TEDxDublin
Aris Venetikidis: Making sense of maps
阿里斯.维内提克迪斯：有意义的地图
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地图设计师阿里斯.维内提克迪斯为人们脑中构造地图的方式着迷不已——与其说像街道地图的方式，还不如说更像原理图的方式，运用线路和表示地理位置间关系的抽象意象。我们如何能从脑内地图的方式中学到东西，应用于制作真实地图呢？作为一个测试案例，他重新绘制了臭名昭著的都柏林巴士图。（在TEDx都柏林设置）
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
What I do is I organize information. I'm a graphic designer.
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我是一名平面设计师，我的工作是组织信息。
00:19
Professionally, I try to make sense
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从专业的角度来说，我尝试理解那些
00:21
often of things that don't make much sense themselves.
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本身没什么意义的事物。
00:25
So my father might not understand what it is
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因此我父亲可能并不理解我是依靠什么
00:27
that I do for a living.
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来谋生的。
00:29
His part of my ancestry has been farmers.
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我父辈的祖先都是农民。
00:31
He's part of this ethnic minority called the Pontic Greeks.
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他们这些少数民族被称作庞塔斯希腊人（居于土耳其北部）。
00:35
They lived in Asia Minor, and fled to Greece
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他们原本聚居在小亚细亚，后来逃难到希腊
00:39
after a genocide about a hundred years ago,
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来躲避一场大约发生在一百年前的种族灭绝（遭受奥斯曼帝国的屠杀 1914-1923），
00:41
and ever since that, migration has somewhat been
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并且从此以后，移民在某种程度上成为了
00:44
a theme in my family.
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我们家庭的一个主题。
00:46
My father moved to Germany, studied there, and married,
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我父亲移民到德国，在那儿接受教育，并且成家立室，
00:50
and as a result, I now have this half-German brain
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所以，我现在拥有一半的德国人头脑
00:55
with all the analytical thinking
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擅长分析与逻辑思考
00:57
and that slight dorky demeanor that comes with that.
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同时也伴随着有点古怪的行为方式。
01:00
And of course it meant that I was a foreigner in both countries,
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当然，这同样意味着，我在两个国家都是外国人
01:03
and that of course made it pretty easy for me
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对我来说搬来搬去很容易
01:06
to migrate as well, in good family tradition, if you like.
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这可是我们家的好传统
01:11
But of course, most journeys that we undertake
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不过当然，我们每天所进行的大部分旅行
01:13
from day to day are within a city, and especially
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都是在一个城市里的，特别是
01:17
if you know the city, getting from A to B
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如果你熟悉这座城市，从A地前往B地
01:20
may seem pretty obvious, right?
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可能是相当简单的，对吧？
01:23
But the question is, why is it obvious?
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可是问题在于，为什么它就这么理所当然呢？
01:27
How do we know where we're going?
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我们怎么知道我们正前往何处？
01:29
So I washed up on a Dublin ferry port
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大约12年前，作为一位完全的外国人
01:32
about 12 years ago, a professional foreigner, if you like,
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我曾经在都柏林渡轮码头从事洗碗碟的工作
01:35
and I'm sure you've all had this experience before, yeah?
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我相信你们曾经也有过这样的体会，是吧？
01:39
You arrive in a new city, and your brain is trying
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你到达了一个陌生的城市，你的大脑开始运作
01:43
to make sense of this new place.
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去理解记忆这个全新的地方。
01:45
Once you find your base, your home,
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一旦你找到落根的地方，你的家
01:48
you start to built this cognitive map of your environment.
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你便开始绘制一张你对所处环境的认知地图。
01:53
It's essentially this virtual map that only exists
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实质上，这个虚拟的地图仅仅存在于
01:55
in your brain. All animal species do it,
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你的脑袋里。所有的动物都会这样，
01:58
even though we all use slightly different tools.
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尽管我们的方式方法有一点点的不同。
02:01
Us humans, of course, we don't move around
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我们人类当然不会像犬类动物那样
02:04
marking our territory by scent, like dogs.
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走来走去，依靠气味来标记我们的领地。
02:07
We don't run around emitting ultrasonic squeaks, like bats.
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我们也不会像蝙蝠那样，四处乱窜，叽叽地叫，发送超声波。
02:13
We just don't do that,
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我们肯定不这么干。
02:14
although a night in the Temple Bar district can get pretty wild. (Laughter)
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虽然在特普吧区（都柏林一个城区）待上一晚可以使人变得相当狂野。
02:20
No, we do two important things to make a place our own.
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我们会做两件重要的事来把一个地方标注在我们的认知地图上。
02:23
First, we move along linear routes.
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首先，我们沿着线型路径移动。
02:26
Typically we find a main street, and this main street
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我们往往会找到一条主街，而这条主街
02:30
becomes a linear strip map in our minds.
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就成为我们意识里的线型条带状地图。
02:33
But our mind keeps it pretty simple, yeah?
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不过我们的大脑会将它绘制得相当简易，对吧？
02:35
Every street is generally perceived as a straight line,
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每一条街总体上都被看作是一条直线，
02:38
and we kind of ignore the little twists and turns that the streets make.
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我们会在一定程度上忽略那些街道间形成的弯弯绕绕的小路。
02:42
When we do, however, make a turn into a side street,
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然而，当我们要拐弯进入一条小巷时，
02:45
our mind tends to adjust that turn to a 90-degree angle.
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我们的意识倾向于将这种拐弯调整为90度的直角。
02:50
This of course makes for some funny moments
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这样做当然会引发一些有趣的事情，
02:52
when you're in some old city layout that follows some sort of
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当你身处一座古老的城市，而这座城市的布局是依据
02:57
circular city logic, yeah?
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环形城市理念来规划的。
03:00
Maybe you've had that experience as well, right?
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也许你也曾经有过相同的经历，不是吗？
03:02
Let's say you're on some spot on a side street that projects
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假设你处在一条小巷的某一点上，这条小巷
03:05
from a main cathedral square, and you want to get to
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是从天主堂广场延伸出来的，而你想去
03:09
another point on a side street just like that.
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另一个地方，它处于另一条从那广场延伸出来的小巷上。
03:12
The cognitive map in your mind may tell you, "Aris,
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你的意识中的认知地图可能会告诉你，“艾利斯，
03:18
go back to the main cathedral square, take
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回到那个天主堂广场，
03:20
a 90-degree turn, and walk down that other side street."
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来一个90度转弯，然后沿着另一条小巷走下去。”
03:23
But somehow you feel adventurous that day,
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但是那天你不知怎么就觉得挺冒险，
03:26
and you suddenly discover that the two spots
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然后你突然发现那两个地方
03:30
were actually only a single building apart.
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实际上只是一幢建筑物之隔。
03:33
Now, I don't know about you, but I always feel like I find
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现在，我不知道你们怎么想，但是我总是想我找到了
03:36
this wormhole or this inter-dimensional portal.
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这个虫洞或者说是互联维度的入口。
03:40
So we move along linear routes
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那就是我们是沿线性路线移动的，
03:43
and our mind straightens streets and perceives turns
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同时我们的意识会将街道视为直线的，转角视为
03:48
as 90-degree angles.
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90度的直角。
03:50
The second thing that we do to make a place our own
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为了将一个地方标注在我们的认知地图上，我们做的第二件事
03:53
is we attach meaning and emotions to the things
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是将意义与情绪赋予那些
03:57
that we see along those lines.
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我们沿路所看到的事物。
04:00
If you go to the Irish countryside, and you ask an old lady
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如果你去爱尔兰的乡村，向一位老婆婆问路
04:04
for directions, brace yourself for some elaborate
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你就要准备好接下来滔滔不绝的
04:08
Irish storytelling about all the landmarks. Yeah?
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爱尔兰式的关于她与沿路地标的故事。
04:12
She'll tell you the pub where her sister used to work,
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她将会跟你说那个她姐姐曾经工作过的酒吧，
04:15
and go past the church where I got married, that kind of thing.
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以及你经过的那个她举行婚礼的教堂这一类的故事。
04:19
So we fill our cognitive maps with these markers of meaning.
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所以我们使认知地图具备这些特定的意义。
04:23
What's more, we abstract,
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甚至于，我们会抽象化，
04:26
repeat patterns, and recognize them.
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重复那些图案，并识别它们
04:29
We recognize them by the experiences,
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我们依靠经历来识别它们，
04:32
and we abstract them into symbols.
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同时我们将它们抽象为符号。
04:35
And of course, we are all capable
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不过当然，我们都可以
04:38
of understanding these symbols. (Laughter)
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理解这些符号。
04:41
What's more, we're all capable of understanding
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而且，我们都能够理解
04:44
the cognitive maps, and you are all capable
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这些认知地图，同时你们自己也都能够
04:48
of creating these cognitive maps yourselves.
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构建这些认知地图。
04:51
So next time, when you want to tell your friend how to get to your place,
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所以下次，当你想告诉你朋友怎么到你家时
04:54
you grab a beermat, grab a napkin,
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你拿出一张啤酒杯垫子，一张纸巾，
04:57
and you just observe yourself create this awesome piece
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然后你就会发现自己画的东西成为了很棒的
05:02
of communication design. It's got straight lines.
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交流设计。它有着笔直的线条。
05:05
It's got 90 degree corners.
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它有着90度的拐角。
05:08
You might add little symbols along the way.
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你也许会在沿路添加些小符号。
05:10
And when you look at what you've just drawn,
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而当你看着你所画的东西时，
05:14
you realize it does not resemble a street map.
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你会发现它并不像一张街道地图。
05:19
If you were to put an actual street map
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如果你将要把一张真正的街道地图放在
05:21
on top of what you've just drawn, you'd realize your streets
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你刚刚画的那张的上面，你会发现你所画的街道
05:25
and the distances, they'd be way off.
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和距离，它们与实际都相差甚远。
05:28
No, what you've just drawn
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这不是错误，你刚所画的
05:30
is more like a diagram or a schematic.
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更像是图解或示意图。
05:34
It's a visual construct of lines, dots, letters,
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它是由线条、点和字母组成的虚拟建构，
05:39
designed in the language of our brains.
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是以我们头脑语言设计的
05:42
So it's no big surprise that the big information design icon
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所以，这就没什么让人大吃一惊的：上世纪的信息设计杰作，
05:47
of the last century, the pinnacle of showing everybody
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那个向人们展示如何从A地前往B地的顶峰设计——
05:52
how to get from A to B, the London Underground map,
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伦敦地铁线路地图（1931）
05:55
was not designed by a cartographer or a city planner.
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不是由地图绘制员或城市规划师设计的。
06:00
It was designed by an engineering draftsman.
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而是由一名工程制图员设计的。
06:04
In the 1930s, Harry Beck applied the principles of
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在20世纪30年代，哈里·贝克应用了
06:08
schematic diagram design, and changed
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原理图设计理念，
06:12
the way public transport maps are designed forever.
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从此改变了公共交通线路图的设计方式。
06:16
Now the very key to the success of this map
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现在看来，这个地图最重要的成功之处是
06:20
is in the omission of less important information
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它省略了那些次要的信息
06:24
and in the extreme simplification.
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形成极其精简的版本。
06:27
So straightened streets, corners of 90 and 45 degrees,
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也就是直线化的街道，90度和45度的转角
06:31
but also the extreme geographic distortion in that map.
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还有图上那些极致的地理变形
06:37
If you were to look at the actual locations of these stations,
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如果要去查查这些车站的实际位置
06:41
you'd see they're very different. Yeah?
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你们会发现与图上的有很大不同。对不对？
06:44
But this is all for the clarity of the public tube map.
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但这都是为了公交地铁图的明确性
06:48
Yeah? If you, say, wanted to get from Regent's Park Station
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比如说，如果你要从摄政公园站
06:51
to Great Portland Street, the tube map would tell you,
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到大波特兰街站，地铁图会告诉你
06:55
take the tube, go to Baker Street, change over, take another tube.
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上车，到贝克街，换乘另一条地铁线
07:00
Of course, what you don't know is that the two stations
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你不知道的是两站之间
07:03
are only about a hundred meters apart.
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仅仅距离一百来米
07:06
Now we've reached the subject of public transport,
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我们已经谈到了公共交通这个话题
07:09
and public transport here in Dublin
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都柏林这里的公共交通
07:12
is a somewhat touchy subject. (Laughter)
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可是一个敏感话题（笑声）
07:16
For everybody who does not know the public transport here in Dublin,
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对于不了解都柏林公共交通的人们来说，
07:20
essentially we have this system of local buses
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根本上我们拥有的是随着城市一同发展的
07:22
that grew with the city. For every outskirt that was added,
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公交系统。每增加一个郊区
07:26
there was another bus route added running
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就会多增加一条公交线路
07:29
from the outskirt all the way to the city center,
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连接这个郊区和市中心
07:33
and as these local buses approach the city center,
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当这些郊区公交车进入市中心
07:37
they all run side by side, and converge in pretty much
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他们一辆挨着一辆，拥挤地行驶在
07:40
one main street.
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主街上
07:43
So when I stepped off the boat 12 years ago,
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当我12年前从下船的时候
07:46
I tried to make sense of that,
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我尝试着了解这些东西
07:50
because exploring a city on foot only gets you so far.
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因为徒步探索一座城市走不了多远
07:55
But when you explore a foreign and new public transport system,
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但当你探索异国的新公交系统
08:00
you will build a cognitive map in your mind
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你会在脑中形成一幅认知地图
08:03
in pretty much the same way.
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方式都差不多
08:06
Typically, you choose yourself a rapid transport route,
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典型的方式是：你为自己选择一条快速的线路
08:11
and in your mind this route is perceived as a straight line,
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它在你脑中就会自动转化成一条直线
08:15
and like a pearl necklace, all the stations and stops
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就像一条珍珠项链，所有的车站
08:18
are nicely and neatly aligned along the line,
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都在同一条线上整齐排列
08:23
and only then you start to discover some local bus routes
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然后你才开始去找那些区间车
08:28
that would fill in the gaps and that allow you for those
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填补车站之间的空白
08:32
wormhole, inter-dimensional portal shortcuts.
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于是你找到了那个虫洞，那个互联维度的入口。
08:36
So I tried to make sense, and when I arrived,
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我想掌握这一切，所以当我到达目的地时
08:40
I was looking for some information leaflets that would
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就会找一些传单
08:43
help me crack this system and understand it,
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让我能分解这个系统并理解它
08:47
and I found those brochures. (Laughter)
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我找到了这些小册子（笑声）
08:52
They were not geographically distorted.
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它们没有进行地理上的扭曲
08:56
They were having a lot of omission of information,
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省略了很多信息
09:00
but unfortunately the wrong information, say, in the city center.
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但不幸的是，错误地省略了一些信息。比如在市中心，
09:04
There were never actually any lines that showed the routes.
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没有什么表示路线的线条
09:09
There are actually not even any stations with names.
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甚至没有标明站点的名字
09:15
Now the maps of Dublin transport, have gotten better,
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都柏林现在的交通图进步多了
09:19
and after I finished the project, they got a good bit better,
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在我完成我的项目之后，它们改善了一些
09:26
but still no station names, still no routes.
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但还是没有站名、没有路线
09:29
So, being naive, and being half-German, I decided,
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所以，作为半个天真的德国人，我决定
09:35
"Aris, why don't you build your own map?"
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“阿里斯，你为什么不自己弄张地图？”
09:37
So that's what I did. I researched how each
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于是，我调查了
09:40
and every bus route moved through the city,
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城市里每一条巴士线路是怎样的
09:43
nice and logical, every bus route a separate line,
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把每一条巴士线路分别画出来，工整又符合逻辑
09:47
and I plotted it into my own map of Dublin,
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我把它结合到我自己的都柏林地图上
09:51
and in the city center,
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在市中心
09:53
I got a nice spaghetti plate. (Laughter)
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我画了个漂亮的意面盘子（笑声）
09:57
Now this is a bit of a mess, so I decided, of course,
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这看上去有点乱了，所以我决定
10:03
you're going to apply the rules of schematic design,
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应用原理图设计的原则
10:07
cleaning up the corridors, widening the streets
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去掉杂物，加宽街道
10:10
where there were loads of buses, and making the streets
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画上一排排的巴士线路
10:13
at straight, 90-degree corners, 45-degree corners, or fractions of that,
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把街道线拉直，转角画成90度、45度，或成比例的角度
10:18
and filled it in with the bus routes. And I built this city center
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画上巴士路线。这是我
10:23
bus map of the system, how it was five years ago.
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画出来的五年前的公交线路图
10:27
I'll zoom in again so that you get the full impact of
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我放大这里，这样你们就能充分看出
10:29
the quays and Westmoreland Street. (Laughter)
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码头和威斯特摩兰街的完整效果（笑声）
10:34
Now I can proudly say — (Applause) —
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现在我可以自豪地说（鼓掌）
10:42
I can proudly say, as a public transport map,
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我可以自豪地说，作为一张公交图
10:46
this diagram is an utter failure — (Laughter) —
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这张图是个彻头彻尾的失败（笑声）
10:52
except probably in one aspect:
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只除了一点好处
10:54
I now had a great visual representation
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我现在有了一个强有力的视觉展示
10:57
of just how clogged up and overrun the city center really was.
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来显示市中心是多么的拥挤、超负荷
11:02
Now call me old-fashioned, right, but I think
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你可以说我这样太老土，但我认为
11:05
a public transport route map should have lines,
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公交线路图必须要有线条
11:08
because that's what they are. Yeah?
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因为它们就是线。对不对？
11:10
They're little pieces of string that wrap their way
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它们各自进行线性运动
11:13
through the city center, or through the city.
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穿过市中心，或穿过整个城市
11:16
If you will, the Greek guy inside of me feels, if I don't
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我体内的那半个希腊人觉得，如果没有线条，
11:20
get a line, it's like entering the Labyrinth of the Minotaur
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我就会像（希腊神话里的）阿里阿德涅公主
11:25
without having Ariadne giving you the string to find your way.
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进入牛头怪的迷宫，却没有带线团。
11:28
So the outcome of my academic research,
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所以我的学术研究、
11:32
loads of questionnaires, case studies,
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成堆的问卷、案例研究、
11:35
and looking at a lot of maps, was that a lot of the problems
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还有地图查看的结果，就是
11:40
and shortcomings of the public transport system here in Dublin
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都柏林公交系统的问题和不足在于
11:43
was the lack of a coherent public transport map --
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缺少一张条理清楚的公交图
11:46
a simplified, coherent public transport map --
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一张简化的、条理清晰的地图
11:48
because I think this is the crucial step to understanding
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我认为这是非常重要的一步
11:52
a public transport network on a physical level,
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来从物理层面理解公共交通网络
11:55
but it's also the crucial step to make
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也是至关重要的一步
11:58
a public transport network mappable on a visual level.
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来让公交网络可以用视觉地图来展示
12:02
So I teamed up with a gentleman called James Leahy,
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我与一位叫做詹姆士.李的绅士合作
12:05
a civil engineer and a recent Master's graduate of
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他是一名土木工程师，也是都柏林理工学院
12:09
the Sustainable Development Program at DIT,
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可持续发展硕士项目最近的毕业生
12:12
and together we drafted this simplified model network
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我们共同起草了这个简化的网络模型
12:16
which I could then go ahead and visualize.
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我可以进一步去做视觉化的工作
12:20
So here's what we did.
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这是成果
12:22
We distributed these rapid transport corridors
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我们分派了这些快速公交换乘点
12:27
throughout the city center, and extended them into the outskirts.
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覆盖了整个市中心区域，并延伸到郊区
12:31
Rapid, because we wanted them to be served
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叫它们“快速”，因为我们希望它们
12:34
by rapid transport vehicles, yeah?
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能够使用快速的交通工具，对吧？
12:37
They would get exclusive road use, where possible,
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如有可能，它们可以享有优先行驶权，
12:40
and it would be high-quantity, high-quality transport.
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这样它将会成为高数量、高质量的交通方式。
12:44
James wanted to use bus rapid transport for that,
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詹姆士希望使用快速公交
12:47
rather than light rail. For me, it was important
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而非轻轨。而我认为重要的是
12:50
that the vehicles that would run on those rapid transport corridors
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通过这些快速交通换乘站的交通工具
12:54
would be visibly distinguishable from local buses on the street.
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与街道上行驶的一般公交车要有显著区别
13:00
Now we could take out all the local buses
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我们去掉所有的区间车
13:03
that ran alongside those rapid transport means.
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以免与同一路线上的快速公交方式混淆
13:06
Any gaps that appeared in the outskirts were filled again.
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郊区出现的空档再次被填满
13:10
So, in other words, if there was a street in an outskirt
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换句话说，如果郊区有一条路
13:13
where there had been a bus, we put a bus back in,
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从前有巴士经过，就把这条线路放回去
13:16
only now these buses wouldn't run all the way to the city center
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只是这些巴士线路不再画到市中心去了
13:21
but connect to the nearest rapid transport mode,
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只是连接到最近的快速换乘点
13:24
one of these thick lines over there.
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就像这里的一条粗线
13:26
So the rest was merely a couple of months of work,
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剩下的活儿只需要在干几个月
13:29
and a couple of fights with my girlfriend of our place
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我跟女朋友还为住处的布置吵过几架
13:32
constantly being clogged up with maps,
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因为到处都堆满了地图
13:36
and the outcome, one of the outcomes, was this map
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这份地图是其中的一个成果
13:38
of the Greater Dublin Area. I'll zoom in a little bit.
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大都柏林区域的地图。我放大一点
13:43
This map only shows the rapid transport connections,
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这张图只显示快速线路
13:47
no local bus, very much in the Metro map style
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没有区间车，采用了与地铁图相近的风格
13:50
that was so successful in London, and that since
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伦敦那种非常成功的地铁图的风格
13:54
has been exported to so many other major cities,
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被其他许多大城市借鉴采用
13:58
and therefore is the language that we should use
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所以这应该是我们
14:00
for public transport maps.
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绘制公交地图使用的语言
14:03
What's also important is, with a simplified network like this,
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还有一点很重要，像这样一个简化的网络
14:08
it now would become possible for me
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让我有可能去
14:11
to tackle the ultimate challenge,
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挑战那个终极的困难
14:14
and make a public transport map for the city center,
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为市中心绘制公交图
14:18
one where it wouldn't just show rapid transport connections
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它不只是快速交通网络
14:21
but also all the local bus routes, streets and the likes,
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同样也包括区间车和街道
14:24
and this is what a map like this could like.
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这就是样品
14:27
I'll zoom in a little bit.
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我放大一些
14:30
In this map, I'm including each transport mode,
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这张地图囊括了每一种交通模式
14:36
so rapid transport, bus, DART, tram and the likes.
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快速交通、公交车、DART、有轨电车、等等
14:42
Each individual route is represented by a separate line.
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每一条线路都用一条单独的线来表示
14:48
The map shows each and every station,
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地图显示出每一个站点
14:53
each and every station name,
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每一个站点名
14:56
and I'm also displaying side streets,
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我也标示了次要街道
15:00
in fact, most of the side streets even with their name,
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事实上我甚至标注了大部分街道的名称，
15:04
and for good measure, also a couple of landmarks,
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并且为了增加准确度，我也标注了一些地标，
15:09
some of them signified by little symbols,
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有一些被小的符号标记，
15:12
others by these isometric three-dimensional
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另外的标上等大的三维
15:15
bird's-eye-view drawings.
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鸟瞰图
15:16
The map is relatively small in overall size,
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整张地图的大小可以略小一些
15:19
so something that you could still hold as a fold-out map,
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这样你就能像一般的折叠地图一样随身携带
15:23
or display in a reasonably-sized display box on a bus shelter.
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或者在巴士站以合适的尺寸展示
15:26
I think it tries to be the best balance
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我认为它很好地达到了
15:31
between actual representation
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真实与简化之间的平衡
15:34
and simplification, the language of way-finding in our brain.
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那是我们脑中找路方法的语言
15:39
So straightened lines, cleaned-up corners,
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直线，转角
15:43
and, of course, that very, very important
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还有最最重要的
15:45
geographic distortion that makes public transport maps possible.
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让公交图成为可能的地理变形
15:50
If you, for example, have a look at the two main
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比如说，当你看这两个贯穿城市的
15:52
corridors that run through the city,
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主要线路
15:54
the yellow and orange one over here, this is how
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黄色的和橙色的
15:57
they look in an actual, accurate street map,
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这是他们真实的位置
16:00
and this is how they would look in my distorted,
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这是经过我的变形后
16:04
simplified public transport map.
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简化了的公交图
16:07
So for a successful public transport map,
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要想做出一张成功的公交图
16:10
we should not stick to accurate representation,
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我们不应拘泥于标注绝对真实
16:12
but design them in the way our brains work.
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而要顺应大脑的原理来设计
16:15
The reactions I got were tremendous. It was really good to see.
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我得到的回应是巨大的，这太好了
16:18
And of course, for my own self, I was very happy to see
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当然了，对于我自己来说，我非常高兴能看到
16:22
that my folks in Germany and Greece finally have an idea
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我在德国和希腊的家人
16:25
what I do for a living. (Laughter) Thank you. (Applause)
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终于知道我是干什么的了。（笑声）谢谢你们。（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Aris Venetikidis - MapmakerAris Venetikidis imagines how maps work with our minds.
Why you should listen
Aris Venetikidis is a graphic designer with a passion for map design and public transport network visualisation. His project “Designing an integrated map for a visionary public transport network in Dublin” earned him the IDI Graduate Masters Award and IDI Graduate Grand Prix in 2010, as well as press coverage in major Irish and Greek newspapers. Aris studied at the National College of Art and Design ind Dublin and has been working as a designer in agencies or as an independent designer and photographer since.
Aris Venetikidis | Speaker | TED.com