TED Salon Brightline Initiative
Leticia Gasca: Don't fail fast -- fail mindfully
莉蒂西雅加斯卡: 別快速地失敗——要小心地失敗
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我們會讚頌大膽的創業家，他們的足智多謀讓他們能夠成功，但失敗的人呢？最常見的狀況，就是他們會出於羞恥或不好意思，而把失敗的故事埋掉——因而錯失了成長的無價機會，作家以及創業家莉蒂西雅加斯卡如是說。在這場很有想法的演說中，加斯卡呼籲企業主開放地來談他們的失敗，並提出希望能將「快速地失敗」的想法改成新的真言：小心地失敗。
Leticia Gasca - Author, entrepreneur
Leticia Gasca is co-founder of the movement Fuckup Nights and Executive Director for the Failure Institute, the first think tank in the world devoted to studying business failure and the reasons behind it. Full bio
Leticia Gasca is co-founder of the movement Fuckup Nights and Executive Director for the Failure Institute, the first think tank in the world devoted to studying business failure and the reasons behind it. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
[This talk contains mature language
Viewer discretion is advised]
Viewer discretion is advised]
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〔本演說內容含有成人用語，
請觀眾自行斟酌〕
請觀眾自行斟酌〕
00:15
If we traveled back to the year 800 BC,
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如果我們回到西元前 800 年，
00:20
in Greece, we would see
that merchants whose businesses failed
that merchants whose businesses failed
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在希臘，我們會看到
經商失敗的商人
經商失敗的商人
00:24
were forced to sit in the marketplace
with a basket over their heads.
with a basket over their heads.
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被迫坐在市場裡，
在頭上放一個籃子。
在頭上放一個籃子。
00:29
In premodern Italy,
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在現代化之前的義大利，
00:31
failed business owners,
who had outstanding debts,
who had outstanding debts,
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欠下大筆債務的失敗業主
00:35
were taken totally naked
to the public square
to the public square
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會被全裸地帶到公共廣場上，
00:38
where they had to bang their butts
against a special stone
against a special stone
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在廣場上，他們得要
用屁股撞擊一塊特殊的石頭，
用屁股撞擊一塊特殊的石頭，
00:42
while a crowd jeered at them.
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同時旁邊的群眾會嘲笑他們。
00:45
In the 17th century in France,
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在 17 世紀的法國，
00:48
failed business owners
were taken to the center of the market,
were taken to the center of the market,
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失敗的業主會被帶到市場中央，
00:52
where the beginning of their bankruptcy
was publicly announced.
was publicly announced.
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在那裡會公開宣佈他們的破產。
00:56
And in order to avoid
immediate imprisonment,
immediate imprisonment,
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如果不想要立即被監禁，
00:59
they had to wear a green bonnet
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他們就得戴上綠色的無邊呢帽，
01:01
so that everyone knew they were a failure.
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讓所有人知道他們是失敗者。
01:05
Of course, these are extreme examples.
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當然，這些是極端的例子。
01:09
But it is important to remember
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但，很重要的是要記得，
01:11
that when we excessively
punish those who fail,
punish those who fail,
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當我們過度懲罰失敗的人時，
01:14
we stifle innovation
and business creation,
and business creation,
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我們就扼殺了創新和創業，
01:17
the engines of economic growth
in any country.
in any country.
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而在任何國家，
這些都是經濟成長的引擎。
這些都是經濟成長的引擎。
01:22
Time has passed, and today we don't
publicly humiliate failed entrepreneurs.
publicly humiliate failed entrepreneurs.
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隨著時間過去，如今我們
不再公開羞辱失敗的創業家。
不再公開羞辱失敗的創業家。
01:28
And they don't broadcast
their failures on social media.
their failures on social media.
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他們也不會在社交媒體上
廣播他們的失敗。
廣播他們的失敗。
01:32
In fact, I think that all of us
can relate with the pain of failure.
can relate with the pain of failure.
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事實上，我認為我們所有人
都能夠對失敗的痛苦感同身受。
都能夠對失敗的痛苦感同身受。
01:37
But we don't share the details
of those experiences.
of those experiences.
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我們都有類似經驗，只是細節不同。
01:41
And I totally get it, my friends,
I have also been there.
I have also been there.
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我完全能夠理解，我的朋友們，
我也走過這條路。
我也走過這條路。
01:45
I had a business that failed
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我也有過失敗的事業，
01:47
and sharing that story
was incredibly hard.
was incredibly hard.
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要分享那個故事是非常困難的事。
01:50
In fact, it required seven years,
a good dose of vulnerability
a good dose of vulnerability
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事實上，它花了我七年的時間，
歷經脆弱和傷痛，
歷經脆弱和傷痛，
01:56
and the company of my friends.
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及朋友的陪伴才得以撫慰。
01:58
This is my failure story.
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以下是我的失敗故事。
02:01
When I was in college, studying business,
I met a group of indigenous women.
I met a group of indigenous women.
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在大學的時候，我讀商學，
我遇到了一群原住民女子。
我遇到了一群原住民女子。
02:06
They lived in a poor rural community
in the state of Puebla, in central Mexico.
in the state of Puebla, in central Mexico.
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她們住在墨西哥中部普埃布拉州
一個貧窮的鄉村社區。
一個貧窮的鄉村社區。
02:11
They made beautiful handmade products.
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她們會做很漂亮的手工製品。
02:15
And when I met them and I saw their work,
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當我遇到她們且看到她們的作品時，
02:18
I decided I wanted to help.
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我決定要助她們一臂之力。
02:20
With some friends,
I cofounded a social enterprise
I cofounded a social enterprise
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我和一些朋友共同創辦了
一間社會企業，
一間社會企業，
02:24
with the mission to help the women
create an income stream
create an income stream
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其使命是要協助女性創造收入流，
02:28
and improve their quality of life.
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並改善她們的生活品質。
02:31
We did everything by the book,
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我們一切都照章行事，
02:33
as we had learned in business school.
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照我們在商學院學到的來做。
02:36
We got investors,
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我們找到投資者，
02:37
we spent a lot of time building
the business and training the women.
the business and training the women.
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我們花了很多時間打造
這個事業並訓練女性。
這個事業並訓練女性。
02:43
But soon we realized we were novices.
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但很快地，我們就發現，
我們只是新手。
我們只是新手。
02:47
The handmade products were not selling,
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手工製的產品賣不好，
02:50
and the financial plan we had made
was totally unrealistic.
was totally unrealistic.
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我們所做的財務規劃完全不切實際。
02:55
In fact, we worked
for years without a salary,
for years without a salary,
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事實上，我們做了
好多年都沒有領薪水，
好多年都沒有領薪水，
02:59
hoping that a miracle would happen,
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希望奇蹟能發生，
03:02
that magically a great buyer would arrive
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會像變魔術一樣，
有位很棒的買家到來，
有位很棒的買家到來，
03:04
and she would make
the business profitable.
the business profitable.
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且她會讓這個事業獲利。
03:07
But that miracle never happened.
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但那個奇蹟從來沒有發生。
03:10
In the end, we had to close the business,
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最終，我們得結束這個事業，
03:13
and that broke my heart.
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那讓我的心都碎了。
03:17
I started everything
to create a positive impact
to create a positive impact
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我開始做這一切的目的
是想要創造出正面的影響，
是想要創造出正面的影響，
03:20
on the life of the artisans.
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改變工匠的生活。
03:22
And I felt that I have done the opposite.
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而我的感覺卻是我完全反其道而行。
03:25
I felt so guilty
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我很有罪惡感，
03:28
that I decided to hide this failure
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所以我決定把這次失敗藏起來，
03:30
from my conversations
and my resume for years.
and my resume for years.
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多年來不在對談中提到它，
不在履歷中寫到它。
不在履歷中寫到它。
03:34
I didn't know other failed entrepreneurs,
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我不認識其他失敗的創業家，
03:37
and I thought I was
the only loser in the world.
the only loser in the world.
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我以為我是世界上唯一的失敗者。
03:42
One night, seven years later,
I was out with some friends
I was out with some friends
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七年後，有一天晚上，
我和一些朋友一起出去，
我和一些朋友一起出去，
03:46
and we were talking
about the life of the entrepreneur.
about the life of the entrepreneur.
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我們談到了創業家的生活。
03:50
And of course,
the issue of failure came out.
the issue of failure came out.
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當然，我們談到了
「失敗」這個議題。
「失敗」這個議題。
03:54
I decided to confess to my friends
the story of my failed business.
the story of my failed business.
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我決定要向我的朋友坦誠
我創業失敗的故事。
我創業失敗的故事。
03:58
And they shared similar stories.
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而他們也分享了類似的故事。
04:01
In that moment, a thought
became really clear in my mind:
became really clear in my mind:
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在那一刻，我腦中的
一個想法變得十分清楚：
一個想法變得十分清楚：
04:07
all of my friends were failures.
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我所有的朋友都是失敗者。
04:09
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
04:11
Being more serious, that night I realized
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說真的，那天晚上我了解到，
04:14
that A: I wasn't
the only loser in the world,
the only loser in the world,
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第一，我不是世界上唯一的失敗者，
04:18
and B: we all have hidden failures.
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第二，我們都會把失敗藏起來。
04:22
Please tell me if that is not true.
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如果不是如此，請告訴我。
04:26
That night was like an exorcism for me.
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對我來說，那晚就像是
做了驅魔一樣。
做了驅魔一樣。
04:29
I realized that sharing your failures
makes you stronger, not weaker.
makes you stronger, not weaker.
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我了解到，分享你的失敗
會讓你更強，而非更弱。
會讓你更強，而非更弱。
04:35
And being open to my vulnerability
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開放心胸地面對我的脆弱
04:37
helped me connect with others
in a deeper and more meaningful way
in a deeper and more meaningful way
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讓我能夠用一種更深刻、
更有意義的方式和其他人連結，
更有意義的方式和其他人連結，
04:42
and embrace life lessons
I wouldn't have learned previously.
I wouldn't have learned previously.
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並擁抱我以前不可能
學到的人生教訓。
學到的人生教訓。
04:47
As a consequence of this experience
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結果在分享了這些
04:49
of sharing stories
of businesses that didn't work,
of businesses that didn't work,
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經歷事業失敗的故事之後，
04:52
we decided to create a platform of events
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我們決定要創建一個活動平台，
04:55
to help others
share their failure stories.
share their failure stories.
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來協助其他人分享他們的失敗故事。
04:58
And we called it Fuckup Nights.
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我們把它叫做「搞砸之夜」。
05:01
Years later, we also created
a research center
a research center
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幾年後，我們也創辦了
一個研究中心，
一個研究中心，
05:05
devoted to the story of failure
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把心力投注在失敗故事，
05:06
and its implications
on business, people and society
on business, people and society
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以及失敗對於事業、人、社會意義上，
05:10
and as we love cool names,
we called it the Failure Institute.
we called it the Failure Institute.
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因為我們喜歡很酷的名字，
所以我們叫它「失敗會所」。
所以我們叫它「失敗會所」。
05:16
It has been surprising to see
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很讓人驚訝的是，
我們看見當創業家站上台
05:19
that when an entrepreneur
stands on a stage
stands on a stage
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05:22
and shares a story of failure,
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分享失敗的故事時，
05:24
she can actually enjoy that experience.
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她其實是很享受那個經驗的。
05:27
It doesn't have to be a moment
of shame and embarrassment,
of shame and embarrassment,
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在台上的時刻
並不一定要和過去一樣
並不一定要和過去一樣
05:31
as it used to be in the past.
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感到羞恥和不好意思。
05:33
It is an opportunity
to share lessons learned
to share lessons learned
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這是一個機會，分享學到的教訓，
05:36
and build empathy.
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並建立同理心。
05:38
We have also discovered
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我們也發現，
05:39
that when the members of a team
share their failures, magic happens.
share their failures, magic happens.
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當團隊成員分享自己的失敗經驗時，
會有神奇的事發生。
05:44
Bonds grow stronger
and collaboration becomes easier.
and collaboration becomes easier.
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人與人的連結變得更強，
合作也變容易了。
合作也變容易了。
05:49
Through our events and research projects,
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透過我們的活動及研究專案計畫，
05:51
we have found some interesting facts.
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我們發現了一些有趣的事。
05:54
For instance, that men and women
react in a different way
react in a different way
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比如，在事業失敗之後，
男性和女性的反應是不同的。
05:58
after the failure of a business.
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06:01
The most common reaction among men
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男性當中最常見的反應
06:04
is to start a new business
within one year of failure,
within one year of failure,
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是在失敗後的一年內
就再創辦一個新的事業，
就再創辦一個新的事業，
06:08
but in a different sector,
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但會換一個行業，
06:10
while women decide to look for a job
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而女性則會決定去找工作，
06:13
and postpone the creation
of a new business.
of a new business.
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暫緩創辦新事業的計畫。
06:16
Our hypothesis is that this happens
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對於這背後的原因，我們的假設是
06:18
because women tend to suffer more
from the impostor syndrome.
from the impostor syndrome.
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女性比較會受
冒名頂替症候群的影響。
冒名頂替症候群的影響。
06:22
We feel that we need something else
to be a good entrepreneur.
to be a good entrepreneur.
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我們覺得自己需要其他東西，
才能夠成為一個好的創業家。
才能夠成為一個好的創業家。
06:27
But I have seen that in many, many cases
women have everything that's needed.
women have everything that's needed.
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但我看過非常非常多案例，
都證明了女性已經有所需的一切。
都證明了女性已經有所需的一切。
06:33
We just need to take the step.
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我們只需要踏出腳步。
06:36
And in the case of men,
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至於男性，
06:38
it is more common to see that they feel
they have enough knowledge
they have enough knowledge
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比較容易看見
他們認為自己有足夠的知識，
他們認為自己有足夠的知識，
06:42
and just need to put it in practice
in another place with better luck.
in another place with better luck.
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只需要實際用在另一個
運氣好些的地方即可。
運氣好些的地方即可。
06:47
Another interesting finding has been
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還有另一項有趣的發現，
06:50
that there are regional differences
on how entrepreneurs cope with failure.
on how entrepreneurs cope with failure.
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創業家處理失敗的方式，
有區域性的差異。
有區域性的差異。
06:55
For instance, the most common reaction
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比如，在美洲大陸上，
06:58
after the failure of a business
in the American continent
in the American continent
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事業失敗之後最常見的反應
07:01
is to go back to school.
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就是回學校求學。
07:03
While in Europe, the most common reaction
is to look for a therapist.
is to look for a therapist.
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在歐洲，最常見的反應
則是去找治療師。
則是去找治療師。
07:08
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
07:10
We're not sure which is a better reaction
after the failure of a business,
after the failure of a business,
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我們不確定在事業失敗之後
產生哪種反應比較好，
產生哪種反應比較好，
07:14
but this is something
we will study in the future.
we will study in the future.
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但我們在未來會研究這個議題。
07:20
Another interesting finding has been
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另一項有趣的發現是
07:23
the profound impact that public policy
has on failed entrepreneurs.
has on failed entrepreneurs.
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公共政策對於失敗的創業家
有著很深刻的影響。
有著很深刻的影響。
07:28
For instance, in my country, in Mexico,
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比如，在我的國家墨西哥，
07:31
the regulatory environment is so hard,
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監管環境非常嚴格，
07:34
that closing a business can take you
a lot of time and a lot of money.
a lot of time and a lot of money.
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連要結束事業也要
花很多的時間和金錢。
花很多的時間和金錢。
07:39
Let's begin with the money.
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咱們先從金錢談起。
07:42
In the best possible scenario,
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在最好的可能情境中，
07:44
meaning you don't have
problems with partners,
problems with partners,
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也就是說，你和合作夥伴、供應商、
07:47
providers, clients, employees,
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客戶、員工都沒任何糾紛，
07:49
in the best possible scenario,
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在最好的情境中，
07:51
officially closing a business
will cost you 2,000 dollars.
will cost you 2,000 dollars.
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一個事業正式結束營業
要花兩千美元。
要花兩千美元。
07:56
Which is a lot of money in Mexico.
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這在墨西哥是很大一筆錢。
07:58
Someone who earns the minimum wage
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收入是最低薪資的人，
08:00
would have to work for 15 months
to save this amount.
to save this amount.
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得要工作十五個月
才能存到這筆錢。
才能存到這筆錢。
08:04
Now, let's talk about the time.
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接著，咱們來談談時間。
08:07
As you may know,
in most of the developing world,
in most of the developing world,
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你們可能知道，
在大部分開發中的國家裡，
在大部分開發中的國家裡，
08:10
the average life expectancy
of a business is two years.
of a business is two years.
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企業的平均壽命是兩年。
08:15
In Mexico, the process of officially
closing a business takes two years.
closing a business takes two years.
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在墨西哥，正式結束
營業的流程就要花兩年。
營業的流程就要花兩年。
08:21
What happens when the average
life expectancy of a business
life expectancy of a business
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當企業的平均壽命和經營失敗而倒閉
08:25
is so similar to the time it will take you
to close it if it doesn't work?
to close it if it doesn't work?
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所需要的時間這麼接近，
會發生什麼事？
會發生什麼事？
08:31
Of course, this discourages
business creation
business creation
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當然，會讓人不敢創業，
08:34
and promotes informal economy.
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且促進非正式（地下）經濟。
08:36
In fact, econometric research has proved
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事實上，計量經濟研究已經證明，
08:39
that if the process of declaring
bankruptcy takes less time and less money,
bankruptcy takes less time and less money,
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如果宣告破產所要花的
時間和金錢都能減少，
時間和金錢都能減少，
08:44
more new firms will enter the market.
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就會有更多新公司進入市場。
08:48
For this reason, in 2017,
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基於這個理由，在 2017 年，
08:51
we proposed a series
of public policy recommendations
of public policy recommendations
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我們提出了一系列公共政策建議，
08:54
for the procedure of officially
closing businesses in Mexico.
closing businesses in Mexico.
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處理墨西哥企業正式結束營運的流程。
08:59
For a whole year,
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一整年，
09:00
we worked with entrepreneurs
from all over the country
from all over the country
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我們接觸到來自全國各地的創業家，
09:04
and with Congress.
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以及國會。
09:05
And the good news is that we managed
to help change the law.
to help change the law.
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好消息是，我們成功協助改變法律。
09:10
Yay!
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好啊！
09:11
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
09:14
The idea is that when
the new regulation comes into force,
the new regulation comes into force,
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我們的想法是，當新規制上路之後，
09:18
entrepreneurs will be able to close
their businesses in an online procedure
their businesses in an online procedure
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創業家能夠透過線上程序
來結束其企業的營運，
來結束其企業的營運，
09:23
that is faster and inexpensive.
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速度更快，成本更低。
09:26
(Sighs)
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（嘆氣）
09:28
On the night we invented Fuckup Nights,
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在我們發明「搞砸之夜」的那晚，
09:30
we never imagined that the movement
would grow this big.
would grow this big.
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我們從來沒有想到這項運動
能夠成長到這麼壯大。
能夠成長到這麼壯大。
09:36
We are in 80 countries now.
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現在我們進駐了八十個國家。
09:38
In that moment, our only intention
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在那時，我們唯一的意圖，
09:41
was to put the topic
of failure on the table.
of failure on the table.
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就是要把「失敗」
這個主題拿出來談。
這個主題拿出來談。
09:44
To help our friends see that failure
is something we must talk about.
is something we must talk about.
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要協助我們的朋友了解
我們必須要去談論失敗。
我們必須要去談論失敗。
09:48
It is not a cause of humiliation,
as it used to be in the past,
as it used to be in the past,
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不像過去，
現在失敗不是羞辱的成因，
現在失敗不是羞辱的成因，
09:53
or a cause of celebration,
as some people say.
as some people say.
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也不像一些人所說的，
是慶祝的成因。
是慶祝的成因。
09:56
In fact, I want to confess something.
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事實上，我想要坦言一件事。
10:00
Every time I listen
to Silicon Valley types or students
to Silicon Valley types or students
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每當我聽到矽谷型的人或是學生
10:05
bragging about failing fast and often
like it's no big deal, I cringe.
like it's no big deal, I cringe.
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把快速地失敗拿來自誇，說得好像
那沒什麼大不了的，我就會畏縮。
那沒什麼大不了的，我就會畏縮。
10:11
Because I think that there is a dark side
on the mantra "fail fast."
on the mantra "fail fast."
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因為我認為「快速地失敗」
這句真言有著它黑暗的一面。
這句真言有著它黑暗的一面。
10:17
Of course, failing fast
is a great way to accelerate learning
is a great way to accelerate learning
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當然，快速地失敗是
加速學習的一個好方法，
加速學習的一個好方法，
10:21
and avoid wasting time.
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可以避免浪費時間。
10:23
But I fear that when
we present rapid failure
we present rapid failure
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但我擔心當我們讓創業家看到
10:26
to entrepreneurs
as their one and only option,
as their one and only option,
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快速地失敗是他們的唯一選擇，
10:29
we might be promoting laziness.
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我們可能是在促進「怠惰」。
10:32
We might be promoting
that entrepreneurs give up too easily.
that entrepreneurs give up too easily.
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我們可能會促使創業家太輕言放棄。
10:36
I also fear that the culture
of rapid failure
of rapid failure
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我也害怕快速地失敗的文化
10:39
could be minimizing
the devastating consequences
the devastating consequences
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可能會讓事業失敗的
慘烈後果被最小化。
慘烈後果被最小化。
10:43
of the failure of a business.
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10:45
For instance, when
my social enterprise died,
my social enterprise died,
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比如，當我的社會企業陣亡時，
10:49
the worst part was that I had to go back
to the indigenous community
to the indigenous community
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最糟糕的部分是我得要
回到原住民社區，
回到原住民社區，
10:54
and tell the women
that the business had failed
that the business had failed
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告訴那些女子，事業失敗了，
10:57
and it was my fault.
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而且是我的錯。
11:00
For some people this could be seen
like a great learning opportunity for me,
like a great learning opportunity for me,
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有些人可能會覺得這像是
一個能讓我學習的機會，
一個能讓我學習的機會，
11:05
but the truth is that
the closure of this business
the closure of this business
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但事實是，這個事業的倒閉
11:08
represented much more than that.
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代表的意義並不只有那些。
11:11
It meant that the women
would stop receiving an income
would stop receiving an income
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它意味著那些女子不會再得到收入，
11:14
that they really needed.
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而她們很需要收入。
11:17
For this reason,
I want to propose something.
I want to propose something.
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出於這個原因，我有個提議。
11:21
I want to propose
that just as we put aside the idea
that just as we put aside the idea
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我想要提議，就如同我們丟棄了
公開羞辱失敗創業家的想法一樣，
11:25
of publicly humiliating
failed entrepreneurs,
failed entrepreneurs,
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11:28
we must put aside the idea
that failing fast is always the best.
that failing fast is always the best.
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我們也必須要丟棄
「最好能快速地失敗」的想法。
「最好能快速地失敗」的想法。
11:34
And I want to propose a new mantra:
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我還想要提出新的真言：
11:37
fail mindfully.
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小心地失敗。
11:39
We must remember that businesses
are made of people,
are made of people,
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我們必須要記住，
事業也是由人所形成的，
事業也是由人所形成的，
11:43
businesses are not entities
that appear and disappear
that appear and disappear
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事業並不是神奇地出現又消失，
11:46
magically without consequences.
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且不會造成任何後果的實體。
11:49
When a firm dies,
some people will lose their jobs.
some people will lose their jobs.
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當一家公司陣亡，
有些人會失去工作。
有些人會失去工作。
11:52
And others will lose their money.
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還有些人會失去金錢。
11:55
And in the case
of social and green enterprises,
of social and green enterprises,
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如果是社會及綠色企業的情況，
11:58
the death of this business
can have a negative impact
can have a negative impact
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事業陣亡可能會造成負面的衝擊，
12:03
on the ecosystems or communities
they were trying to serve.
they were trying to serve.
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影響到它們試圖服務的
生態系統或社區。
生態系統或社區。
12:07
But what does it mean to fail mindfully?
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但，小心地失敗是什麼意思？
12:11
It means being aware of the impact,
of the consequences
of the consequences
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它的意思是，要知道
那事業如果失敗了，
那事業如果失敗了，
會有什麼影響，有什麼後果。
12:16
of the failure of that business.
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12:18
Being aware of the lessons learned.
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要知道學到了什麼教訓。
12:21
And being aware of the responsibility
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也要知道我們有責任
12:25
to share those learnings with the world.
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要把學到的教訓和世界分享。
12:28
Thank you.
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謝謝。
12:29
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Leticia Gasca - Author, entrepreneurLeticia Gasca is co-founder of the movement Fuckup Nights and Executive Director for the Failure Institute, the first think tank in the world devoted to studying business failure and the reasons behind it.
Why you should listen
From a very young age, Leticia Gasca was committed to making the world a better place. When she was only 20 years old, she represented Mexico at the United Nations during the 62nd Session of the General Assembly.
In 2014, Gasca was recognized as a Gifted Citizen for leading one of the 30 most innovative projects in the world, and in 2015, she was awarded as Woman Entrepreneur of the Year.
More recently, Gasca was featured by OZY Magazine as a "Rising Star" and by The Economist as one of the "Voices from 2040." She is the author of the book Surviving Failure and a columnist at several newspapers and magazines.
Leticia Gasca | Speaker | TED.com