ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Bruce Aylward - Epidemiologist
As the Assistant Director-General of the World Health Organization’s Polio and Emergencies Cluster, Bruce Aylward works to ensure that polio stays under control and that the world is prepared to respond to health crises.

Why you should listen

A Canadian physician and epidemiologist who has authored some 100 peer-reviewed articles and chapters, Bruce Aylward is an expert on infectious diseases. He joined the World Health Organization in 1992 and worked in the field for seven years on national immunization programs for measles, tetanus and hepatitis in the Middle East, Africa and Asia. 

Aylward has overseen and managed the scale-up of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative since 1998, during which time the program expanded to operate in every country of the world, the annual global budget increased to $700 million a year, polio-funded staff deployed by WHO grew to over 3,500 people worldwide, and new monovalent oral poliovirus vaccines were developed for the programme. In 2014, only three countries remained polio-endemic.

He says: "It's been estimated that our investment in smallpox eradication pays off every 26 days."

Since 2011, Aylward has also led WHO’s work in preparedness, readiness and response to health emergencies. By developing global strategies, analyzing health trends and advising on policies and country collaboration, the WHO helps make sure that outbreaks — like the 2014 ebola epidemic — stay under control. 

More profile about the speaker
Bruce Aylward | Speaker | TED.com
TED2011

Bruce Aylward: How we'll stop polio for good

Bruce Aylward:如何永遠根絕小兒麻痺症

Filmed:
640,958 views

小兒麻痺症幾乎完全根絕了。但正如Bruce Aylward說的:對付這種可怕的疾病這樣做是不夠的。Aylward要延續終結世界上大多數地區小兒麻痺症發生的這項科學奇蹟,並讓此一疾病永遠地消失。
- Epidemiologist
As the Assistant Director-General of the World Health Organization’s Polio and Emergencies Cluster, Bruce Aylward works to ensure that polio stays under control and that the world is prepared to respond to health crises. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
I want to share分享 with you
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在接下來的18分鐘裡
00:17
over the next下一個 18 minutes分鐘
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我想和大家說
00:19
a pretty漂亮 incredible難以置信 idea理念.
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一個不可思議的想法
00:21
Actually其實, it's a really big idea理念.
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事實上,這是一個很大的想法
00:23
But to get us started開始,
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但在我們開始之前
00:25
I want to ask if everyone大家
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我想請在座各位
00:27
could just close your eyes眼睛 for two seconds
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閉上眼睛,花兩秒的時間
00:29
and try and think of a technology技術 or a bit of science科學
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試著去思考一項你認為
00:32
that you think has changed the world世界.
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是改變世界的科技或科學
00:38
Now I bet賭注, in this audience聽眾,
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我敢說,在座各位
00:40
you're thinking思維 of some really incredible難以置信 technology技術,
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你們想到的確實是些很驚人的科技
00:42
some stuff東東 that I haven't沒有 even heard聽說 of,
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有些我甚至從未聽聞
00:44
I'm absolutely絕對 sure.
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我非常確信是如此
00:46
But I'm also sure, pretty漂亮 sure,
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但我也相當確定
00:49
that absolutely絕對 nobody沒有人 is thinking思維 of this.
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在座沒有任何人有想過這樣東西
00:53
This is a polio脊髓灰質炎 vaccine疫苗.
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這是小兒麻痺症疫苗
00:56
And it's a great thing actually其實
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這是一項偉大的發明
00:58
that nobody's沒有人是 had to think about it here today今天
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但今天在這個場合不會有人想到
01:00
because it means手段 that we can take this for granted理所當然.
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因為我們認為這件事是理所當然的
01:02
This is a great technology技術.
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這是一項偉大的科技
01:04
We can take it completely全然 for granted理所當然.
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我們當然會這樣想
01:06
But it wasn't always that way.
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但事情不是總是這樣的
01:09
Even here in California加州,
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即便在加州
01:12
if we were to go back just a few少數 years年份,
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如果我們回到過去幾年前
01:14
it was a very different不同 story故事.
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事情的發展是完全不同的
01:16
People were terrified of this disease疾病.
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人們非常害怕這種疾病
01:18
They were terrified of polio脊髓灰質炎, and it would cause原因 public上市 panic恐慌.
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小兒麻痺症讓大眾感到恐懼,造成社會恐慌
01:21
And it was because of scenes場景 like this.
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也因為這樣的景象
01:24
In this scene現場,
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這張照片裡
01:26
people are living活的 in an iron lung.
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人要依賴鐵肺才能存活
01:28
These are people who were perfectly完美 healthy健康 two or three days before,
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這些人兩三天前都還是相當健康的
01:31
and then two days later後來,
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但兩天後
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they can no longer breathe呼吸,
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他們無法呼吸
01:35
and this polio脊髓灰質炎 virus病毒 has paralyzed
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小兒麻痺病毒
01:37
not only their arms武器 and their legs,
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不僅是讓他們四肢癱瘓
01:39
but also their breathing呼吸 muscles肌肉.
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更讓他們的呼吸肌無法作用
01:41
And they were going to spend the rest休息 of their lives生活, usually平時,
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通常他們的後半生
01:44
in this iron lung to breathe呼吸 for them.
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必須仰賴鐵肺,幫助他們呼吸
01:46
This disease疾病 was terrifying可怕的.
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這種疾病令人聞之喪膽
01:48
There was no cure治愈,
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當時沒有治癒的方法
01:50
and there was no vaccine疫苗.
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也沒有疫苗
01:52
The disease疾病 was so terrifying可怕的
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這種疾病令人惶恐不安
01:54
that the president主席 of the United聯合的 States狀態
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當時的美國總統
01:56
launched推出 an extraordinary非凡 national國民 effort功夫
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發了特令動用國家資源
01:59
to find a way to stop it.
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企圖找到治療方法
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Twenty二十 years年份 later後來, they succeeded成功
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二十年後,他們成功了
02:05
and developed發達 the polio脊髓灰質炎 vaccine疫苗.
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研發出小兒麻痺症疫苗
02:07
It was hailed歡呼 as a scientific科學 miracle奇蹟
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這在50年代後期
02:09
in the late晚了 1950s.
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被譽為是科學奇蹟
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Finally最後, a vaccine疫苗 that could stop this awful可怕 disease疾病,
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終於有疫苗可以終止這種可怕的疾病
02:14
and here in the United聯合的 States狀態
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在美國
02:16
it had an incredible難以置信 impact碰撞.
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疫苗有驚人的效應
02:18
As you can see, the virus病毒 stopped停止,
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大家可以看到,疫情止住了
02:20
and it stopped停止 very, very fast快速.
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而且是迅速地終止
02:23
But this wasn't the case案件
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但在世界上的其他地方
02:26
everywhere到處 in the world世界.
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就並非如此了
02:28
And it happened發生 so fast快速 in the United聯合的 States狀態, however然而,
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這在美國發生的太快了
02:31
that even just last month Jon喬恩 Stewart斯圖爾特 said this:
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而就在上個月,Jon Stewart這樣說
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(Video視頻) Jon喬恩 Stewart斯圖爾特: Where is polio脊髓灰質炎 still active活性?
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Jon Stewart:哪些地區仍然有小兒麻痺症?
02:36
Because I thought that had been eradicated根除
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我以為小兒麻痺症已經被根絕
02:39
in the way that smallpox天花 had been eradicated根除.
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就像天花那樣已經完全根絕了
02:41
Bruce布魯斯 Aylward艾爾沃德: Oops哎呀. Jon喬恩, polio's小兒麻痺症的 almost幾乎 been eradicated根除.
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Bruce Aylward:喔,Jon,小兒麻痺是幾乎要被根絕
02:45
But the reality現實 is
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事實上
02:47
that polio脊髓灰質炎 still exists存在 today今天.
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小兒麻痺症到今天仍然存在
02:49
We made製作 this map地圖 for Jon喬恩 to try to show顯示 him exactly究竟 where polio脊髓灰質炎 still exists存在.
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我們製作了地圖讓Jon了解至今哪些地區仍存在有小兒麻痺症
02:52
This is the picture圖片.
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就是這張圖
02:54
There's not very much left in the world世界.
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雖然世界上只有少數地區仍有此問題
02:57
But the reason原因 there's not very much left
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至於大部分地區沒有這項問題
02:59
is because there's been an extraordinary非凡 public上市/private私人的 partnership合夥
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是因為背後有傑出的公共/私人的組織機構
03:02
working加工 behind背後 the scenes場景, almost幾乎 unknown未知,
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持續為這項問題在努力
03:05
I'm sure to most of you here today今天.
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我想今天在座各位是不知道的
03:07
It's been working加工 for 20 years年份
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他們已經努力了二十年
03:09
to try and eradicate根除 this disease疾病,
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嘗試要根絕這種疾病
03:11
and it's got it down to these few少數 cases
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從這張圖表上可以看到
03:13
that you can see here on this graphic圖像.
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這種疾病依然存在這少數幾個區域
03:16
But just last year,
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但就在去年
03:18
we had an incredible難以置信 shock休克
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我們發現一樁令人驚駭的事
03:20
and realized實現 that almost幾乎 just isn't good enough足夠
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然後我們意識到就小兒麻痺病毒而言
03:23
with a virus病毒 like polio脊髓灰質炎.
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"幾乎"根絕是還不夠的
03:26
And this is the reason原因:
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原因是:
03:28
in two countries國家
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在地球另一端有兩個國家
03:30
that hadn't有沒有 had this disease疾病 for more than probably大概 a decade,
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已經有超過將近十年的時間
03:33
on opposite對面 sides雙方 of the globe地球,
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沒有再出現過小兒麻痺症病例
03:35
there was suddenly突然 terrible可怕 polio脊髓灰質炎 outbreaks爆發.
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卻突然爆發嚴重的小兒麻痺症疫情
03:38
Hundreds數以百計 of people were paralyzed.
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數百人癱瘓
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Hundreds數以百計 of people died死亡 --
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數百人死亡
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children孩子 as well as adults成年人.
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有兒童,也有成人
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And in both cases,
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在這兩個國家
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we were able能夠 to use genetic遺傳 sequencing測序 to look at the polio脊髓灰質炎 viruses病毒,
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我們利用基因測序檢查小兒麻痺病毒
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and we could tell these viruses病毒 were not from these countries國家.
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發現這些病毒並非原先就存在該地區
03:53
They had come from thousands數千 of miles英里 away.
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病毒是由千里之外的地區傳過來的
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And in one case案件, it originated起源 on another另一個 continent大陸.
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其中一個病例,病毒是從另一個大陸傳來的
03:59
And not only that, but when they came來了 into these countries國家,
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不僅如此,病毒到這些國家
04:02
then they got on commercial廣告 jetliners噴氣客機 probably大概
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可能是藉由商業客機所傳遞
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and they traveled旅行 even farther更遠
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也可能傳遞的更遠
04:07
to other places地方 like Russia俄國,
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到其他地區去,例如俄羅斯
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where, for the first time in over a decade last year,
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在超過十年的時間,就在去年
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children孩子 were crippled and paralyzed
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又有兒童受到這已長時間未出現的病毒
04:15
by a disease疾病 that they had not seen看到 for years年份.
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感染而變成殘廢和癱瘓
04:19
Now all of these outbreaks爆發 that I just showed顯示 you,
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我剛提到所有爆發的疫情
04:22
these are under control控制 now,
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目前都在控制中
04:24
and it looks容貌 like they'll他們會 probably大概 stop very, very quickly很快.
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而且應該會迅速地終止
04:27
But the message信息 was very clear明確.
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但這件事很清楚地告訴我們
04:30
Polio脊髓灰質炎 is still
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小兒麻痺症
04:32
a devastating破壞性的, explosive爆炸物 disease疾病.
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依然是一種駭人且會爆發傳染的疾病
04:35
It's just happening事件 in another另一個 part部分 of the world世界.
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這就發生在世界的另一個區域
04:39
And our big idea理念
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而我們的想法是
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is that the scientific科學 miracle奇蹟 of this decade
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在眼前這十年的科學奇蹟
04:46
should be the complete完成 eradication根除
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應該是要徹底根除
04:48
of poliomyelitis脊髓灰質炎.
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小兒麻痺症
04:50
So I want to tell you a little bit
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我想多跟你們說
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about what this partnership合夥, the Polio脊髓灰質炎 Partnership合夥,
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有關小兒麻痺症夥伴關係
04:54
is trying to do.
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正嘗試在做的事
04:56
We're not trying to control控制 polio脊髓灰質炎.
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我們不想只控制住疫情
04:58
We're not trying to get it down to just a few少數 cases,
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我們不希望還有少數地區會出現病例
05:01
because this disease疾病 is like a root fire;
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因為這種疾病像是星星之火
05:03
it can explode爆炸 again if you don't snuff鼻煙 it out completely全然.
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如果不把它完全根除的話,它可能會再次爆發
05:06
So what we're looking for
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所以我們希望找到
05:08
is a permanent常駐 solution.
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永久的解決辦法
05:10
We want a world世界 in which哪一個 every一切 child兒童, just like you guys,
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我們希望世界上所有的孩童,如同在座各位
05:13
can take for granted理所當然
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能理所當然的
05:15
a polio-free無脊髓灰質炎 world世界.
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生活在沒有小兒麻痺症的世界
05:17
So we're looking for a permanent常駐 solution,
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我們想找到永久的解決之道
05:19
and this is where we get lucky幸運.
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我們很幸運的是
05:21
This is one of the very few少數 viruses病毒 in the world世界
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小兒麻痺病毒是世界上
05:24
where there are big enough足夠 cracks裂縫 in its armor盔甲
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少見能被治癒的病毒
05:26
that we can try to do something truly extraordinary非凡.
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我們能試著做些真正特別的事
05:29
This virus病毒 can only survive生存 in people.
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這種病毒只會靠人類傳染
05:32
It can't live生活 for a very long time in people.
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在人體也無法存活很久
05:34
It doesn't survive生存 in the environment環境 hardly幾乎不 at all.
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也不能在嚴厲的環境中存活
05:37
And we've我們已經 got pretty漂亮 good vaccines疫苗, as I've just showed顯示 you.
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如同我剛展示的,我們有相當好的疫苗
05:40
So we are trying
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所以我們嘗試
05:42
to wipe擦拭 out this virus病毒 completely全然.
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要完全根除這種病毒
05:45
What the polio脊髓灰質炎 eradication根除 program程序 is trying to do
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小兒麻痺症根絕計畫要做的事
05:48
is to kill the virus病毒 itself本身
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是消滅世界各地
05:50
that causes原因 polio脊髓灰質炎
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會引發
05:52
everywhere到處 on Earth地球.
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小兒麻痺症的病毒
05:54
Now we don't have a great track跟踪 record記錄
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當我們開始做這樣的事時
05:56
when it comes to doing something like this,
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我們不曾有過根絕疾病的
05:58
to eradicating根除 diseases疾病.
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良好紀錄
06:00
It's been tried試著 six times in the last century世紀,
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在上一個世紀中,已經嘗試過六次
06:03
and it's been successful成功 exactly究竟 once一旦.
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僅僅只有一次成功過
06:07
And this is because disease疾病 eradication根除,
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是因為根除疾病
06:10
it's still the venture冒險 capital首都 of public上市 health健康.
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是大眾健康的一種風險投資
06:13
The risks風險 are massive大規模的,
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雖然風險甚大
06:15
but the pay-off付清 --
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但是各方面的回報
06:18
economic經濟, humanitarian人道主義, motivational動機 --
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像是經濟,人道主義,激勵作用
06:20
it's absolutely絕對 huge巨大.
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也絕對是龐大的
06:22
One congressman眾議員 here in the United聯合的 States狀態
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一位美國的國會議員
06:25
thinks that the entire整個 investment投資
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認為美國投注在
06:28
that the U.S. put into smallpox天花 eradication根除
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根除天花的全部資源中
06:30
pays支付 itself本身 off every一切 26 days --
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每二十六天就能在放棄治療的費用
06:33
in foregone已成 treatment治療 costs成本
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和接種疫苗的費用上
06:35
and vaccination疫苗接種 costs成本.
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得到回饋
06:37
And if we can finish polio脊髓灰質炎 eradication根除,
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如果我們能完成小兒麻痺症的防治
06:40
the poorest最窮 countries國家 in the world世界
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世界上最窮困的國家
06:42
are going to save保存 over 50 billion十億 dollars美元
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將可以在未來的二十五年
06:46
in the next下一個 25 years年份 alone單獨.
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省下500億美金
06:49
So those are the kind of stakes賭注 that we're after.
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這才是我們在追求的利益
06:52
But smallpox天花 eradication根除 was hard;
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根除天花是件困難的事
06:54
it was very, very hard.
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是非常困難的
06:56
And polio脊髓灰質炎 eradication根除, in many許多 ways方法, is even tougher強硬,
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而根除小兒麻痺症,在很多方面又更加困難
06:59
and there's a few少數 reasons原因 for that.
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有幾個原因
07:02
The first is that,
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第一
07:04
when we started開始 trying to eradicate根除 polio脊髓灰質炎
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當我們在二十多年前
07:06
about 20 years年份 ago,
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開始嘗試要根除小兒麻痺症時
07:08
more than twice兩次 as many許多 countries國家 were infected感染
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有疫情的國家總數
07:10
than had been when we started開始 off with smallpox天花.
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是我們開始根除天花時的兩倍
07:13
And there were more than 10 times as many許多 people
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這些國家的人口數
07:15
living活的 in these countries國家.
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則是十倍以上
07:17
So it was a massive大規模的 effort功夫.
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這需要龐大的資源
07:19
The second第二 challenge挑戰 we had was --
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第二個難處是
07:21
in contrast對比 to the smallpox天花 vaccine疫苗,
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比較起來
07:23
which哪一個 was very stable穩定, and a single dose劑量 protected保護 you for life --
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天花疫苗非常穩定,單劑就有終生保護作用
07:26
the polio脊髓灰質炎 vaccine疫苗 is incredibly令人難以置信 fragile脆弱.
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而小兒麻痺症疫苗相較脆弱
07:29
It deteriorates惡化 so quickly很快 in the tropics熱帶
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在熱帶地區會快速的敗壞
07:32
that we've我們已經 had to put this special特別 vaccine疫苗 monitor監控
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我們必須在每一瓶疫苗
07:34
on every一切 single vial小瓶
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都設置特殊的疫苗監控
07:36
so that it will change更改 very quickly很快
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因為疫苗暴露在高溫時
07:38
when it's exposed裸露 to too much heat,
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變化會相當快速
07:40
and we can tell that it's not a good vaccine疫苗 to use on a child兒童 --
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變成不能在兒童身上使用的疫苗
07:43
it's not potent有力的; it's not going to protect保護 them.
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沒有保護作用,不能讓他們免於病毒
07:45
Even then, kids孩子 need many許多 doses劑量 of the vaccine疫苗.
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此外,孩童需要很多的疫苗
07:48
But the third第三 challenge挑戰 we have --
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第三個難處是
07:50
and probably大概 even bigger one, the biggest最大 challenge挑戰 --
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或許這是最困難的部分
07:53
is that, in contrast對比 to smallpox天花 where you could always see your enemy敵人 --
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相較天花,你能輕易看出症狀
07:56
every一切 single person almost幾乎 who was infected感染 with smallpox天花
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每個感染到天花的人
07:59
had this telltale揭秘 rash皮疹.
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身上都有清楚的皮疹
08:01
So you could get around the disease疾病;
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所以能夠找到疾病
08:03
you could vaccinate接種疫苗 around the disease疾病 and cut it off.
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可以及時注射疫苗,讓疾病治癒
08:06
With polio脊髓灰質炎 it's almost幾乎 completely全然 different不同.
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但小兒麻痺症是完全不同的情況
08:09
The vast廣大 majority多數 of people who are infected感染 with the polio脊髓灰質炎 virus病毒
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絕大多數感染小兒麻痺病毒的人
08:12
show顯示 absolutely絕對 no sign標誌 of the disease疾病.
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幾乎看不出任何該疾病的病症
08:15
So you can't see the enemy敵人 most of the time,
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大部分時間,你不清楚敵人位在何方
08:18
and as a result結果,
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因此
08:20
we've我們已經 needed需要 a very different不同 approach途徑 to eradicate根除 polio脊髓灰質炎
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我們需要一種相當不同於天花的方法
08:23
than what was doneDONE with smallpox天花.
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來根除小兒麻痺症
08:25
We've我們已經 had to create創建
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我們發動了
08:27
one of the largest最大 social社會 movements運動 in history歷史.
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有史以來最大規模的社會運動
08:30
There's over 10 million百萬 people,
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有超過一千萬人
08:32
probably大概 20 million百萬 people,
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也許是兩千萬人
08:34
largely大部分 volunteers志願者,
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眾多的志工
08:36
who have been working加工 over the last 20 years年份
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在過去二十年來
08:38
in what has now been called
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在現在和平時期所說的
08:40
the largest最大 internationally-coordinated國際協調 operation手術 in peacetime和平時期.
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參與這最大的國際合作行動
08:44
These people, these 20 million百萬 people,
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這些人,這兩千萬人
08:47
vaccinate接種疫苗 over 500 million百萬 children孩子
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在我們的任務最高峰的時期
08:50
every一切 single year,
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一年替五億名孩童
08:52
multiple times
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注射疫苗
08:54
at the peak of our operation手術.
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而且不只一次
08:57
Now giving the polio脊髓灰質炎 vaccine疫苗 is simple簡單.
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現在注射小兒麻痺症疫苗很簡單
08:59
It's just two drops滴劑, like that.
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只要像這樣滴兩滴
09:01
But reaching到達 500 million百萬 people
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但替五億人注射疫苗
09:03
is much, much tougher強硬.
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這是更困難的
09:05
And these vaccinators接種, these volunteers志願者,
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這些注射疫苗的人,也就是這些志工
09:08
they have got to dive潛水 headlong頭向前
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他們必須深入到世界上
09:10
into some of the toughest最艱難的, densest最密集
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一些最艱困,人口最密集的
09:12
urban城市的 slums貧民窟 in the world世界.
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貧民窟城市
09:14
They've他們已經 got to trek跋涉 under sweltering悶熱的 suns太陽
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他們得在炎熱的太陽下跋涉到
09:17
to some of the most remote遠程, difficult to reach達到 places地方 in the world世界.
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一些最偏遠且難以到達的地方
09:21
And they also have to dodge躲閃 bullets子彈,
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而且他們還必須躲避子彈
09:23
because we have got to operate操作
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因為我們必須要在
09:25
during shaky搖搖欲墜 cease-fires停火 and truces停戰
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2000
混亂的停火和停戰的情況下
09:27
to try and vaccinate接種疫苗 children孩子,
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嘗試為兒童接種疫苗
09:29
even in areas affected受影響 by conflict衝突.
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即便是有衝突影響的地區也一樣
09:32
One reporter記者
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一位記者
09:34
who was watching觀看 our program程序 in Somalia索馬里 about five years年份 ago --
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觀看我們五年前在索馬利亞的任務
09:37
a place地點 which哪一個 has eradicated根除 polio脊髓灰質炎,
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該地區已經根絕小兒麻痺症
09:39
not once一旦, but twice兩次, because they got reinfected再感染.
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不只一次,是兩次,因為他們遭受二次感染
09:41
He was sitting坐在 outside of the road,
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他就坐在馬路旁
09:43
watching觀看 one of these polio脊髓灰質炎 campaigns活動 unfold展開,
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觀看這些宣傳小兒麻痺症的資訊
09:45
and a few少數 months個月 later後來 he wrote:
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幾個月後他寫道:
09:47
"This is foreign國外 aid援助 at its most heroic英勇."
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「這是最英雄式的外援‧」
09:51
And these heroes英雄, they come from every一切 walk步行 of life,
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這些英雄來自來自各行各業
09:53
all sorts排序 of backgrounds背景.
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有著不同的生活背景
09:55
But one of the most extraordinary非凡 is Rotary International國際.
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580000
3000
其中最特別的是國際扶輪社
09:58
This is a group
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583000
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這個團體
10:00
whose誰的 million-strong億強 army軍隊 of volunteers志願者
237
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2000
上百萬的志工們
10:02
have been working加工 to eradicate根除 polio脊髓灰質炎
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已經有超過20年
10:04
for over 20 years年份.
239
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致力於根除小兒麻痺症的工作
10:06
They're right at the center中央 of the whole整個 thing.
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他們就在這整件事情的核心
10:09
Now it took years年份 to build建立 up the infrastructure基礎設施
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現在花了相當多年的時間建立了
10:11
for polio脊髓灰質炎 eradication根除 --
242
596000
2000
根除小兒麻痺症的基礎建設
10:13
more than 15 years年份, much longer than it should have --
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3000
花了十五年的時間,遠多於預期
10:16
but once一旦 it was built內置, the results結果 were striking引人注目.
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3000
但一旦建立完成,將會有驚人的結果
10:19
Within a couple一對 of years年份,
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幾年之內
10:21
every一切 country國家 that started開始 polio脊髓灰質炎 eradication根除
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606000
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每一個實行根除小兒麻痺症計畫的國家
10:23
rapidly急速 eradicated根除 all three of their polio脊髓灰質炎 viruses病毒,
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都迅速根除了三種小兒麻痺症的病毒
10:27
with the exception例外 of four countries國家 that you see here.
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除了你在這裡看到的這四個國家
10:30
And in each of those, it was only part部分 of the country國家.
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在這四個國家裡,只有一部分的地區還有此問題
10:34
And then, by 1999,
250
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在1999年當時
10:36
one of the three polio脊髓灰質炎 viruses病毒
251
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其中一種我們試圖要根除的
10:38
that we were trying to eradicate根除
252
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2000
小兒麻痺病毒
10:40
had been completely全然 eradicated根除 worldwide全世界 --
253
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已經完全從世界上根除了
10:43
proof證明 of concept概念.
254
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這已經證實了
10:45
And then today今天,
255
630000
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到今天
10:48
there's been a 99 percent百分 reduction減少 --
256
633000
2000
受到小兒麻痺症
10:50
greater更大 than 99 percent百分 reduction減少 --
257
635000
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此種可怕病毒
10:52
in the number of children孩子
258
637000
2000
感染的兒童人數
10:54
who are being存在 paralyzed by this awful可怕 disease疾病.
259
639000
3000
已減少了99%--甚至是99%以上--
10:57
When we started開始, over 20 years年份 ago,
260
642000
2000
從二十年前,我們開始執行
10:59
1,000 children孩子 were being存在 paralyzed
261
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2000
每一天就有1,000名兒童
11:01
every一切 single day by this virus病毒.
262
646000
3000
受到病毒感染而癱瘓
11:04
Last year, it was 1,000.
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649000
3000
去年,感染人數是1,000人
11:07
And at the same相同 time,
264
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同時
11:09
the polio脊髓灰質炎 eradication根除 program程序
265
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小兒麻痺症根除計畫
11:11
has been working加工 to help with a lot of other areas.
266
656000
2000
已經幫助了很多地區
11:13
It's been working加工 to help control控制 pandemic流感大流行 flu流感,
267
658000
3000
也同時幫助控制了流感大流行
11:16
SARSSARS for example.
268
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例如SARS(傳染性非典型肺炎)
11:18
It's also tried試著 to save保存 children孩子 by doing other things --
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他們也試圖給予孩童其他幫助 --
11:21
giving vitamin維他命 A drops滴劑, giving measles麻疹 shots鏡頭,
270
666000
3000
給予維他命A滴劑,注射麻疹疫苗
11:24
giving bed nets against反對 malaria瘧疾 even
271
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2000
甚至在其中一些活動中
11:26
during some of these campaigns活動.
272
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提供蚊帳防治瘧疾
11:28
But the most exciting扣人心弦 thing
273
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但最令人振奮的事
11:30
that the polio脊髓灰質炎 eradication根除 program程序 has been doing
274
675000
2000
是小兒麻痺症根除計畫
11:32
has been to force us,
275
677000
2000
迫使我們
11:34
the international國際 community社區,
276
679000
2000
國際間的社會團體
11:36
to reach達到 every一切 single child兒童, every一切 single community社區,
277
681000
3000
去到每一個社區,聯繫上每一名孩童
11:39
the most vulnerable弱勢 people in the world世界,
278
684000
3000
他們是世界上最脆弱的族群
11:42
with the most basic基本 of health健康 services服務,
279
687000
2000
提供他們最基本的保健服務
11:44
irrespective不管 of geography地理, poverty貧窮,
280
689000
4000
不論地理位置,貧困
11:48
culture文化 and even conflict衝突.
281
693000
2000
文化,甚至衝突
11:50
So things were looking very exciting扣人心弦,
282
695000
2000
原先這一切令人振奮
11:52
and then about five years年份 ago,
283
697000
2000
但在五年前
11:54
this virus病毒, this ancient virus病毒, started開始 to fight鬥爭 back.
284
699000
3000
這種古老的病毒又捲土重來
11:57
The first problem問題 we ran into
285
702000
3000
我們碰到的第一個問題是
12:00
was that, in these last four countries國家, the strongholds據點 of this virus病毒,
286
705000
3000
在這最後的四個國家,病毒的大本營
12:03
we just couldn't不能 seem似乎 to get the virus病毒 rooted out.
287
708000
4000
我們似乎就是沒辦法讓病毒完全根除
12:07
And then to make the matters事項 even worse更差,
288
712000
2000
更糟糕的情況是
12:09
the virus病毒 started開始 to spread傳播 out of these four places地方,
289
714000
3000
病毒開始蔓延到這四個國家以外的地區
12:12
especially特別 northern北方 India印度 and northern北方 Nigeria尼日利亞,
290
717000
3000
自印度北部和奈及利亞北部
12:15
into much of Africa非洲, Asia亞洲, and even into Europe歐洲,
291
720000
3000
進入非洲許多地區,亞洲,甚至到歐洲
12:18
causing造成 horrific可怕的 outbreaks爆發
292
723000
2000
造成可怕的疫情
12:20
in places地方 that had not seen看到 this disease疾病 for decades幾十年.
293
725000
4000
這些地方已經幾十年沒有出現過病例
12:24
And then,
294
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2000
然後
12:26
in one of the most important重要, tenacious頑強
295
731000
3000
在一個最重要,最頑強的
12:29
and toughest最艱難的 reservoirs水庫 of the polio脊髓灰質炎 virus病毒 in the world世界,
296
734000
3000
小兒麻痺病毒的傳染窩
12:32
we found發現 that our vaccine疫苗 was working加工
297
737000
3000
我們發現我們的疫苗
12:35
half as well as it should have.
298
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2000
功效只有原先的一半
12:37
In conditions條件 like this,
299
742000
2000
在這樣的條件下
12:39
the vaccine疫苗 just couldn't不能 get the grip it needed需要 to
300
744000
2000
疫苗無法有效作用
12:41
in the guts膽量 of these children孩子
301
746000
2000
給予這些孩子
12:43
and protect保護 them the way that it needed需要 to.
302
748000
2000
他們所需要的保護
12:45
Now at that time,
303
750000
2000
在當時
12:47
there was a great, as you can imagine想像,
304
752000
2000
各位可以想像的到,一股非常大的
12:49
frustration挫折 -- let's call it frustration挫折 --
305
754000
2000
挫敗 --我們認為是挫敗--
12:51
it started開始 to grow增長 very, very quickly很快.
306
756000
2000
這種氣氛擴散的非常快
12:53
And all of a sudden突然, some very important重要 voices聲音
307
758000
2000
突然,非常多來自
12:55
in the world世界 of public上市 health健康
308
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2000
世界公衛組織的聲音
12:57
started開始 to say, "Hang on.
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開始說「等等。」
12:59
We should abandon放棄 this idea理念 of eradication根除.
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「我們該放棄根除病毒的想法了。」
13:02
Let's settle解決 for control控制 -- that's good enough足夠."
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「我們就試圖控制住疫情--這樣就很好了。」
13:05
Now as seductive妖媚 as the idea理念 of control控制 sounds聲音,
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現在,控制疫情的想法的確吸引人
13:09
it's a false premise前提.
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但這是個錯誤的想法
13:11
The brutal野蠻 truth真相 is,
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殘酷的事實是
13:13
if we don't have the will or the skill技能,
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如果我們沒有意願或技能
13:15
or even the money that we need
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甚至所需要的經費
13:18
to reach達到 children孩子, the most vulnerable弱勢 children孩子 in the world世界,
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運用簡單的
13:21
with something as simple簡單
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口服小兒麻痺症疫苗
13:23
as an oral口服 polio脊髓灰質炎 vaccine疫苗,
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去保護這些世界上最脆弱的孩童們
13:26
then pretty漂亮 soon不久,
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那麼很快
13:28
more than 200,000 children孩子
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未來每年將會有
13:30
are again going to be paralyzed by this disease疾病
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超過二十萬的兒童
13:32
every一切 single year.
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會因此疾病變成癱瘓
13:34
There's absolutely絕對 no question.
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這是毫無疑問的
13:36
These are children孩子 like Umar歐麥爾.
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這些孩童就像Umar一樣
13:39
Umar歐麥爾 is seven years年份 old,
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Umar現年七歲
13:42
and he's from northern北方 Nigeria尼日利亞.
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他住在奈及利亞北部
13:44
He lives生活 in a family家庭 home there
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他和八個兄弟姊妹
13:46
with his eight brothers兄弟 and sisters姐妹.
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同住在一起
13:48
Umar歐麥爾 also has polio脊髓灰質炎.
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Umar罹患小兒麻痺症
13:51
Umar歐麥爾 was paralyzed for life.
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Umar後半生都會是癱瘓
13:53
His right leg was paralyzed
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他的右腿
13:55
in 2004.
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在2004年時癱瘓了
13:57
This leg, his right leg,
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他的右腿
14:00
now takes an awful可怕 beating跳動
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現在有嚴重的挫傷
14:02
because he has to half-crawl半爬行,
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因為他必須半爬
14:04
because it's faster更快 to move移動 that way
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這樣移動的速度會快些
14:06
to keep up with his friends朋友, keep up with his brothers兄弟 and sisters姐妹,
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好跟上他的朋友,他的兄弟姊妹
14:08
than to get up on his crutches拐杖 and walk步行.
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這比起拿拐杖行走的速度要快
14:11
But Umar歐麥爾 is a fantastic奇妙 student學生. He's an incredible難以置信 kid孩子.
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但Umar是位了不起的學生,他令人讚嘆
14:14
As you probably大概 can't see the detail詳情 here,
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各位可能沒辦法看清楚這上頭的字
14:16
but this is his report報告 card,
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但這是他的成績單
14:18
and you'll你會 see, he's got perfect完善 scores分數.
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可以看出來,他的成績相當好
14:20
He got 100 percent百分 in all the important重要 things,
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他在所有重要的項目都拿滿分
14:22
like nursery苗圃 rhymes童謠, for example there.
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例如這邊寫的,像是童謠
14:25
But you know I'd love to be able能夠 to tell you
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各位也許認為我會說
14:28
that Umar歐麥爾 is a typical典型 kid孩子 with polio脊髓灰質炎 these days,
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Umar是這些年來典型罹患小兒麻痺症的孩子
14:30
but it's not true真正.
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但不是
14:32
Umar歐麥爾 is an exceptional優秀 kid孩子
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Umar是例外
14:34
in exceptional優秀 circumstances情況.
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他是在特殊情況下感染的
14:36
The reality現實 of polio脊髓灰質炎 today今天
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事實上今天的小兒麻痺症
14:38
is something very different不同.
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是非常不一樣的
14:41
Polio脊髓灰質炎 strikes罷工 the poorest最窮 communities社區 in the world世界.
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小兒麻痺症擊垮世界上最窮困的地區
14:45
It leaves樹葉 their children孩子 paralyzed,
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它讓該地區的孩童癱瘓
14:47
and it drags拖動 their families家庭
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拖垮他們的家庭
14:49
deeper更深 into poverty貧窮,
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讓全家陷入更貧困的境地
14:51
because they're desperately拼命 searching搜索
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因為他們的家庭拼命地尋找
14:53
and they're desperately拼命 spending開支 the little bit of savings that they have,
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不顧一切地支出他們僅存的積蓄
14:55
trying in vain徒然
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妄圖尋找
14:57
to find a cure治愈 for their children孩子.
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治癒他們的孩子的解藥
15:01
We think children孩子 deserve值得 better.
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我們認為兒童該過更好的生活
15:04
And so when the going got really tough強硬
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所以在兩年前
15:07
in the polio脊髓灰質炎 eradication根除 program程序
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根除小兒麻痺症計畫
15:09
about two years年份 ago,
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最瓶頸的時候
15:11
when people were saying, "We should call it off,"
365
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當人們都在說「我們應該停止」
15:13
the Polio脊髓灰質炎 Partnership合夥
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小兒麻痺症夥伴關係
15:15
decided決定 to buckle down once一旦 again
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決定再一次傾全力
15:17
and try and find innovative創新 new solutions解決方案,
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嘗試找尋新的解決方法
15:20
new ways方法 to get to the children孩子
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以新的方式去聯繫上
15:22
that we were missing失踪 again and again.
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我們一次又一次錯過的孩童們
15:24
In northern北方 India印度, we started開始 mapping製圖 the cases
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在印度的北部,我們運用衛星圖
15:26
using運用 satellite衛星 imaging成像 like this,
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定位出每一個病例
15:28
so that we could guide指南 our investments投資 and vaccinator疫苗接種 shelters候車亭,
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我們就能通知資方,還有疫苗接種站
15:31
so we could get to the millions百萬 of children孩子
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然後就能聯繫上位在
15:33
on the Koshi River basin盆地
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戈西河流域的數百萬名兒童
15:35
where there are no other health健康 services服務.
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那裏沒有其他的醫療服務
15:37
In northern北方 Nigeria尼日利亞,
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在奈及利亞北部
15:39
the political政治 leaders領導者 and the traditional傳統 Muslim穆斯林 leaders領導者,
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政治領導人和傳統的穆斯林領袖
15:41
they got directly involved參與 in the program程序
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他們直接參與了該計劃
15:43
to help solve解決 the problems問題 of logistics後勤
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2000
幫助解決後勤的問題
15:45
and community社區 confidence置信度.
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和建立社會信心
15:47
And now they've他們已經 even started開始 using運用 these devices設備 --
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現在他們甚至已經開始使用這些設備
15:50
speaking請講 of cool technology技術 --
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2000
談一點新的科技
15:52
these little devices設備, little GISGIS trackers跟踪器 like this,
384
937000
3000
這些小型全球地理資訊系統的裝置
15:55
which哪一個 they put into the vaccine疫苗 carriers運營商 of their vaccinators接種.
385
940000
3000
讓疫苗接種人員放在疫苗載具上
15:58
And then they can track跟踪 them,
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2000
然後就能追蹤他們
16:00
and at the end結束 of the day, they look and see,
387
945000
2000
並在結束日查看
16:02
did these guys get every一切 single street, every一切 single house.
388
947000
2000
看他們是否有走完每一條街道,去過每一棟房子
16:04
This is the kind of commitment承諾 now we're seeing眼看
389
949000
3000
這是我們想做到的承諾
16:07
to try and reach達到 all of the children孩子 we've我們已經 been missing失踪.
390
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3000
試圖幫助所有我們錯過的每一名孩子
16:10
And in Afghanistan阿富汗, we're trying new approaches方法 --
391
955000
3000
而在阿富汗,我們正嘗試新的方法
16:13
access訪問 negotiators談判.
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進入談判
16:15
We're working加工 closely密切 with the International國際 Committee委員會 of the Red Cross交叉
393
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3000
我們密切與國際紅十字會合作
16:18
to ensure確保 that we can reach達到 every一切 child兒童.
394
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以確保我們能聯繫上每一名孩童
16:21
But as we tried試著 these extraordinary非凡 things,
395
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3000
當我們嘗試做這些特別的事
16:24
as people went to this trouble麻煩
396
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當其他人重新檢視問題
16:26
to try and rework重工 their tactics策略,
397
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重新修正戰術
16:28
we went back to the vaccine疫苗 -- it's a 50-year-old-歲 vaccine疫苗 --
398
973000
3000
我們也檢討了這支50歲的疫苗
16:31
and we thought, surely一定 we can make a better vaccine疫苗,
399
976000
3000
然後我們想,我們當然可以研發一支很好的疫苗
16:34
so that when they finally最後 get to these kids孩子,
400
979000
2000
讓志工們聯繫上這些孩童們時
16:36
we can have a better bang for our buck降壓.
401
981000
2000
能提供更好的防疫效果
16:38
And this started開始 an incredible難以置信 collaboration合作 with industry行業,
402
983000
3000
因此就展開一場與產業的驚奇合作
16:41
and within six months個月,
403
986000
2000
六個月內
16:43
we were testing測試 a new polio脊髓灰質炎 vaccine疫苗
404
988000
2000
我們測試了新的小兒麻痺症疫苗
16:45
that targeted針對, just two years年份 ago,
405
990000
2000
就在兩年前,針對的是
16:47
the last two types類型 of polio脊髓灰質炎 in the world世界.
406
992000
3000
世界上最後兩種小兒麻痺病毒
16:50
Now June六月 the ninth第九, 2009,
407
995000
3000
2009年六月九日
16:53
we got the first results結果 from the first trial審訊 with this vaccine疫苗,
408
998000
3000
我們得到了疫苗第一次測試的結果
16:56
and it turned轉身 out to be a game-changer改變遊戲規則.
409
1001000
2000
局面馬上改觀
16:58
The new vaccine疫苗
410
1003000
2000
新的疫苗
17:00
had twice兩次 the impact碰撞 on these last couple一對 of viruses病毒
411
1005000
3000
在對付這兩種病毒的功效
17:03
as the old vaccine疫苗 had,
412
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2000
是舊疫苗的兩倍
17:05
and we immediately立即 started開始 using運用 this.
413
1010000
2000
我們立即開始使用新的疫苗
17:07
Well, in a couple一對 of months個月 we had to get it out of production生產.
414
1012000
3000
幾個月內,我們必須開始生產
17:10
And it started開始 rolling壓延 off the production生產 lines
415
1015000
2000
讓疫苗進入生產線然後完成
17:12
and into the mouths嘴巴 of children孩子 around the world世界.
416
1017000
2000
進到世界各地每一位孩子的口中
17:14
And we didn't start開始 with the easy簡單 places地方.
417
1019000
2000
我們沒有從疫情輕微的地方開始
17:16
The first place地點 this vaccine疫苗 was used
418
1021000
2000
新的疫苗首次使用
17:18
was in southern南部的 Afghanistan阿富汗,
419
1023000
2000
是在阿富汗南部
17:20
because it's in places地方 like that
420
1025000
2000
因為目的本該是
17:22
where kids孩子 are going to benefit效益 the most
421
1027000
2000
運用科技讓孩童們
17:24
from technologies技術 like this.
422
1029000
2000
獲益更多
17:26
Now here at TEDTED, over the last couple一對 of days,
423
1031000
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在TED這裡,過去幾天
17:29
I've seen看到 people challenging具有挑戰性的 the audience聽眾 again and again
424
1034000
4000
許多人一次又一次不斷地宣揚
17:33
to believe in the impossible不可能.
425
1038000
3000
企圖讓人相信不可能的發生
17:36
So this morning早上 at about seven o'clock,
426
1041000
3000
今天早上大約七點左右
17:39
I decided決定 that we'd星期三 try to drive駕駛 Chris克里斯
427
1044000
2000
我決定我們要讓Chris
17:41
and the production生產 crew船員 here berserk發狂的
428
1046000
2000
還有製作團隊再麻煩一次
17:43
by downloading下載 all of our data數據 from India印度 again,
429
1048000
4000
把我們在印度的數據重新下載
17:47
so that you could see something
430
1052000
2000
所以你可以看到
17:49
that's just unfolding展開 today今天,
431
1054000
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這些數據是今天才發表
17:51
which哪一個 proves證明 that the impossible不可能 is possible可能.
432
1056000
4000
這證明了不可能是能達成的
17:55
And only two years年份 ago, people were saying that this is impossible不可能.
433
1060000
3000
就在兩年前,大家都在說這是不可能的
17:58
Now remember記得, northern北方 India印度 is the perfect完善 storm風暴
434
1063000
3000
還記得每當提及小兒麻痺症
18:01
when it comes to polio脊髓灰質炎.
435
1066000
2000
印度北部總是令人頭痛
18:03
Over 500,000 children孩子
436
1068000
2000
有超過五十萬名兒童
18:05
are born天生 in the two states狀態 that have never stopped停止 polio脊髓灰質炎 --
437
1070000
3000
出生在這小兒麻痺症肆虐的
18:08
Uttar北方邦 Pradesh and Bihar比哈爾邦 --
438
1073000
3000
北方邦和比哈爾邦
18:11
500,000 children孩子 every一切 single month.
439
1076000
2000
每個月有五十萬名兒童感染
18:13
Sanitation衛生 is terrible可怕,
440
1078000
2000
衛生條件相當糟糕
18:15
and our old vaccine疫苗, you remember記得,
441
1080000
2000
你們應該有印象
18:17
worked工作 half as well as it should have.
442
1082000
3000
我們的舊疫苗功效只有一半
18:20
And yet然而, the impossible不可能 is happening事件.
443
1085000
3000
然而不可能的事發生了
18:23
Today今天 marks分數 exactly究竟 six months個月 --
444
1088000
4000
今天剛好滿六個月
18:27
and for the first time in history歷史,
445
1092000
2000
史上第一次
18:29
not a single child兒童 has been paralyzed
446
1094000
2000
在北方邦和比哈爾邦
18:31
in Uttar北方邦 Pradesh or Bihar比哈爾邦.
447
1096000
2000
沒有任何一位孩童感染
18:33
(Applause掌聲)
448
1098000
11000
(掌聲)
18:44
India's印度 not unique獨特.
449
1109000
3000
印度並不是唯一
18:47
In Umar's歐麥爾 home country國家 of Nigeria尼日利亞,
450
1112000
2000
在Umar的家鄉,奈及利亞
18:49
a 95 percent百分 reduction減少
451
1114000
2000
去年兒童因感染
18:51
in the number of children孩子 paralyzed by polio脊髓灰質炎 last year.
452
1116000
3000
小兒麻痺而癱瘓的比率下降了95%
18:54
And in the last six months個月,
453
1119000
2000
在過去半年
18:56
we've我們已經 had less places地方 reinfected再感染 by polio脊髓灰質炎
454
1121000
2000
二次感染小兒麻痺的地區
18:58
than at any other time in history歷史.
455
1123000
3000
也比過去來的更少
19:02
Ladies女士們 and gentlemen紳士, with a combination組合
456
1127000
2000
各位女士們,先生們
19:04
of smart聰明 people, smart聰明 technology技術
457
1129000
2000
在結合優秀人力,優良科技
19:06
and smart聰明 investments投資,
458
1131000
2000
以及優質發明
19:08
polio脊髓灰質炎 can now be eradicated根除 anywhere隨地.
459
1133000
4000
任何地區都能根除小兒麻痺症
19:12
We have major重大的 challenges挑戰, you can imagine想像,
460
1137000
2000
你們可以想像,要完成這項任務
19:14
to finish this job工作,
461
1139000
2000
是種巨大的挑戰
19:16
but as you've also seen看到,
462
1141000
2000
但各位也看到了
19:18
it's doable可行,
463
1143000
2000
這是可行的
19:20
it has great secondary次要 benefits好處,
464
1145000
2000
它的次要效益是很大的
19:22
and polio脊髓灰質炎 eradication根除 is a great buy購買.
465
1147000
3000
根絕小兒麻痺症是值得投資的
19:25
And as long as any child兒童 anywhere隨地
466
1150000
3000
只要任何地方
19:28
is paralyzed by this virus病毒,
467
1153000
2000
有兒童受到病毒侵襲而癱瘓
19:30
it's a stark與之形成鮮明 reminder提醒
468
1155000
2000
這是清楚的告訴我們
19:32
that we are failing失敗, as a society社會, to reach達到 children孩子
469
1157000
3000
我們的社會沒辦法
19:35
with the most basic基本 of services服務.
470
1160000
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提供每一位孩童最基本的保障
19:37
And for that reason原因, polio脊髓灰質炎 eradication根除:
471
1162000
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因此,根絕小兒麻痺症
19:39
it's the ultimate最終 in equity公平
472
1164000
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是最終的公平
19:42
and it's the ultimate最終 in social社會 justice正義.
473
1167000
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也是最終的社會正義
19:45
The huge巨大 social社會 movement運動
474
1170000
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這場根除小兒麻痺症的
19:47
that's been involved參與 in polio脊髓灰質炎 eradication根除
475
1172000
2000
大型社會運動
19:49
is ready準備 to do way more for these children孩子.
476
1174000
2000
已經準備好為這些孩童們做更多的事
19:51
It's ready準備 to reach達到 them with bed nets, with other things.
477
1176000
3000
提供他們蚊帳和其他事物
19:54
But capitalizing資本 on their enthusiasm熱情,
478
1179000
3000
運用他們的熱情
19:57
capitalizing資本 on their energy能源
479
1182000
2000
善用他們的精力
19:59
means手段 finishing精加工 the job工作
480
1184000
2000
要完成這項
20:01
that they started開始 20 years年份 ago.
481
1186000
3000
他們二十年前就開始的工作
20:04
Finishing精加工 polio脊髓灰質炎 is a smart聰明 thing to do,
482
1189000
3000
根除小兒麻痺症是明智的
20:07
and it's the right thing to do.
483
1192000
2000
更是正確的
20:09
Now we're in tough強硬 times economically經濟.
484
1194000
3000
我們現在處在財政困難的時期
20:12
But as David大衛 Cameron卡梅倫 of the United聯合的 Kingdom王國
485
1197000
3000
但如同一個月前英國首相David Cameron
20:15
said about a month ago when he was talking about polio脊髓灰質炎,
486
1200000
3000
在他談到小兒麻痺症時所說的
20:18
"There's never a wrong錯誤 time
487
1203000
2000
「只要是做對的事
20:20
to do the right thing."
488
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時間永遠不會是錯的。」
20:22
Finishing精加工 polio脊髓灰質炎 eradication根除
489
1207000
2000
根除小兒麻痺症
20:24
is the right thing to do.
490
1209000
2000
就是對的事
20:26
And we are at a crossroads十字路口 right now
491
1211000
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我們正處在關鍵時刻
20:28
in this great effort功夫 over the last 20 years年份.
492
1213000
2000
經過二十年來的眾多努力
20:30
We have a new vaccine疫苗,
493
1215000
2000
我們有了新的疫苗
20:32
we have new resolve解決,
494
1217000
2000
我們有新的解決方法
20:34
and we have new tactics策略.
495
1219000
2000
我們也有新的策略
20:36
We have the chance機會
496
1221000
2000
我們有機會
20:38
to write an entirely完全 new polio-free無脊髓灰質炎 chapter章節
497
1223000
3000
在人類歷史上
20:41
in human人的 history歷史.
498
1226000
3000
寫下無小兒麻痺症的新頁
20:44
But if we blink now,
499
1229000
3000
但如果我們現在疏忽
20:47
we will lose失去 forever永遠
500
1232000
2000
我們將永遠失去
20:49
the chance機會 to eradicate根除 an ancient disease疾病.
501
1234000
4000
可以根除這個古老疾病的機會
20:54
Here's這裡的 a great idea理念 to spread傳播:
502
1239000
3000
這個偉大的想法要傳遞出去
20:57
End結束 polio脊髓灰質炎 now.
503
1242000
2000
現在就終結小兒麻痺症
20:59
Help us tell the story故事.
504
1244000
2000
幫助我們傳遞這故事
21:01
Help us build建立 the momentum動量
505
1246000
2000
幫助我們宣揚這股動力
21:03
so that very soon不久
506
1248000
2000
然後很快的
21:05
every一切 child兒童, every一切 parent
507
1250000
2000
每一個孩子,每一對父母
21:07
everywhere到處
508
1252000
2000
每一個地方
21:09
can also take for granted理所當然
509
1254000
2000
都能理所當然永遠地
21:11
a polio-free無脊髓灰質炎 life forever永遠.
510
1256000
3000
過著沒有小兒麻痺症的生活
21:14
Thank you.
511
1259000
2000
謝謝各位
21:16
(Applause掌聲)
512
1261000
22000
(掌聲)
21:38
Bill法案 Gates蓋茨: Well Bruce布魯斯, where do you think the toughest最艱難的 places地方 are going to be?
513
1283000
3000
Bill Gates:Bruce,你覺得未來最困難的事情會是什麼?
21:41
Where would you say we need to be the smartest最聰明的?
514
1286000
3000
你覺得我們最該注意的什麼地方?
21:44
BABA: The four places地方 where you saw, that we've我們已經 never stopped停止 --
515
1289000
3000
BA:剛看過的四個地區是我們一直沒辦法終止疫情
21:47
northern北方 Nigeria尼日利亞, northern北方 India印度,
516
1292000
2000
奈及利亞北部,印度北部
21:49
the southern南部的 corner of Afghanistan阿富汗
517
1294000
2000
阿富汗南方一角
21:51
and bordering接壤 areas of Pakistan巴基斯坦 --
518
1296000
2000
以及巴基斯坦邊界地區
21:53
they're going to be the toughest最艱難的.
519
1298000
2000
這四個區域會是最困難的
21:55
But the interesting有趣 thing is, of those three,
520
1300000
2000
但有趣的是,其中三個地區
21:57
India's印度 looking real真實 good, as you just saw in the data數據.
521
1302000
2000
印度目前情況很好,像各位剛在數據上看到的
21:59
And Afghanistan阿富汗, Afghanistan阿富汗, we think
522
1304000
2000
至於阿富汗,我們認為
22:01
has probably大概 stopped停止 polio脊髓灰質炎 repeatedly反复.
523
1306000
2000
可能已經終止小兒麻痺再現
22:03
It keeps保持 getting得到 reinfected再感染.
524
1308000
2000
但仍然有病例傳出
22:05
So the tough強硬 ones那些: going to get the top最佳 of Nigeria尼日利亞 finished
525
1310000
2000
因此困難的地方是:首要終止奈及利亞的疫情
22:07
and getting得到 Pakistan巴基斯坦 finished.
526
1312000
2000
接著是巴基斯坦
22:09
They're going to be the tough強硬 ones那些.
527
1314000
2000
這些區域是困難的
22:11
BGBG: Now what about the money?
528
1316000
2000
BG:那有關經費呢?
22:13
Give us a sense of how much the campaign運動 costs成本 a year.
529
1318000
3000
跟我們談談一年需要的宣傳經費是多少?
22:16
And is it easy簡單 to raise提高 that money?
530
1321000
3000
是否容易獲取更多的經費?
22:19
And what's it going to be like the next下一個 couple一對 of years年份?
531
1324000
2000
在未來幾年,經費的運用會是如何?
22:21
BABA: It's interesting有趣.
532
1326000
2000
BA:這很有趣
22:23
We spend right now about 750 million百萬
533
1328000
2000
我們目前每年約花費
22:25
to 800 million百萬 dollars美元 a year.
534
1330000
3000
7.5億到8億美金
22:28
That's what it costs成本 to reach達到 500 million百萬 children孩子.
535
1333000
2000
這是要幫5億名孩童注射疫苗的花費
22:30
It sounds聲音 like a lot of money; it is a lot of money.
536
1335000
3000
這聽起來很多錢;不過這的確是非常多錢
22:33
But when you're reaching到達 500 million百萬 children孩子 multiple times --
537
1338000
3000
但你想想,要幫5億名孩童多次注射疫苗
22:36
20, 30 cents to reach達到 a child兒童 --
538
1341000
2000
每個孩子花20,30分錢
22:38
that's not very much money.
539
1343000
2000
這樣其實不多
22:40
But right now we don't have enough足夠 of that.
540
1345000
2000
但現在我們的經費不太夠
22:42
We have a big gap間隙 in that money. We're cutting切割 corners角落,
541
1347000
2000
我們需要很多經費,有時我們減少疫苗注射的次數
22:44
and every一切 time we cut corners角落,
542
1349000
2000
但每當我們減少疫苗注射的次數
22:46
more places地方 get infected感染 that shouldn't不能 have, and it just slows減緩 us down.
543
1351000
3000
有更多地區又出現新的病例,這讓我們的工作延宕
22:49
And that great buy購買 costs成本 us a little bit more.
544
1354000
3000
因此又得花費更多經費
22:52
BGBG: Well, hopefully希望 we'll get the word out,
545
1357000
3000
BG:希望這消息能傳遞出去
22:55
and the governments政府 will keep their generosity慷慨 up.
546
1360000
3000
然後政府能再補助更多的經費
22:58
So good luck運氣. We're all in this with you.
547
1363000
2000
祝福你,我們都支持這項計畫
23:00
Thank you. (BABA: Thank you.)
548
1365000
2000
謝謝你 (BA:謝謝你)
23:02
(Applause掌聲)
549
1367000
2000
(掌聲)
Translated by Joyce Chou
Reviewed by Ann Lee

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Bruce Aylward - Epidemiologist
As the Assistant Director-General of the World Health Organization’s Polio and Emergencies Cluster, Bruce Aylward works to ensure that polio stays under control and that the world is prepared to respond to health crises.

Why you should listen

A Canadian physician and epidemiologist who has authored some 100 peer-reviewed articles and chapters, Bruce Aylward is an expert on infectious diseases. He joined the World Health Organization in 1992 and worked in the field for seven years on national immunization programs for measles, tetanus and hepatitis in the Middle East, Africa and Asia. 

Aylward has overseen and managed the scale-up of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative since 1998, during which time the program expanded to operate in every country of the world, the annual global budget increased to $700 million a year, polio-funded staff deployed by WHO grew to over 3,500 people worldwide, and new monovalent oral poliovirus vaccines were developed for the programme. In 2014, only three countries remained polio-endemic.

He says: "It's been estimated that our investment in smallpox eradication pays off every 26 days."

Since 2011, Aylward has also led WHO’s work in preparedness, readiness and response to health emergencies. By developing global strategies, analyzing health trends and advising on policies and country collaboration, the WHO helps make sure that outbreaks — like the 2014 ebola epidemic — stay under control. 

More profile about the speaker
Bruce Aylward | Speaker | TED.com