signals to grow new tissues.
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ki naročijo našemu imunskemu sistemu,
da izda signale za rast novih tkiv.
da izda signale za rast novih tkiv.
00:41
Just like vaccines instruct
our body to fight disease,
our body to fight disease,
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Enako kot cepiva naročijo
telesu, naj se bori proti bolezni,
telesu, naj se bori proti bolezni,
00:44
we could instead instruct
our immune system
our immune system
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bi lahko naročili svojemu
imunskemu sistemu,
imunskemu sistemu,
00:47
to build tissues
and more quickly heal wounds.
and more quickly heal wounds.
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naj gradi tkiva in hitreje celi rane.
00:50
Now, regrowing body parts out of nowhere
might seem like magic,
might seem like magic,
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Ponovna tvorba telesnih delov
kar tako se morda zdi čarovnija,
kar tako se morda zdi čarovnija,
00:54
but there are several organisms
that can achieve this feat.
that can achieve this feat.
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a obstaja kar nekaj organizmov,
ki to lahko dosežejo.
ki to lahko dosežejo.
00:57
Some lizards can regrow their tails,
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Nekateri kuščarji si lahko
ponovno ustvarijo rep,
ponovno ustvarijo rep,
01:00
the humble salamander
can completely regenerate their arm,
can completely regenerate their arm,
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preprosti aksolotl si lahko
popolnoma regenerira roko
popolnoma regenerira roko
01:04
and even us mere humans
can regrow our liver
can regrow our liver
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in tudi mi, ljudje,
si lahko ponovno ustvarimo jetra,
si lahko ponovno ustvarimo jetra,
01:07
after losing more than half
of its original mass.
of its original mass.
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ko smo izgubili več kot pol
njihove osnovne mase.
njihove osnovne mase.
01:10
To make this magic
a bit closer to reality,
a bit closer to reality,
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Da bi to čarovnijo malce
približala realnosti,
približala realnosti,
01:13
I'm investigating how our body
can heal wounds and build tissue
can heal wounds and build tissue
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raziskujem, kako lahko naše telo
celi rane in tvori tkiva
celi rane in tvori tkiva
01:17
through instructions
from the immune system.
from the immune system.
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s pomočjo navodil našega
imunskega sistema.
imunskega sistema.
01:20
From a scrape on your knee
to that annoying sinus infection,
to that annoying sinus infection,
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Od odgrnine na kolenu
do tiste nadležne infekcije sinusov
do tiste nadležne infekcije sinusov
01:23
our immune system defends
our body from danger.
our body from danger.
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naš imunski sistem brani naše telo
pred nevarnostjo.
pred nevarnostjo.
01:27
I'm an immunologist,
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Sem imunologinja
01:28
and by using what I know
about our body's defense system,
about our body's defense system,
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in z uporabo vsega, kar vem
o obrambnem sistemu našega telesa,
o obrambnem sistemu našega telesa,
01:31
I was able to identify key players
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mi je uspelo identificirati
ključne igralce
ključne igralce
01:33
in our fight to build back
our cuts and bruises.
our cuts and bruises.
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v našem boju, da na novo
zapolnimo ureznine in modrice.
zapolnimo ureznine in modrice.
01:37
When looking at materials
that are currently being tested
that are currently being tested
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Ob pregledu materialov,
ki se jih trenutno testira
ki se jih trenutno testira
01:40
for their abilities to help regrow muscle,
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glede na njihove sposobnosti
za tvorbo mišic,
za tvorbo mišic,
01:42
our team noticed that after treating
an injured muscle with these materials,
an injured muscle with these materials,
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je naš tim opazil, da je po uporabi
teh materialov v poškodovani mišici
teh materialov v poškodovani mišici
01:46
there was a large number of immune cells
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bilo veliko število imunskih celic
01:48
in that material
and the surrounding muscle.
and the surrounding muscle.
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v tistem materialu in sosednjih mišicah.
01:52
So in this case,
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Torej so v tem primeru
01:53
instead of the immune cells rushing off
towards infection to fight bacteria,
towards infection to fight bacteria,
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imunske celice, namesto da bi se
šle k infekciji borit z bakterijami,
šle k infekciji borit z bakterijami,
01:57
they're rushing toward an injury.
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hitele proti poškodbi.
01:59
I discovered a specific
type of immune cell,
type of immune cell,
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Odkrila sem specifični tip imunske celice,
02:02
the helper T cell,
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T-celico pomagalko,
02:04
was present inside
that material that I implanted
that material that I implanted
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ki je bila prisotna znotraj materiala,
ki sem ga vsadila,
ki sem ga vsadila,
02:06
and absolutely critical for wound healing.
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in ki je bila absolutno
nujna za celjenje rane.
nujna za celjenje rane.
02:10
Now, just like when you were a kid
and you'd break your pencil
and you'd break your pencil
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Enako kot takrat, ko ste bili otrok
in ste zlomili svinčnik
in ste zlomili svinčnik
02:13
and try and tape it back together again,
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ter ga poskusili zlepiti skupaj,
02:16
we can heal,
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lahkotudi zdravimo,
02:17
but it might not be
in the most functional way,
in the most functional way,
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a morda ne na najbolj funkcionalni način
02:19
and we'll get a scar.
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in ostala nam bo brazgotina.
02:21
So if we don't have these helper T cells,
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Če torej nimamo teh T-celic pomagalk,
02:24
instead of healthy muscle,
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namesto zdrave mišice
02:26
our muscle develops
fat cells inside of it,
fat cells inside of it,
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naša mišica v sebi razvije maščobne celice
02:28
and if there's fat in our muscle,
it isn't as strong.
it isn't as strong.
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in če je v mišici maščoba,
ni tako močna.
ni tako močna.
02:32
Now, using our immune system,
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Z uporabo našega imunskega sistema
02:34
our body could grow back
without these scars
without these scars
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se lahko naše telo spet
zaraste brez brazgotin
zaraste brez brazgotin
02:36
and look like what it was
before we were even injured.
before we were even injured.
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in izgleda enako kot pred poškodbo.
02:41
I'm working to create materials
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Ustvarjam materiale,
02:43
that give us the signals
to build new tissue
to build new tissue
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ki nam dajejo signale,
da gradimo novo tkivo
da gradimo novo tkivo
02:46
by changing the immune response.
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s spreminjanjem imunskega odziva.
02:48
We know that any time
a material is implanted in our body,
a material is implanted in our body,
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Vemo, da kadar koli v telo
vgradimo kak material,
vgradimo kak material,
02:53
the immune system will respond to it.
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se bo imunski sistem nanj odzval,
02:55
This ranges from pacemakers
to insulin pumps
to insulin pumps
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pa naj gre za srčni spodbujevalnik,
inzulinske črpalke ali
inzulinske črpalke ali
02:59
to the materials that engineers are using
to try and build new tissue.
to try and build new tissue.
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materiale, s katerimi inženirji
poskušajo tvoriti novo tkivo.
poskušajo tvoriti novo tkivo.
03:03
So when I place that material,
or scaffold, in the body,
or scaffold, in the body,
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Ko torej vgradim ta material
ali gradbeni oder v telo,
ali gradbeni oder v telo,
03:08
the immune system creates
a small environment of cells and proteins
a small environment of cells and proteins
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imunski sistem ustvari majhno
okolje celic in proteinov,
okolje celic in proteinov,
03:12
that can change the way
that our stem cells behave.
that our stem cells behave.
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ki lahko spremeni način,
kako se matične celice obnašajo.
kako se matične celice obnašajo.
03:15
Now, just like the weather
affects our daily activities,
affects our daily activities,
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Prav tako kot vreme vpliva
na naše vsakodnevne aktvnosti,
na naše vsakodnevne aktvnosti,
03:19
like going for a run
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na primer da gremo teč
03:21
or staying inside and binge-watching
an entire TV show on Netflix,
an entire TV show on Netflix,
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ali ostanemo doma in verižno
gledamo celo nadaljevanjko na Netflixu,
gledamo celo nadaljevanjko na Netflixu,
03:25
the immune environment of a scaffold
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imunsko okolje ali gradbeni oder
03:27
affects the way that
our stem cells grow and develop.
our stem cells grow and develop.
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vpliva, kako naše matične
celice rastejo in se razvijajo.
celice rastejo in se razvijajo.
03:30
If we have the wrong signals,
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Če imamo napačne signale,
03:32
say the Netflix signals,
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recimo Netflixove signale,
03:34
we get fat cells instead of muscle.
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dobimo maščobne celice namesto mišice.
03:38
These scaffolds are made
of a variety of different things,
of a variety of different things,
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Ti gradbeni odri so narejeni
iz cele vrste različnih reči,
iz cele vrste različnih reči,
03:41
from plastics to naturally
derived materials,
derived materials,
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od plastike do naravno
pridobljenih materialov,
pridobljenih materialov,
03:45
nanofibers of varying thicknesses,
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nanovlaken različnih debelin,
03:48
sponges that are more or less porous,
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bolj ali manj porozne gobe in
03:50
gels of different stiffnesses.
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gelov različnih togosti.
03:52
And researchers
can even make the materials
can even make the materials
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Raziskovalci lahko celo
pripravijo materiale,
pripravijo materiale,
03:54
release different signals over time.
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da dlje časa sproščajo različne signale.
03:57
So in other words, we can orchestrate
this Broadway show of cells
this Broadway show of cells
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Z drugimi besedami, orkestriramo
lahko to broadwaysko predstavo celic,
lahko to broadwaysko predstavo celic,
04:02
by giving them the correct
stage, cues and props
stage, cues and props
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tako da jim damo ustrezni oder,
iztočnice in rekvizite,
iztočnice in rekvizite,
04:06
that can be changed for different tissues,
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ki se jih lahko spreminja
za različna tkiva,
za različna tkiva,
04:08
just like a producer would change the set
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tako kot bi producent
spreminjal prizorišče
spreminjal prizorišče
04:11
for "Les Mis" versus
"Little Shop of Horrors."
"Little Shop of Horrors."
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za Nesrečnike ali pa
Malo prodajalno grozot.
Malo prodajalno grozot.
04:14
I'm combining specific types of signals
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Kombiniram specifične tipe signalov,
04:17
that mimic how our body responds to injury
to help us regenerate.
to help us regenerate.
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ki oponašajo odziv našega telesa
na poškodbo, da se lahko regeneriramo.
na poškodbo, da se lahko regeneriramo.
04:22
In the future, we could see
a scar-proof band-aid,
a scar-proof band-aid,
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V prihodnosti bi lahko videli
obliž proti brazgotinam,
obliž proti brazgotinam,
04:25
a moldable muscle filler
or even a wound-healing vaccine.
or even a wound-healing vaccine.
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plastično mišično polnilo
ali celo cepivo, ki zdravi rane.
ali celo cepivo, ki zdravi rane.
04:29
Now, we aren't going to wake up tomorrow
and be able to heal like Wolverine.
and be able to heal like Wolverine.
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Ne bomo se že jutri zbudili z zmožnostjo,
da se pozdravimo kot Wolverine.
da se pozdravimo kot Wolverine.
04:33
Probably not next Tuesday, either.
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Najverjetneje tudi naslednji torek ne.
04:35
But with these advances,
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A s tem napredkom
04:36
and working with our immune system
to help build tissue and heal wounds,
to help build tissue and heal wounds,
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in z usmerjanjem našega imunskega
sistema, da gradi tkiva in celi rane,
sistema, da gradi tkiva in celi rane,
04:40
we could begin seeing
products on the market
products on the market
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bi se na trgu lahko začeli
pojavljati produkti,
pojavljati produkti,
04:43
that work with our body's defense system
to help us regenerate,
to help us regenerate,
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ki se nam skupaj z obrambnim sistemom
našega telesa pomagajo regenerirati,
našega telesa pomagajo regenerirati,
04:46
and maybe one day be able
to keep pace with a salamander.
to keep pace with a salamander.
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in mogoče bomo lahko nekega dne
držali tempo z aksolotlom.
držali tempo z aksolotlom.
04:51
Thank you.
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Hvala.
04:53
(Applause)
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(aplavz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kaitlyn Sadtler - Regenerative tissue engineerKaitlyn Sadtler researches how our body can regenerate tissue through instructions from our immune system.
Why you should listen
Kaitlyn Sadtler is a postdoctoral fellow at MIT and received her Ph.D. from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, where she discovered a certain type of immune cell -- the T cell -- was critical for muscle regeneration. This work was published in Science Magazine and has led to more findings in how our immune system responds to materials used in tissue engineering.
Kaitlyn Sadtler | Speaker | TED.com