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Lisa Nip: How humans could evolve to survive in space
丽萨·尼普: 人类会怎样进化去适应太空的环境
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如果我们希望有一天离开地球去探索宇宙，我们的身体需要变得更强大去在严酷的太空环境中生存。运用合成生物科技，丽萨·尼普希望在地球现存的微生物中获取特殊的能量－比如适应宇宙辐射－来让人类更好地探索宇宙。丽萨说：“我们已经来到了可以利用科技改变我们的基因去改变我们的命运的时代，用新的科技手段去编辑人们的身体已经不是应该问‘如何’，而是应该问‘何时’。”
Lisa Nip - Synthetic biologist
Lisa Nip's work focuses on how we can use synthetic biology to allow humanity to explore space Full bio
Lisa Nip's work focuses on how we can use synthetic biology to allow humanity to explore space Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
So there are lands
few and far between on Earth itself
few and far between on Earth itself
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其实，就连在地球本身，
00:17
that are hospitable to humans
by any measure,
by any measure,
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也存在着一些不适宜人类居住的环境，
00:21
but survive we have.
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但是我们生存了下来。
00:23
Our primitive ancestors, when they found
their homes and livelihood endangered,
their homes and livelihood endangered,
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当我们的祖先发现他们的居住环境
越来越恶劣的时候
越来越恶劣的时候
00:28
they dared to make their way
into unfamiliar territories
into unfamiliar territories
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他们鼓起勇气来到他们不熟悉的陌生环境
00:31
in search of better opportunities.
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去寻找更宜居的地方。
00:33
And as the descendants of these explorers,
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作为他们的后代，
00:36
we have their nomadic blood
coursing through our own veins.
coursing through our own veins.
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我们血液中流淌着他们无畏的血统。
00:40
But at the same time,
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可是与此同时，
00:41
distracted by our bread and circuses
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我们为食物和享乐而分心
00:43
and embroiled in the wars
that we have waged on each other,
that we have waged on each other,
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我们被卷入战争，手足相残，
00:47
it seems that we have forgotten
this desire to explore.
this desire to explore.
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我们好像忘记了我们热衷探索的本性
00:52
We, as a species, we're evolved uniquely
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作为人类，我们进化的方式非常特殊
00:56
for Earth, on Earth, and by Earth,
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为了地球上，在地球上，被地球进化着
01:01
and so content are we
with our living conditions
with our living conditions
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我们对自己的居住环境非常满意
01:04
that we have grown complacent
and just too busy
and just too busy
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以至于有些自负，
我们忙碌于俗世，
01:08
to notice that its resources are finite,
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以至于忘记了我们的资源是有限的、
01:10
and that our Sun's life is also finite.
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太阳的寿命也是有限的。
01:14
While Mars and all the movies
made in its name
made in its name
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火星本身和所有关于它的电影
01:17
have reinvigorated
the ethos for space travel,
the ethos for space travel,
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重新勾起了人类对于星际旅行的畅想，
01:20
few of us seem to truly realize
that our species' fragile constitution
that our species' fragile constitution
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我们当中的一些人好像已经意识到
很不幸的，我们脆弱的体质
很不幸的，我们脆弱的体质
01:25
is woefully unprepared
for long duration journeys into space.
for long duration journeys into space.
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无法支撑我们做长时间的星际旅行。
01:30
Let us take a trek
to your local national forest
to your local national forest
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让我们到附近的国家森林公园中走一走，
01:32
for a quick reality check.
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来看一下真实的情况。
01:34
So just a quick show of hands here:
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那么我先来问几个问题：
01:36
how many of you think you would be able
to survive in this lush wilderness
to survive in this lush wilderness
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多少人认为自己可以在这样的
完全野生的环境下
完全野生的环境下
01:39
for a few days?
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生存好几天？
01:42
Well, that's a lot of you.
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哇，很多人这么有自信呢
01:43
How about a few weeks?
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那几周呢？
01:46
That's a decent amount.
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不少人嘛。
01:47
How about a few months?
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那几个月呢？
01:49
That's pretty good too.
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还有很多人嘛
01:51
Now, let us imagine
that this local national forest
that this local national forest
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那么，现在让我们再来想象一下，
我们在这个国家森林公园里
我们在这个国家森林公园里
01:53
experiences an eternal winter.
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经历着漫长的冬季
01:57
Same questions: how many of you think you
would be able to survive for a few days?
would be able to survive for a few days?
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同样的问题：多少人认为你可以在
这样的环境下生存很多天？
这样的环境下生存很多天？
02:02
That's quite a lot.
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还是有不少人嘛
02:03
How about a few weeks?
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那么几周呢？
02:06
So for a fun twist, let us imagine
that the only source of water available
that the only source of water available
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我们做一个有趣的改变，
想象在这个环境中你只能从
想象在这个环境中你只能从
02:11
is trapped as frozen blocks
miles below the surface.
miles below the surface.
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几英里下的地下冰层中获得水资源。
02:15
Soil nutrients are so minimal
that no vegetation can be found,
that no vegetation can be found,
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土壤里几乎没有营养物质，
自然也就找不到什么果蔬
自然也就找不到什么果蔬
02:19
and of course hardly any atmosphere
exists to speak of.
exists to speak of.
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当然大气层也就近乎不存在。
02:25
Such examples are only a few
of the many challenges we would face
of the many challenges we would face
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这些仅仅是我们来到像火星
这样的星球上后
这样的星球上后
02:29
on a planet like Mars.
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所要面临的挑战中的几个
02:32
So how do we steel ourselves for voyages
whose destinations are so far removed
whose destinations are so far removed
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那么我们应当做什么去坚定
自己的信心去到一个
自己的信心去到一个
02:37
from a tropical vacation?
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比起热带小岛差如此多的目的地呢
02:39
Will we continuously ship supplies
from Planet Earth?
from Planet Earth?
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难道我们依旧要从地球运输资源吗？
02:42
Build space elevators,
or impossible miles of transport belts
or impossible miles of transport belts
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建太空电梯，
或者不可能的连接着地球和
未来根据地的超长运输带？
未来根据地的超长运输带？
02:46
that tether your planet of choice
to our home planet?
to our home planet?
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02:50
And how do we grow things like food
that grew up on Earth like us?
that grew up on Earth like us?
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我们怎样能像在地球一样，
在那里种出我们的食物？
在那里种出我们的食物？
02:57
But I'm getting ahead of myself.
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其实我有些超前
02:59
In our species' journey
to find a new home under a new sun,
to find a new home under a new sun,
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在我们寻找新太阳系下的新家的旅程中，
03:03
we are more likely than not
going to be spending much time
going to be spending much time
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我们很有可能会在这个旅程
03:07
in the journey itself,
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花费很长的时间，
03:09
in space,
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在太空中，
03:11
on a ship, a hermetic flying can,
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在向密封的飞行罐头一样的飞船里，
03:15
possibly for many generations.
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很有可能要度过几十年，几代更迭。
03:17
The longest continuous amount of time
that any human has spent in space
that any human has spent in space
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人类在太空中度过的最长的时间
03:20
is in the vicinity of 12 to 14 months.
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是差不多12到14个月。
03:24
From astronauts' experiences in space,
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从宇航员们对于太空飞行的回忆里，
03:26
we know that spending time
in a microgravity environment
in a microgravity environment
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我们了解到，长时间呆在微重力的环境中
03:30
means bone loss, muscle atrophy,
cardiovascular problems,
cardiovascular problems,
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会使人丧失骨密度，肌肉萎缩，引发心血管的问题，
03:35
among many other complications
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还有很多其他的问题，
03:36
that range for the physiological
to the psychological.
to the psychological.
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这些问题有生理的，也有心理的。
03:41
And what about macrogravity,
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如果我们找到的新家有着
03:42
or any other variation
in gravitational pull
in gravitational pull
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超重力和重力不均的情况，
03:45
of the planet that we find ourselves on?
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我们的情况又会怎样呢？
03:48
In short, our cosmic voyages
will be fraught with dangers
will be fraught with dangers
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简而言之，我们的星际旅行
将会面临各种危险，
将会面临各种危险，
03:52
both known and unknown.
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包括已知的和未知的。
03:54
So far we've been looking to this
new piece of mechanical technology
new piece of mechanical technology
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目前我们已经将问题
转向新的工程学发明，
转向新的工程学发明，
03:59
or that great next generation robot
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或者是下一代新型机器人
04:01
as part of a lineup to ensure
our species safe passage in space.
our species safe passage in space.
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用这些来确保我们人类
可以平安的度过这段旅程
可以平安的度过这段旅程
04:05
Wonderful as they are,
I believe the time has come
I believe the time has come
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尽管这些想法非常棒，
我还是相信
我还是相信
04:08
for us to complement
these bulky electronic giants
these bulky electronic giants
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我们可以用大自然已经创造出来的，
04:12
with what nature has already invented:
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去补足那些笨重的机器，
04:16
the microbe,
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微生物
04:17
a single-celled organism that is itself
a self-generating, self-replenishing,
a self-generating, self-replenishing,
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一个单细胞的，自生自养的
04:22
living machine.
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活着的机器
04:24
It requires fairly little to maintain,
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不需要提供给它们什么，
04:27
offers much flexibility in design
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又有大范围的想象空间去设计它们，
04:29
and only asks to be carried
in a single plastic tube.
in a single plastic tube.
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并且我们只需要一个简单的塑料盒去运输它们。
04:33
The field of study that has enabled us
to utilize the capabilities of the microbe
to utilize the capabilities of the microbe
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更多关于这方面的知识让我们可以
更好的了解微生物，更好地利用它们，
更好的了解微生物，更好地利用它们，
04:37
is known as synthetic biology.
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这个领域叫做合成生物学。
04:39
It comes from molecular biology,
which has given us antibiotics, vaccines
which has given us antibiotics, vaccines
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这个领域是微生物学的分支
微生物学就是那个带给我们抗生素，疫苗
微生物学就是那个带给我们抗生素，疫苗
04:43
and better ways to observe
the physiological nuances
the physiological nuances
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并给我们更好的途径
去研究人体细微差别的领域。
04:46
of the human body.
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04:48
Using the tools of synthetic biology,
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应用合成生物学的方法，
04:50
we can now edit the genes
of nearly any organism,
of nearly any organism,
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我们几乎可以编辑所有生物的基因
04:53
microscopic or not,
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微生物或非微生物，
04:55
with incredible speed and fidelity.
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非常快速并精准。
04:58
Given the limitations
of our man-made machines,
of our man-made machines,
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相比较人造机器带来的局限性，
05:01
synthetic biology will be a means for us
to engineer not only our food,
to engineer not only our food,
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合成生物学不仅仅带给我们设计
05:05
our fuel and our environment,
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食物，燃料和环境的方法，
05:08
but also ourselves
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也包括设计我们自身，
05:10
to compensate
for our physical inadequacies
for our physical inadequacies
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让我们完善个体的不足，
05:13
and to ensure our survival in space.
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并确保我们能在太空中生存。
05:17
To give you an example
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让我举一个
05:18
of how we can use synthetic biology
for space exploration,
for space exploration,
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关于我们如何应用合成生物技术到
探索宇宙的例子
探索宇宙的例子
05:21
let us return to the Mars environment.
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让我们重新回到火星的环境中，
05:24
The Martian soil composition is similar
to that of Hawaiian volcanic ash,
to that of Hawaiian volcanic ash,
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火星的土壤和夏威夷火山灰的组成类似
05:28
with trace amounts of organic material.
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它们都有微量的有机物组成。
05:31
Let's say, hypothetically,
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所以，不如我们假设一下，
05:33
what if martian soil
could actually support plant growth
could actually support plant growth
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如果火星的土壤不需要应用
地球衍生的营养物质
地球衍生的营养物质
05:36
without using Earth-derived nutrients?
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就可以支持植物生长会怎样呢？
05:39
The first question
we should probably ask is,
we should probably ask is,
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我们应该问的第一个问题是，
05:41
how would we make
our plants cold-tolerant?
our plants cold-tolerant?
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我们怎么能让我们的植物忍受寒冷？
05:43
Because, on average,
the temperature on Mars
the temperature on Mars
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原因是，火星上的平均温度
05:46
is a very uninviting
negative 60 degrees centigrade.
negative 60 degrees centigrade.
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是非常难以忍受的零下60摄氏度。
05:50
The next question we should ask is,
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下一个问题是，
05:51
how do we make
our plants drought-tolerant?
our plants drought-tolerant?
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我们怎么能让我们的植物忍受干旱？
05:54
Considering that most of the water
that forms as frost
that forms as frost
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因为大多数的水都以霜的形式存在
05:57
evaporates more quickly
than I can say the word "evaporate."
than I can say the word "evaporate."
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蒸发的速度甚至快过于
我说出“蒸发”这个词。
我说出“蒸发”这个词。
06:01
Well, it turns out
we've already done things like this.
we've already done things like this.
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其实，我们已经做到以上的这些要求了
06:04
By borrowing genes
for anti-freeze protein from fish
for anti-freeze protein from fish
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向鱼借用了他们抗冻的基因，
06:07
and genes for drought tolerance
from other plants like rice
from other plants like rice
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向水稻借用了他们抗旱的基因，
06:11
and then stitching them
into the plants that need them,
into the plants that need them,
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并把这些基因片段编辑到
我们需要的植物上
我们需要的植物上
06:13
we now have plants that can tolerate
most droughts and freezes.
most droughts and freezes.
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我们现在拥有了抗旱抗冻的的植物，
06:17
They're known on Earth as GMOs,
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在地球上它们被称为GMO
06:20
or genetically modified organisms,
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或转基因生物，
06:22
and we rely on them to feed
all the mouths of human civilization.
all the mouths of human civilization.
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我们已经用它们来补给人类的需求。
06:28
Nature does stuff like this already,
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大自然已经在没有我们的帮助下，
06:31
without our help.
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做出了这样的作品，
06:33
We have simply found
more precise ways to do it.
more precise ways to do it.
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我们仅仅是找到了更好的方法去使用它们
06:37
So why would we want to change
the genetic makeup of plants for space?
the genetic makeup of plants for space?
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那么为什么我们要为了探索宇宙
去改变植物的基因组成呢？
去改变植物的基因组成呢？
06:42
Well, to not do so
would mean needing to engineer
would mean needing to engineer
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是这样的，如果我们不这样做的话，
我们就需要
我们就需要
06:45
endless acres of land
on an entirely new planet
on an entirely new planet
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在一个新星球上建出几英亩的农田
06:49
by releasing trillions of gallons
of atmospheric gasses
of atmospheric gasses
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这需要上亿加仑的大气层气体，
06:52
and then constructing
a giant glass dome to contain it all.
a giant glass dome to contain it all.
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不光如此，我们还需要一个巨大的玻璃圆顶
去覆盖这片农田。
去覆盖这片农田。
06:56
It's an unrealistic engineering enterprise
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这是一个不现实的工程计划
06:58
that quickly becomes
a high-cost cargo transport mission.
a high-cost cargo transport mission.
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也很容易演变成高代价的运输任务。
07:03
One of the best ways to ensure
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确保我们拥有足够的
07:04
that we will have the food supplies
and the air that we need
and the air that we need
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食物和空气供给的最佳方案之一
07:07
is to bring with us organisms
that have been engineered
that have been engineered
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就是带着转基因生物和我们一起
07:10
to adapt to new and harsh environments.
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去适应崭新并艰苦的环境
07:14
In essence, using engineered organisms
to help us terraform a planet
to help us terraform a planet
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实质上，在短期和长期中，
转基因生物都可以帮助我们
转基因生物都可以帮助我们
07:18
both in the short and long term.
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去使一个星球地球化
07:22
These organisms can then also
be engineered to make medicine or fuel.
be engineered to make medicine or fuel.
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转基因植物同样可以帮助我们
制造药品和燃料
制造药品和燃料
07:27
So we can use synthetic biology
to bring highly engineered plants with us,
to bring highly engineered plants with us,
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所以我们可以带着高度转基因化的植物
和我们一起
和我们一起
07:31
but what else can we do?
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但是我们还能做什么呢？
07:33
Well, I mentioned earlier
that we, as a species,
that we, as a species,
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我已经在之前的演讲中提到了，
人类，作为一个族群，
人类，作为一个族群，
07:36
were evolved uniquely for planet Earth.
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在地球上一种奇特的方式进化着。
07:39
That fact has not changed much
in the last five minutes
in the last five minutes
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这个并没有在你们坐在这里
07:42
that you were sitting here
and I was standing there.
and I was standing there.
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的五分钟内有什么变化吧
07:45
And so, if we were to dump
any of us on Mars right this minute,
any of us on Mars right this minute,
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既然如此，如果要让我们在此时
甩掉我们其中的几个，把他们留在火星上，
甩掉我们其中的几个，把他们留在火星上，
07:49
even given ample food, water, air
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给他们充足的食物，水和空气
07:52
and a suit,
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还用一身宇航服
07:53
we are likely to experience
very unpleasant health problems
very unpleasant health problems
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我们还是会因为地表辐射出的离子射线
07:57
from the amount of ionizing radiation
that bombards the surface
that bombards the surface
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面临很不舒服的健康问题
08:00
of planets like Mars that have little
or nonexistent atmosphere.
or nonexistent atmosphere.
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因为像火星这样的星球几近没有大气层
08:05
Unless we plan
to stay holed up underground
to stay holed up underground
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除非我们计划在来到每个新星球时
08:07
for the duration of our stay
on every new planet,
on every new planet,
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躲在地下
08:10
we must find better ways
of protecting ourselves
of protecting ourselves
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我们必须要找到更好的方式来保护自己，
08:13
without needing to resort
to wearing a suit of armor
to wearing a suit of armor
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甚至不需要求助于
08:15
that weighs something
equal to your own body weight,
equal to your own body weight,
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和我们自身一样重的宇航服
08:18
or needing to hide behind a wall of lead.
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或者躲在一墙铅的后面。
08:22
So let us appeal
to nature for inspiration.
to nature for inspiration.
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让我们来到大自然来寻求灵感。
08:26
Among the plethora of life here on Earth,
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在地球上这些丰富多彩的生物里
08:28
there's a subset of organisms
known as extremophiles,
known as extremophiles,
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存在着一个小团体，
叫做极端微生物
叫做极端微生物
08:31
or lovers of extreme living conditions,
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如果你们记得高中的生物课
08:33
if you'll remember
from high school biology.
from high school biology.
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你应该知道他们还叫做极端环境爱好者，
08:35
And among these organisms is a bacterium
by the name of Deinococcus radiodurans.
by the name of Deinococcus radiodurans.
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在这些神奇的生物中还存在着
耐辐射奇球菌
耐辐射奇球菌
08:41
It is known to be able to withstand cold,
dehydration, vacuum, acid,
dehydration, vacuum, acid,
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它因其耐寒，耐旱，耐真空，耐酸而著名
08:46
and, most notably, radiation.
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更重要的是，它还耐辐射。
08:49
While its radiation
tolerance mechanisms are known,
tolerance mechanisms are known,
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尽管我们了解到它的耐辐射功能，
08:52
we have yet to adapt
the relevant genes to mammals.
the relevant genes to mammals.
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现在的我们还不能将相关基因
作用在哺乳动物身上
作用在哺乳动物身上
08:55
To do so is not particularly easy.
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想做到这个非常困难。
08:58
There are many facets
that go into its radiation tolerance,
that go into its radiation tolerance,
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我们真正能接触到抗辐射基因需要
突破重重难关
突破重重难关
09:01
and it's not as simple
as transferring one gene.
as transferring one gene.
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并且也不仅仅是转移一种基因
09:03
But given a little bit of human ingenuity
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但是考虑到人类的创新能力，
09:07
and a little bit of time,
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再加上一点点时间
09:08
I think to do so is not very hard either.
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我认为达成目标也并不是很难。
09:12
Even if we borrow just a fraction
of its ability to tolerate radiation,
of its ability to tolerate radiation,
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尽管我们只是借用他耐辐射性能
中的一小部分
中的一小部分
09:18
it would be infinitely better
than what we already have,
than what we already have,
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那也要比我们现在拥有的，
09:21
which is just the melanin in our skin.
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皮肤中的黑色素，
好很多倍
好很多倍
09:24
Using the tools of synthetic biology,
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运用基因重组科技，
09:26
we can harness Deinococcus
radiodurans' ability
radiodurans' ability
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我们可以驾驭耐辐射奇球菌的
耐辐射性能
耐辐射性能
09:29
to thrive under otherwise
very lethal doses of radiation.
very lethal doses of radiation.
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进而可以在拥有致命辐射的
环境下生存繁衍
环境下生存繁衍
09:35
As difficult as it is to see,
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尽管很难发现
09:37
homo sapiens, that is humans,
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智人，也就是现在的人类，
09:41
evolves every day,
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每天都在进化
09:43
and still continues to evolve.
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并且一直持续地在进化。
09:46
Thousands of years of human evolution
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几千年来人类的进化
09:48
has not only given us
humans like Tibetans,
humans like Tibetans,
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不光带给我们人类
09:51
who can thrive in low-oxygen conditions,
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像西藏人一样在低氧的
条件下生存的能力
条件下生存的能力
09:53
but also Argentinians,
who can ingest and metabolize arsenic,
who can ingest and metabolize arsenic,
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还有向阿根廷一样，
消化并新陈代谢
消化并新陈代谢
09:58
the chemical element
that can kill the average human being.
that can kill the average human being.
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砷这种对于正常人类致命的
化学物质
化学物质
10:02
Every day, the human body evolves
by accidental mutations
by accidental mutations
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每天，人类的身体都因为
意外的变化而进化着
意外的变化而进化着
10:06
that equally accidentally
allow certain humans
allow certain humans
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也以同样几率让一部分人
10:08
to persevere in dismal situations.
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在不适宜的环境中生存下来
10:12
But, and this is a big but,
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但是，这是一个很重要的但是
10:15
such evolution requires two things
that we may not always have,
that we may not always have,
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这种进化需要两种不常见的因素，
10:19
or be able to afford,
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或者可以说是承受不起的因素，
10:22
and they are death and time.
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那就是死亡和时间。
10:25
In our species' struggle
to find our place in the universe,
to find our place in the universe,
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在我们的种族挣扎着想要在宇宙中
找到一片栖息之地的过程中，
找到一片栖息之地的过程中，
10:28
we may not always have the time necessary
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我们等不起自然进化带给我们
10:31
for the natural evolution
of extra functions
of extra functions
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更强大的能力
10:33
for survival on non-Earth planets.
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去生存在另一个星球上。
10:36
We're living in what E.O. Wilson
has termed the age of gene circumvention,
has termed the age of gene circumvention,
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我们生存在被E.O.威尔逊称为
基因规避的时代。
基因规避的时代。
10:40
during which we remedy our genetic defects
like cystic fibrosis or muscular dystrophy
like cystic fibrosis or muscular dystrophy
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如今我们可以改变基因上的瑕疵，
比如囊胞性纤维症或肌肉萎缩症
比如囊胞性纤维症或肌肉萎缩症
10:46
with temporary external supplements.
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用一种暂时性外界供给。
10:49
But with every passing day,
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一天天过去，
10:51
we approach the age
of volitional evolution,
of volitional evolution,
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我们到达了有意识进化的时期，
10:54
a time during which we as a species
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在这个时期，我们作为一个种族
10:56
will have the capacity to decide
for ourselves our own genetic destiny.
for ourselves our own genetic destiny.
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将拥有能力去决定我们自身的能力
和先天的命运。
和先天的命运。
11:02
Augmenting the human body
with new abilities
with new abilities
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用新技术去操作人体的各个组成
11:05
is no longer a question of how,
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将不再是一个“怎样去做”的问题，
11:07
but of when.
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而将变成“何时去做”。
11:10
Using synthetic biology
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运用基因重组科技，
11:11
to change the genetic makeup
of any living organisms,
of any living organisms,
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去改变每一个生物体的基因组成。
11:14
especially our own,
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特别是针对我们人体本身，
11:15
is not without its moral
and ethical quandaries.
and ethical quandaries.
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将不再被道德或伦理所诟病。
11:19
Will engineering ourselves
make us less human?
make us less human?
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难道设计人体会让我们变得不是人类吗？
11:22
But then again, what is humanity
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但是再说了，人类是什么？
11:25
but star stuff
that happens to be conscious?
that happens to be conscious?
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不过就是碰巧有自主意识的宇宙组成。
11:29
Where should human genius direct itself?
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人类的天赋又会引领人类到哪里呢？
11:32
Surely it is a bit of a waste
to sit back and marvel at it.
to sit back and marvel at it.
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只在这为一项项科技进步而惊叹
但并不作出实际改变肯定是一种浪费。
但并不作出实际改变肯定是一种浪费。
11:37
How do we use our knowledge
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我们该怎样运用我们的智慧
11:39
to protect ourselves
from the external dangers
from the external dangers
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用来保护我们自己规避外在的危险？
11:42
and then protect ourselves from ourselves?
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然后又避免自己成为现在的自己？
11:46
I pose these questions
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我提出这些疑问
11:47
not to engender the fear of science
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并不是让大家生出对科学的恐惧，
11:50
but to bring to light
the many possibilities
the many possibilities
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却是想让更多人了解
11:52
that science has afforded
and continues to afford us.
and continues to afford us.
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科学已经给我们带来，
并会持续给我们带来的更多的可能性。
并会持续给我们带来的更多的可能性。
11:56
We must coalesce as humans
to discuss and embrace the solutions
to discuss and embrace the solutions
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我们应该作为人类联合起来
去讨论并应用那些解决方案，
去讨论并应用那些解决方案，
12:00
not only with caution
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并不仅仅需要小心，
12:02
but also with courage.
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还需要勇气。
12:06
Mars is a destination,
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火星是我们的一个目的地，
12:10
but it will not be our last.
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但这并不会是我们最后一个目的地。
12:13
Our true final frontier
is the line we must cross
is the line we must cross
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我们的最终的疆界将是我们跨出
12:15
in deciding what we can and should make
of our species' improbable intelligence.
of our species' improbable intelligence.
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决定我们能做什么和
如何使用我们种族无与伦比的智慧。
如何使用我们种族无与伦比的智慧。
12:21
Space is cold, brutal and unforgiving.
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太空是冷酷的，残忍的，毫不留情的。
12:27
Our path to the stars
will be rife with trials
will be rife with trials
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我们通向其他星球的道路
将会因为我们的数次尝试变得非常普通，
将会因为我们的数次尝试变得非常普通，
12:29
that will bring us to question
not only who we are
not only who we are
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带给我们新的问题，
不仅仅要问出“我们是谁”
不仅仅要问出“我们是谁”
12:32
but where we will be going.
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“我们的终点在哪里”
12:35
The answers will lie in our choice
to use or abandon the technology
to use or abandon the technology
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答案就在我们的选择中，
我们是会使用还是会放弃。
我们是会使用还是会放弃。
12:38
that we have gleaned from life itself,
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这项从生命本身拾起的科技，
12:40
and it will define us for the remainder
of our term in this universe.
of our term in this universe.
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它也会决定我们在这宇宙中的生存期限。
12:44
Thank you.
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谢谢。
12:46
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Lisa Nip - Synthetic biologistLisa Nip's work focuses on how we can use synthetic biology to allow humanity to explore space
Why you should listen
Lisa Nip is a Ph.D. candidate at the MIT Media Lab's Molecular Machines group. She uses her training in biochemistry and biotechnology to translate synthetic biology into real-world applications. She spends much of her time concocting biological solutions to long-duration space travel and works to make them a reality.
Nip was trained as a biochemist at Boston University, and previously did research in the Douglas Lab at UCSF and the Church Lab in the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard Medical School.
Lisa Nip | Speaker | TED.com