ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Thomas Thwaites - Designer
Thomas Thwaites is a designer "of a more speculative sort," he says.

Why you should listen

Thomas Thwaites calls himself "a designer (of a more speculative sort)." His thoughtful projects look deeply at the science behind technology, as in the Toaster Project, which sent spiralling him into the history and techniques of metallurgy and plastics production, and Policing Genes, a thought experiment around amateur genetics. We will not mention Honeytrap, an attempt to explore modern criminality through a bicycle theft gone horribly wrong. He's currently working on a project investigating counterfactual histories in science, supported by the Wellcome Trust.

More profile about the speaker
Thomas Thwaites | Speaker | TED.com
TEDSalon London 2010

Thomas Thwaites: How I built a toaster -- from scratch

湯瑪士斯韋茨(Thomas Thwaites): 如何製造烤麵包機--從零開始

Filmed:
1,456,254 views

單單製造出一個烤麵包機,就需要依靠到整個文明社會;設計師湯瑪士斯韋茨(Thomas Thwaites)歷經一番寒徹骨才學到這點。他從無中生有一台烤麵包機:採鐵礦、提煉石油中的塑膠…他所努力做出的成果,著實相當驚人。這對現在相通的社會頗富寓意,不管是對設計師或消費者都一樣。
- Designer
Thomas Thwaites is a designer "of a more speculative sort," he says. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
If we look around us,
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看看四周
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much of what surrounds圍繞著 us
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身邊周圍很多東西
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started開始 life as various各個 rocks岩石 and sludge污泥
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原先只是各種石頭或爛泥
00:23
buried隱藏 in the ground地面 in various各個 places地方 in the world世界.
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埋在世界的各個角落
00:27
But, of course課程, they don't look like rocks岩石 and sludge污泥 now.
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當然現在看起來並不像石頭或爛泥
00:29
They look like TV電視 cameras相機, monitors顯示器,
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而是像電視攝影機啦、螢幕啦
00:32
annoying惱人的 radio無線電 mics話筒.
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或惱人的無線麥克風
00:34
And so this magical神奇 transformation轉型
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這樣驚人的轉變
00:36
is what I was trying to get at with my project項目,
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正是我所著手的計畫
00:39
which哪一個 became成為 known已知 as the Toaster烤麵包機 Project項目.
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也就是--烤麵包機計畫
00:41
And it was also inspired啟發 by this quote引用
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我也是受到亞當斯(Douglas Adams)的一句話
00:43
from Douglas道格拉斯 Adams亞當斯,
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所啟發的
00:45
and the situation情況 is from "The Hitchhiker's旅行者的 Guide指南 to the Galaxy星系."
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場景是來自小說《銀河便車指南》
00:48
And the situation情況 it describes介紹
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內容是在描述
00:50
is the hero英雄 of the book -- he's a 20th-centuryTH-世紀 man --
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書裡的英雄--一個20世紀的人--
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finds認定 himself他自己 alone單獨 on a strange奇怪 planet行星
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發現自己處在一個陌生的星球
00:56
populated人口稠密 only by a technologically技術 primitive原始 people.
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上面只住有原始技術的人
00:59
And he kind of assumes假設 that, yes,
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他有點假想自己
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he'll地獄 become成為 -- these villagers村民 --
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會變成這些居民的...
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he'll地獄 become成為 their emperor皇帝
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這些人的皇帝
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and transform轉變 their society社會
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並將其社會轉型
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with his wonderful精彩 command命令 of technology技術
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用他豐富的科技知識
01:09
and science科學 and the elements分子,
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加上科學及其他元素
01:11
but, of course課程, realizes實現
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但是,當然啦
01:13
that without the rest休息 of human人的 society社會,
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他發現若沒有其餘人類社會的部分
01:15
he can barely僅僅 make a sandwich三明治,
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他連三明治都做不大出來
01:18
let alone單獨 a toaster烤麵包機.
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更別說是烤麵包機了
01:20
But he didn't have Wikipedia維基百科.
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但他沒有維基百科
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So I thought, okay,
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所以我想說
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I'll try and make an electric電動 toaster烤麵包機 from scratch.
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那我就來從零開始做個烤麵包機
01:26
And, working加工 on the idea理念
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要實行這個想法
01:28
that the cheapest最便宜 electric電動 toaster烤麵包機
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買台最便宜的烤麵包機
01:30
would also be the simplest簡單 to reverse-engineer反向工程,
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就是最簡單的逆向操作
01:32
I went and bought the cheapest最便宜 toaster烤麵包機 I could find,
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我盡力去買了最便宜的烤麵包機
01:35
took it home
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帶回家後
01:37
and was kind of dismayed沮喪 to discover發現
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有點傻眼的發現
01:39
that, inside this object目的,
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這個東西裡面
01:41
which哪一個 I'd bought for just 3.49 pounds英鎊,
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這個我才花3英鎊45便士(約170台幣)買的東西
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there were 400 different不同 bits
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竟然有400種不同的小零件
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made製作 out of a hundred-plus百加 different不同 materials物料.
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由100多種材料所製成
01:51
I didn't have the rest休息 of my life to do this project項目.
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我不是要花一輩子的時間去研究
01:54
I had maybe nine months個月.
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只有大概9個月
01:56
So I thought, okay, I'll start開始 with five.
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所以我想說,那就先從5個開始吧
01:58
And these were steel, mica雲母,
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有鋼、雲母
02:00
plastic塑料, copper and nickel.
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塑膠、銅和鎳
02:03
So, starting開始 with steel: how do you make steel?
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那先從鋼開始,如何鍊鋼?
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I went and knocked被撞 on the door
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我登門拜訪了
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of the Rio里約熱內盧 Tinto Chair椅子
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力拓礦業的主席
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of Advanced高級 Mineral礦物 Extraction萃取 at the Royal王室的 School學校 of Mines礦業
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他在英國皇家礦業學校教「進階採礦學」
02:13
and said, "How do you make steel?"
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我問他要如何煉鋼
02:15
And Professor教授 Cilliers西利爾斯 was very kind
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西里斯(Cilliers)教授人很好
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and talked me through通過 it.
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他詳細的向我說明
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And my vague模糊 rememberingsrememberings from GCSEGCSE science科學 --
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我依稀記得國中的自然課教過
02:22
well, steel comes from iron,
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鋼來自於鐵
02:24
so I phoned打電話給 up an iron mine.
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所以我就打電話給一家鐵礦場
02:27
And said, "Hi你好, I'm trying to make a toaster烤麵包機.
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我說:「哈囉,我想做一個烤麵包機(toaster)」
02:29
Can I come up and get some iron?"
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「可以過去跟你要一些鐵嗎?」
02:33
Unfortunately不幸, when I got there -- emerges出現 Ray射線.
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結果,我到那裡之後,雷(Ray)出現了
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He had misheard聽錯 me
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他聽錯我的意思
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and thought I was coming未來 up because I was trying to make a poster海報,
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以為我去是要做海報(poster)
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and so wasn't prepared準備 to take me into the mines礦山.
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所以沒準備要帶我進礦場
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But after some nagging嘮叨, I got him to do that.
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我好說歹說之後終於說服了他
02:46
(Video視頻) Ray射線: It was Crease Limestone石灰石,
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(影片) 雷:這是褶曲石灰岩
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and that was produced生成
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由海底生物
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by sea creatures生物
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所產生的
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350 million百萬 years年份 ago
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在3億5千萬年前
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in a nice不錯, warm,
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有著舒適、溫暖
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sunny晴朗 atmosphere大氣層.
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陽光的環境下
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When you study研究 geology地質學,
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等你讀地質學之後
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you can see what's happened發生 in the past過去,
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就能看見過去發生的事
03:07
and there were terrific了不起 changes變化 in the earth地球.
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中間有很多大變動
03:16
Thomas托馬斯 Thwaites香棒: As you can see, they had the Christmas聖誕 decorations up.
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湯瑪士斯韋茨: 如你所見,他們還有聖誕節的裝飾
03:20
And of course課程, it wasn't actually其實 a working加工 mine anymore,
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當然,這個礦場已經沒有在運作了
03:23
because, though雖然 Ray射線 was a miner礦工 there,
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雖然雷曾是那裡的礦工
03:26
the mine had closed關閉
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但這間礦場已經關閉
03:28
and had been reopened重新開放 as a kind of tourist遊客 attraction引力,
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並以觀光為主重新開放
03:31
because, of course課程, it can't compete競爭
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因為他的確無法
03:33
on the scale規模 of operations操作 which哪一個 are happening事件
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跟現在的南美、澳洲等地方的
03:36
in South America美國, Australia澳大利亞, wherever哪裡.
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經營規模相比
03:39
But anyway無論如何, I got my suitcase手提箱 of iron ore礦石
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反正呢,我裝了整箱的鐵礦
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and dragged it back to London倫敦 on the train培養,
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坐火車拖回倫敦
03:44
and then was faced面對 with the problem問題:
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然後問題來了:
03:46
Okay, how do you make this rock
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要怎麼把這顆石頭
03:48
into components組件 for a toaster烤麵包機?
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變成烤麵包機的元件?
03:50
So I went back to Professor教授 Cilliers西利爾斯,
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所以我又回去找西里斯教授
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and he said, "Go to the library圖書館."
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他說: 「去圖書館找」
03:54
So I did
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我就去了
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and was looking through通過 the undergraduate大學本科 textbooks教科書 on metallurgy冶金 --
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然後翻了一些關於冶金學的研究生教科書 --
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completely全然 useless無用 for what I was trying to do.
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跟我要做的完全不相干
04:02
Because, of course課程, they don't actually其實 tell you how to do it
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想也知道他們不可能真的教你怎麼做
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if you want to do it yourself你自己 and you don't have a smelting冶煉 plant.
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如果是DIY,又沒有冶鍊廠
04:08
So I ended結束 up going to the History歷史 of Science科學 Library圖書館
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所以最後我去了科學史博物館
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and looking at this book.
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看到了這本書
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This is the first textbook教科書 on metallurgy冶金
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這是西方在寫冶金學的
04:14
written書面 in the West西, at least最小.
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第一本教科書
04:16
And there you can see that woodcut木刻
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你看到的木刻畫呢
04:18
is basically基本上 what I ended結束 up doing.
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基本上就是我後來做的事
04:20
But instead代替 of a bellows風箱, I had a leaf blower送風機.
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只是我沒有風箱,但我有吹落葉機
04:23
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
04:25
And that was something that reoccurred又發作 throughout始終 the project項目,
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整個計畫在重現的就是
04:28
was, the smaller the scale規模 you want to work on,
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你想投入的規模越小
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the further進一步 back in time you have to go.
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就要用越原始的方法來做
04:33
And so this is after
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所以這就是在
04:35
a day and about half a night
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大概一天又半個晚上之後
04:37
smelting冶煉 this iron.
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我把鐵礦融化了
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I dragged out this stuff東東,
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然後我把它拉出來
04:41
and it wasn't iron.
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結果不是鐵
04:43
But luckily,
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幸好
04:45
I found發現 a patent專利 online線上
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我在網路上找到一個專利
04:47
for industrial產業 furnaces that use microwaves微波爐,
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就是工業用的微波融爐
04:50
and at 30 minutes分鐘 at full充分 power功率,
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火力全開30分鐘後
04:52
and I was able能夠 to finish off the process處理.
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差不多就完成了
04:57
So, my next下一個 --
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所以接下來...
04:59
(Applause掌聲)
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(鼓掌)
05:03
The next下一個 thing I was trying to get was copper.
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接下來我要找銅
05:06
Again, this mine
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一樣,這個礦場
05:09
was once一旦 the largest最大 copper mine in the world世界.
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之前曾是全世界最大的銅礦場
05:11
It's not anymore,
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現在不是了
05:13
but I found發現 a retired退休 geology地質學 professor教授
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我找到一位退休的地質學教授
05:15
to take me down,
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來帶我下去
05:17
and he said, "Okay, I'll let you have some water from the mine."
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他說: 「好,我讓你在礦場裡取些水」
05:20
And the reason原因 I was interested有興趣 in getting得到 water
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我想要拿到水的理由是
05:23
is because water which哪一個 goes through通過 mines礦山
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因為流過整個礦場的水
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becomes kind of acidic酸性
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會變得偏酸性
05:27
and will start開始 picking選擇 up,
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而且會帶走
05:29
dissolving溶解 the minerals礦物質 from the mine.
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和溶解礦物裡的礦物質
05:31
And a good example of this is the Rio里約熱內盧 Tinto,
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力拓礦業有個不錯的例子
05:34
which哪一個 is in Portugal葡萄牙.
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這是在葡萄牙
05:36
As you can see, it's got lots and lots of minerals礦物質 dissolved溶解 in it.
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你可以看到,有很多的礦物溶解在裡面
05:39
So many許多 such這樣
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多到呢
05:41
that it's now just a home for bacteria
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現在變成細菌的滋生地
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who really like acidic酸性, toxic有毒的 conditions條件.
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因為細菌喜歡酸又有毒的環境
05:47
But anyway無論如何, the water I dragged back
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總之,我從安格爾西島的礦場
05:49
from the Isle小島 of Anglesey安格爾西 where the mine was --
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帶回來的水裡
05:51
there was enough足夠 copper in it
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含有足夠的銅
05:53
such這樣 that I could cast the pins
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能讓我鑄造出
05:55
of my metal金屬 electric電動 plug插頭.
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插頭的金屬腳
05:57
So my next下一個 thing: I was off to Scotland蘇格蘭
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所以再下來,我到蘇格蘭
06:00
to get mica雲母.
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去採雲母
06:03
And mica雲母 is a mineral礦物
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雲母是一種
06:06
which哪一個 is a very good insulator絕緣子
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很好的絕緣體
06:09
and very good at insulating絕緣 electricity電力.
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隔絕電的效果很好
06:12
That's me getting得到 mica雲母.
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這是我拿到雲母的樣子
06:15
And the last material材料 I'm going to talk about today今天 is plastic塑料,
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今天要講的最後一項材料是塑膠
06:18
and, of course課程,
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當然啦
06:20
my toaster烤麵包機 had to have a plastic塑料 case案件.
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烤麵包機一定要有塑膠外殼
06:22
Plastic塑料 is the defining確定 feature特徵
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塑膠是便宜電器的
06:24
of cheap低廉 electrical電動 goods產品.
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一個特點
06:26
And so plastic塑料 comes from oil, so I phoned打電話給 up BPBP
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塑膠來自石油,我就打給英國石油公司
06:29
and spent花費 a good half an hour小時
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花了半個小時
06:31
trying to convince說服 the PRPR office辦公室 at BPBP
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在說服公關
06:33
that it would be fantastic奇妙 for them
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我說如果他們可以
06:35
if they flew me to an oil rig操縱
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帶我飛到油井去
06:37
and let me have a jug壇子 of oil.
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取一罐石油的話就太好了
06:39
BPBP obviously明顯 has a bit more on their mind心神 now.
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英國石油公司顯然地還有很多其他事要做。
06:43
But even then
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但即使如此
06:45
they weren't convinced相信
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他們還是無法接受
06:47
and said, "Okay, we'll phone電話 you back" -- never did.
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就說「好的,我們會再跟你聯絡」--根本沒有
06:50
So I looked看著 at other ways方法 of making製造 plastic塑料.
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所以我就尋求其他方法
06:53
And you can actually其實 make plastic塑料
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其實要製造塑膠
06:55
from obviously明顯 oils which哪一個 come from plants植物, but also from starches澱粉.
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可以從植物或是澱粉類食物中取得
06:58
So this is attempting嘗試 to make
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所以我就試著做個
07:00
potato土豆 starch澱粉 plastic塑料.
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馬鈴薯澱粉塑膠
07:02
And for a while that was looking really good.
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一開始看起來還不錯
07:04
I poured it into the mold模子, which哪一個 you can see there,
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我倒進模具裡,在那邊
07:06
which哪一個 I've made製作 from a tree trunk樹幹.
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我用樹幹做的
07:08
And it was looking good for a while,
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一開始看起來還不錯
07:10
but I left it outside, because you had to leave離開 it outside to dry,
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但是我放在外面之後,因為要風乾
07:13
and unfortunately不幸 I came來了 back
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過了一會兒再回來
07:15
and there were snails蝸牛 eating the unhydrolyzed未水解 bits of potato土豆.
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就出現好幾隻蝸牛在吃馬鈴薯未水解的部分
07:19
So kind of out of desperation絕望,
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在絕望之後呢
07:22
I decided決定 that I could think laterally橫向.
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我決定做橫向思考
07:25
And geologists地質學家 have actually其實 christened命名 --
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地質學家有要命名--
07:27
well, they're debating辯論 whether是否 to christen克里森 --
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還在爭議當中啦--
07:29
the age年齡 that we're living活的 in --
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我們生活的這個世紀--
07:31
they're debating辯論 whether是否 to make it a new geological地質 epoch時代
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到底要不要劃下一個新地質時代
07:34
called the Anthropocene人類世, the age年齡 of Man.
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稱之為「人類世」,即人類的時代
07:37
And that's because geologists地質學家 of the future未來
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因為未來的地質學家
07:39
would kind of see a sharp尖銳 shift轉移
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會在下沉的地層岩石中
07:41
in the strata地層 of rock that is being存在 laid鋪設 down now.
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發現急劇的變動
07:43
So suddenly突然, it will become成為 kind of radioactive放射性的 from Chernobyl切爾諾貝利
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突然間,車諾比的輻射事件啦、
07:46
and the 2,000 or so nuclear bombs炸彈
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1945年後發射的
07:48
that have been set off since以來 1945.
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2千顆核彈啦
07:52
And there'd這紅色 also be an extinction滅絕 event事件 --
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還有絕種的事件
07:55
like fossils化石 would suddenly突然 disappear消失.
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像化石突然不見
07:58
And also, I thought
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還有,我想
08:00
that there would be
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還會有
08:02
synthetic合成的 polymers聚合物,
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很多合成聚合物
08:04
plastics塑料, embedded嵌入式 in the rock.
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像是塑膠啦,嵌在石頭裡
08:06
So I looked看著 up a plastic塑料 --
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所以我到處找
08:08
so I decided決定 that I could mine
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決定採一些
08:10
some of this modern-day現代 rock.
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「現代」的石頭
08:12
And I went up to Manchester曼徹斯特
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我到曼徹斯特去
08:14
to visit訪問 a place地點 called Axion公理 Recycling回收.
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找一個地方叫「Axion回收場」
08:17
And they're at the sharp尖銳 end結束 of what's called the WEEEWEEE,
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他們處在所謂WEEE的第一線
08:20
which哪一個 is this European歐洲的 electrical電動 and electronic電子 waste浪費 directive指示.
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也就是「歐洲報廢電子電氣設備指令」
08:25
And that was brought into force
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那是在實施
08:27
to try and deal合同 with the mountain of stuff東東
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去處理一大堆的東西
08:30
that is just being存在 made製作
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才剛被製造出來
08:33
and then living活的 for a while in our homes家園
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在我們家裡用了一陣子之後
08:35
and then going to landfill垃圾填埋場.
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就進了掩埋場
08:37
But this is it.
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大概是這樣
08:46
(Music音樂)
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(音樂)
09:47
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
09:49
So there's a picture圖片
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這就是我做的
09:51
of my toaster烤麵包機.
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烤麵包機
09:53
(Applause掌聲)
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(鼓掌)
09:57
That's it without the case案件 on.
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這是外殼拿掉的樣子
10:00
And there it is on the shelves貨架.
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還有放在架上的樣子
10:03
Thanks謝謝.
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謝謝大家
10:05
(Applause掌聲)
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(鼓掌)
10:09
Bruno布魯諾 Giussani吉薩尼: I'm told you did plug插頭 it in once一旦.
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布魯諾吉桑尼: 我說你也插上一次插頭吧
10:11
TTTT: Yeah, I did plug插頭 it in.
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有阿,我有插
10:13
I don't know if you could see,
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不知道你們有沒有發現
10:15
but I was never able能夠 to make insulation絕緣 for the wires電線.
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我沒有做電線的絕緣皮
10:18
Kew基尤 Gardens花園 were insistent堅持
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皇家植物園的態度很硬
10:20
that I couldn't不能 come and hack into their rubber橡膠 tree.
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說我不能擅自取用橡膠樹
10:23
So the wires電線 were uninsulated非絕緣.
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所以電線是不絕緣的
10:25
So there was 240 volts
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結果240伏特的電
10:27
going through通過 these homemade自製 copper wires電線,
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流過整個手工的銅線
10:29
homemade自製 plug插頭.
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手工的插頭
10:31
And for about five seconds,
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大概有五秒鐘
10:33
the toaster烤麵包機 toasted,
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麵包機有在烤
10:35
but then, unfortunately不幸,
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可是之後
10:37
the element元件 kind of melted融化了 itself本身.
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那些原件感覺有點融化
10:40
But I considered考慮 it a partial局部 success成功, to be honest誠實.
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可是我認為還是算成功啦,說真的
10:43
BGBG: Thomas托馬斯 Thwaites香棒. TTTT: Thanks謝謝.
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-湯瑪士斯韋茨 -謝謝
Translated by Sherry Yang
Reviewed by Joan Liu

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Thomas Thwaites - Designer
Thomas Thwaites is a designer "of a more speculative sort," he says.

Why you should listen

Thomas Thwaites calls himself "a designer (of a more speculative sort)." His thoughtful projects look deeply at the science behind technology, as in the Toaster Project, which sent spiralling him into the history and techniques of metallurgy and plastics production, and Policing Genes, a thought experiment around amateur genetics. We will not mention Honeytrap, an attempt to explore modern criminality through a bicycle theft gone horribly wrong. He's currently working on a project investigating counterfactual histories in science, supported by the Wellcome Trust.

More profile about the speaker
Thomas Thwaites | Speaker | TED.com