ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sangeeta Bhatia - Physician, bioengineer and entrepreneur
Sangeeta Bhatia is a cancer researcher, MIT professor and biotech entrepreneur who works to adapt technologies developed in the computer industry for medical innovation.

Why you should listen

Trained as both a physician and engineer at Harvard, MIT, and Brown University, Sangeeta Bhatia leverages 'tiny technologies' of miniaturization to yield inventions with new applications in tissue regeneration, stem cell differentiation, medical diagnostics, predictive toxicology and drug delivery. She and her trainees have launched more than 10 biotechnology companies to improve human health.

Bhatia has received many honors including the Lemelson-MIT Prize, known as the 'Oscar for inventors,' and the Heinz Medal for groundbreaking inventions and advocacy for women in STEM fields. She is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator, the Director of the Marble Center for Cancer Nanomedicine at the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and an elected member of the National Academy of Engineering, the American Academy of Arts and Science and Brown University's Board of Trustees.

More profile about the speaker
Sangeeta Bhatia | Speaker | TED.com
TED Talks Live

Sangeeta Bhatia: This tiny particle could roam your body to find tumors

桑吉塔.巴蒂亞: 這微小粒子能在你身上漫遊找到腫瘤

Filmed:
905,949 views

如果可以在惡性腫瘤傷害我們的數年前找到它們,而且不必使用昂貴的篩檢設備或甚至穩定的電流,這樣會如何呢?身兼醫師、生物工程師、企業家的桑吉塔.巴蒂亞(Sangeeta Bhatia )領導了一個多重領域的實驗室,尋找新穎的方法來了解、診斷並治療人類的疾病。她的目標:她要讓因癌症死亡中三分之二的病人是可預防的。她以異常清楚的方式,分析複雜的奈米粒子科學,並分享了她對能挽救數百萬生命完全嶄新偵測癌症的檢查的夢想。
- Physician, bioengineer and entrepreneur
Sangeeta Bhatia is a cancer researcher, MIT professor and biotech entrepreneur who works to adapt technologies developed in the computer industry for medical innovation. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
In the space空間 that used
to house one transistor晶體管,
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過去可容納一個電晶體的空間,
00:16
we can now fit適合 one billion十億.
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我們現在可以放進 10 億個。
00:19
That made製作 it so that a computer電腦
the size尺寸 of an entire整個 room房間
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這使得過去一個房間大小的電腦
00:23
now fits適合 in your pocket口袋.
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現在可以放進你的口袋裡了。
你可能會說,未來的東西會是小的。
00:26
You might威力 say the future未來 is small.
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身為一位工程師,
00:29
As an engineer工程師,
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我被這個電腦的
微型化革命所啟發。
00:30
I'm inspired啟發 by this miniaturization微型化
revolution革命 in computers電腦.
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而身為一位醫師,
00:34
As a physician醫師,
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00:36
I wonder奇蹟 whether是否 we could use it
to reduce減少 the number of lives生活 lost丟失
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我在想,我們是否可以利用它來降低
00:41
due應有 to one of the fastest-growing增長最快
diseases疾病 on Earth地球:
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癌症 ─ 地球上成長最快速的疾病之一
的死亡人數。
00:46
cancer癌症.
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00:47
Now when I say that,
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現在,當我這樣說時,
00:48
what most people hear me say
is that we're working加工 on curing養護 cancer癌症.
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大部份聽到的人會說,
我們是研究癌症治療的。
的確是!
00:52
And we are.
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但事實上,
00:53
But it turns out
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00:55
that there's an incredible難以置信
opportunity機會 to save保存 lives生活
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有一個不可思議的機會
可以拯救生命,
00:57
through通過 the early detection發現
and prevention預防 of cancer癌症.
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就是藉由癌症的早期發現與預防。
01:01
Worldwide全世界, over two-thirds三分之二 of deaths死亡
due應有 to cancer癌症 are fully充分 preventable預防的
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全球因癌症死亡的病例
超過 2/3 是可預防的 ,
01:07
using運用 methods方法 that we already已經
have in hand today今天.
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經由使用我們現今已有的方法,
01:10
Things like vaccination疫苗接種, timely及時 screening篩查
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像是接種疫苗、定期篩檢,
01:13
and of course課程, stopping停止 smoking抽煙.
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當然,戒菸也是。
01:16
But even with the best最好 tools工具
and technologies技術 that we have today今天,
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但即使現在我們已經有
最好的工具與科技,
某些腫瘤要開始成長十年後
才能被偵測出來,
01:19
some tumors腫瘤 can't be detected檢測
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01:22
until直到 10 years年份 after
they've他們已經 started開始 growing生長,
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那時的癌細胞已多達 5 千萬個了。
01:25
when they are 50 million百萬
cancer癌症 cells細胞 strong強大.
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01:30
What if we had better technologies技術
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要是我們有更好的科技,
可以更早偵測到更多這些致命的癌症,
01:31
to detect檢測 some of these more
deadly致命 cancers癌症 sooner,
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01:35
when they could be removed去除,
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也就是在它們可以被移除
01:36
when they were just getting得到 started開始?
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或剛長出時,那該有多好?
讓我向各位說明
微型化科技將如何讓我們做到。
01:38
Let me tell you about how
miniaturization微型化 might威力 get us there.
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01:43
This is a microscope顯微鏡 in a typical典型 lab實驗室
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這是一般實驗室裡的一台顯微鏡,
01:45
that a pathologist病理學家 would use
for looking at a tissue組織 specimen標本,
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病理學家用它來觀察組織的樣本,
例如活體切片或子宮頸抹片檢查。
01:49
like a biopsy活檢 or a pap軟食 smear塗抹.
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01:51
This $7,000 microscope顯微鏡
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這台 $7000 美金的顯微鏡 ,
01:54
would be used by somebody
with years年份 of specialized專門 training訓練
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會被某些受多年專業訓練的人
01:57
to spot cancer癌症 cells細胞.
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用來找出癌細胞。
02:00
This is an image圖片 from a colleague同事
of mine at Rice白飯 University大學,
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這一張圖是來自我的
一位萊斯大學的同事
02:03
Rebecca麗貝卡 Richards-Kortum理查茲 - Kortum.
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麗貝卡·理查茲卡頓,
02:04
What she and her team球隊 have doneDONE
is miniaturize小型化 that whole整個 microscope顯微鏡
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她和她的團隊所做的
就是把顯微鏡縮小成為一個
價值十元的零件,
02:08
into this $10 part部分,
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02:10
and it fits適合 on the end結束
of an optical光纖 fiber纖維.
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並且可以裝在光纖的末端上。
02:13
Now what that means手段 is instead代替
of taking服用 a sample樣品 from a patient患者
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意思是,不需要從病人身上取出檢體,
02:17
and sending發出 it to the microscope顯微鏡,
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送到顯微鏡下觀察,
而是你可以把顯微鏡放到病人體內。
02:19
you can bring帶來 the microscope顯微鏡
to the patient患者.
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02:22
And then, instead代替 of requiring要求
a specialist專家 to look at the images圖片,
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並且,不需要專家來檢視影像,
你可以訓練電腦區分
正常細胞與癌症細胞。
02:26
you can train培養 the computer電腦 to score得分了
normal正常 versus cancerous癌的 cells細胞.
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這很重要,
02:32
Now this is important重要,
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02:33
because what they found發現
working加工 in rural鄉村 communities社區,
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因為他們發現在郊區工作,
即使有一台行動篩檢箱型車,
02:36
is that even when they have
a mobile移動 screening篩查 van麵包車
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02:39
that can go out into the community社區
and perform演出 exams考試
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可以開到社區裡進行檢查,
02:42
and collect蒐集 samples樣本
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及收集檢體
02:43
and send發送 them to the central中央
hospital醫院 for analysis分析,
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並把它們送回醫院做分析,
02:47
that days later後來,
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過幾天後,
02:48
women婦女 get a call
with an abnormal不正常 test測試 result結果
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受測女士們接到
檢查結果不正常的電話,
02:51
and they're asked to come in.
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並被要求到醫院來,
02:52
Fully充分 half of them don't turn up
because they can't afford給予 the trip.
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但她們至少有一半不會來,
因為付不起旅費。
02:57
With the integrated集成 microscope顯微鏡
and computer電腦 analysis分析,
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藉由整合顯微鏡與電腦分析,
麗貝卡和她的同事
已經可以做出一台
03:01
Rebecca麗貝卡 and her colleagues同事
have been able能夠 to create創建 a van麵包車
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03:04
that has both a diagnostic診斷 setup建立
and a treatment治療 setup建立.
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同時具有診斷與治療設施的廂型車。
意思就是,他們可以直接在現場
03:07
And what that means手段
is that they can do a diagnosis診斷
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03:10
and perform演出 therapy治療 on the spot,
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做診斷與治療,
這樣就沒人會錯過追蹤了。
03:13
so no one is lost丟失 to follow跟隨 up.
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03:15
That's just one example of how
miniaturization微型化 can save保存 lives生活.
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這僅是一個微型化科技
如何拯救人命的案例之一。
03:20
Now as engineers工程師,
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身為工程師,
03:21
we think of this
as straight-up直線上升 miniaturization微型化.
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我們認為這就是微型化,
你把一個大的東西變小了。
03:24
You took a big thing
and you made製作 it little.
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03:26
But what I told you before about computers電腦
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但我稍早跟各位提到
有關於電腦
03:28
was that they transformed改造 our lives生活
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改變了我們的生活,
03:31
when they became成為 small enough足夠
for us to take them everywhere到處.
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當它們變得
小到可以讓我們帶到任何地方時。
03:35
So what is the transformational轉型
equivalent當量 like that in medicine醫學?
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在醫學上,
有什麼東西是相對等的改變呢?
03:40
Well, what if you had a detector探測器
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如果你有一個偵測器,
它小到可以在你的體內循環,
03:43
that was so small that it could
circulate流通 in your body身體,
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03:47
find the tumor all by itself本身
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並靠它自己找到腫瘤,
03:50
and send發送 a signal信號 to the outside world世界?
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而且還能把訊號傳到體外呢?
03:53
It sounds聲音 a little bit
like science科學 fiction小說.
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這聽起來有點像科幻小說,
03:55
But actually其實, nanotechnology納米技術
allows允許 us to do just that.
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但實際上,奈米科技
已經可以讓我們做到了。
03:59
Nanotechnology納米技術 allows允許 us to shrink收縮
the parts部分 that make up the detector探測器
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奈米科技已經讓我們能夠
把製造偵測器的零件
04:04
from the width寬度 of a human人的 hair頭髮,
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從原本是頭髮寬度即100微米
04:06
which哪一個 is 100 microns微米,
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04:07
to a thousand times smaller,
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縮更小到其 1/1000,
04:10
which哪一個 is 100 nanometers納米.
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也就是100奈米。
04:12
And that has profound深刻 implications啟示.
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這樣就有很大的影響了,
04:15
It turns out that materials物料
actually其實 change更改 their properties性能
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也就是說,材質實際上
以奈米規格改變其特性。
04:19
at the nanoscale納米級.
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04:21
You take a common共同 material材料 like gold,
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就拿黃金這個普遍的材質來說,
04:23
and you grind研磨 it into dust灰塵,
into gold nanoparticles納米粒子,
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當你把黃金磨到奈米粒子的大小,
04:27
and it changes變化 from looking
gold to looking red.
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它會從金色變成紅色。
04:31
If you take a more exotic異國情調 material材料
like cadmium selenide --
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如果你再拿一個更奇特的材質,
像是硒化鎘 ──
一個大而黑的晶體,
04:34
forms形式 a big, black黑色 crystal水晶 --
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04:37
if you make nanocrystals納米晶
out of this material材料
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若把它製成奈米大小,
04:39
and you put it in a liquid液體,
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然後放進一種液體裡,
並以光線照射它
04:41
and you shine閃耀 light on it,
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04:43
they glow輝光.
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它們會發光。
04:44
And they glow輝光 blue藍色, green綠色,
yellow黃色, orange橙子, red,
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它們會發出藍色、綠色、
黃色、橘色、紅色的光,
04:50
depending根據 only on their size尺寸.
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僅依據它們的大小不同。
04:52
It's wild野生! Can you imagine想像 an object目的
like that in the macro world世界?
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這太神奇了!你可想像
這樣一個在宏觀世界裡的物體嗎?
04:56
It would be like all the denim牛仔布 jeans牛仔褲
in your closet壁櫥 are all made製作 of cotton,
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就好比你衣櫃裡那些
全都是棉製的牛仔褲,
會依它們的尺寸大小
而有不同的顏色。
05:03
but they are different不同 colors顏色
depending根據 only on their size尺寸.
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05:08
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
05:10
So as a physician醫師,
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所以,身為一位醫師,
05:12
what's just as interesting有趣 to me
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讓我感興趣的
05:14
is that it's not just
the color顏色 of materials物料
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不只是材質
會依奈米規格的大小而改變顏色;
05:17
that changes變化 at the nanoscale納米級;
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05:19
the way they travel旅行
in your body身體 also changes變化.
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它們在你身體裡面的
運行方式也會改變。
而我們將運用這種觀察方式
05:23
And this is the kind of observation意見
that we're going to use
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05:25
to make a better cancer癌症 detector探測器.
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來製作更好的癌症偵測器。
05:28
So let me show顯示 you what I mean.
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讓我向各位解釋一下,
05:30
This is a blood血液 vessel船隻 in the body身體.
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這是身體裡面的一條血管,
05:32
Surrounding周圍 the blood血液 vessel船隻 is a tumor.
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圍繞著血管的是一個腫瘤。
05:35
We're going to inject注入 nanoparticles納米粒子
into the blood血液 vessel船隻
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我們把奈米粒子注射到血管裡面,
05:38
and watch how they travel旅行
from the bloodstream血液 into the tumor.
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然後觀察它們如何從
血流中進到腫瘤裡面。
05:43
Now it turns out that the blood血液 vessels船隻
of many許多 tumors腫瘤 are leaky洩漏,
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結果我們看到
許多腫瘤的血管有漏洞,
05:47
and so nanoparticles納米粒子 can leak洩漏 out
from the bloodstream血液 into the tumor.
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所以奈米粒子會從血流漏向腫瘤,
05:52
Whether是否 they leak洩漏 out
depends依靠 on their size尺寸.
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它們是否會漏出去
取決於它們的大小。
05:56
So in this image圖片,
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在這影像
較小、100奈米的
藍色奈米粒子正在漏出去,
05:57
the smaller, hundred-nanometer一百納米,
blue藍色 nanoparticles納米粒子 are leaking洩漏 out,
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06:01
and the larger, 500-nanometer- 納米,
red nanoparticles納米粒子
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較大、500奈米的紅色奈米粒子
06:05
are stuck卡住 in the bloodstream血液.
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則留在血流當中。
06:06
So that means手段 as an engineer工程師,
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所以身為一位工程師,
06:09
depending根據 on how big
or small I make a material材料,
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依據我所製作的物質大小,
06:13
I can change更改 where it goes in your body身體.
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可改變它在你身體裡的去處。
06:17
In my lab實驗室, we recently最近 made製作
a cancer癌症 nanodetectornanodetector
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在我的實驗室,我們最近
作出一種癌症奈米偵測器,
06:21
that is so small that it could travel旅行
into the body身體 and look for tumors腫瘤.
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它小到可以進入身體並找尋腫瘤,
06:27
We designed設計 it to listen
for tumor invasion侵入:
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我們設計它用來監聽腫瘤的侵犯:
06:31
the orchestra樂隊 of chemical化學 signals信號
that tumors腫瘤 need to make to spread傳播.
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腫瘤需要製造這些
化學訊號的樂音來擴散。
06:36
For a tumor to break打破 out
of the tissue組織 that it's born天生 in,
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腫瘤為了要從它長出來的
組織突破出去,
06:39
it has to make chemicals化學製品 called enzymes
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它必須製造一種
稱為「酵素」的化學物質,
06:42
to chew through通過
the scaffolding腳手架 of tissues組織.
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來穿破組織架構而出。
06:45
We designed設計 these nanoparticles納米粒子
to be activated活性 by these enzymes.
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我們設計這些奈米粒子
可被腫瘤酵素活化,
06:51
One enzyme can activate啟用 a thousand
of these chemical化學 reactions反應 in an hour小時.
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一個酵素一小時內
可活化一千個這種化學反應。
06:57
Now in engineering工程, we call
that one-to-a-thousand一到一個千 ratio
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用工程術語來說,我們稱這種
1:1000 比率為一種放大率,
07:01
a form形成 of amplification放大,
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07:02
and it makes品牌 something ultrasensitive超靈敏.
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它會變得超靈敏。
07:04
So we've我們已經 made製作 an ultrasensitive超靈敏
cancer癌症 detector探測器.
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所以我們製造出一種
超靈敏的癌症偵測器,
07:09
OK, but how do I get this activated活性
signal信號 to the outside world世界,
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但我要如何把這個活化訊號傳到體外,
07:14
where I can act法案 on it?
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我要從那裡著手呢?
07:15
For this, we're going to use
one more piece of nanoscale納米級 biology生物學,
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為此,我們要再利用另一個
奈米規格生物學,
07:19
and that has to do with the kidney.
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而這與腎臟有關。
07:21
The kidney is a filter過濾.
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腎臟是一種過濾器,
07:23
Its job工作 is to filter過濾 out the blood血液
and put waste浪費 into the urine尿.
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它的功能就是將廢物
從血液濾出並排入尿液,
其實腎臟所過濾的物質
07:29
It turns out that what the kidney filters過濾器
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07:31
is also dependent依賴的 on size尺寸.
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也是根據大小而定。
07:34
So in this image圖片, what you can see
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所以在這影片,各位可以看到
07:36
is that everything smaller
than five nanometers納米
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任何小於 5 奈米的物質,
07:39
is going from the blood血液,
through通過 the kidney, into the urine尿,
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會從血液通過腎臟而排入尿液,
07:44
and everything else其他
that's bigger is retained保留.
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其他比較大的物質會被留下來。
07:47
OK, so if I make a 100-nanometer- 納米
cancer癌症 detector探測器,
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好,如果我做了一個
100 奈米的癌症偵測器,
07:52
I inject注入 it in the bloodstream血液,
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然後把它注射到血流裡面,
07:54
it can leak洩漏 into the tumor
where it's activated活性 by tumor enzymes
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它會漏入腫瘤裡面,
被腫瘤酵素活化,
08:00
to release發布 a small signal信號
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並釋放一種微小訊號,
08:02
that is small enough足夠 to be
filtered過濾 out of the kidney
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小到可以被腎臟過濾出來,
08:05
and put into the urine尿,
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然後排到尿液裡面,
08:07
I have a signal信號 in the outside world世界
that I can detect檢測.
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這樣在體外
就有我可以偵測到的訊號了。
08:12
OK, but there's one more problem問題.
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好,但還有一個問題。
08:14
This is a tiny little signal信號,
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這是一個很微小的訊號,
我要如何偵測呢?
08:16
so how do I detect檢測 it?
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08:18
Well, the signal信號 is just a molecule分子.
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訊號其實只是一種分子,
08:20
They're molecules分子
that we designed設計 as engineers工程師.
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是我們工程師設計出來的分子。
08:23
They're completely全然 synthetic合成的,
and we can design設計 them
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它們完全是合成的,
我們可以設計它們,
讓它與我們選擇的工具完全相容。
08:26
so they are compatible兼容
with our tool工具 of choice選擇.
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08:30
If we want to use a really
sensitive敏感, fancy幻想 instrument儀器
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如果我們要用一種
相當靈敏的昂貴設備 ──
08:33
called a mass spectrometer光譜儀,
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叫做質譜儀,
08:35
then we make a molecule分子
with a unique獨特 mass.
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那麼我們會製造
一種特定質量的分子。
或許我們想讓它
不那麼昂貴且方便攜帶,
08:38
Or maybe we want make something
that's more inexpensive便宜 and portable手提.
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08:42
Then we make molecules分子
that we can trap陷阱 on paper,
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那麼我們會製造
能被試紙抓住的分子,
08:46
like a pregnancy懷孕 test測試.
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就像驗孕一樣。
08:47
In fact事實, there's a whole整個
world世界 of paper tests測試
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事實上,現在有很多的試紙測試方法,
已廣泛應用在「試紙診斷」領域了。
08:50
that are becoming變得 available可得到
in a field領域 called paper diagnostics診斷.
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08:55
Alright好的, where are we going with this?
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好的,我們做這個有什麼用處呢?
接下來我要告訴各位的是
08:58
What I'm going to tell you next下一個,
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09:00
as a lifelong終身 researcher研究員,
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身為一位終身研究員,
09:02
represents代表 a dream夢想 of mine.
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我想對各位訴說我的夢想。
09:04
I can't say that's it's a promise諾言;
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我不能說這是個承諾;
09:06
it's a dream夢想.
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但它至少是個夢想。
我認為我們都必須有夢想
來讓我們向前邁進,
09:08
But I think we all have to have dreams
to keep us pushing推動 forward前鋒,
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09:11
even -- and maybe especially特別 --
cancer癌症 researchers研究人員.
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甚至,特別是癌症研究人員。
09:15
I'm going to tell you what I hope希望
will happen發生 with my technology技術,
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我要告訴各位我期望
我的技術將來會有何進展,
09:19
that my team球隊 and I will put
our hearts心中 and souls靈魂
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我的團隊和我都會盡心盡力地
讓這期望成真。
09:23
into making製造 a reality現實.
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09:25
OK, here goes.
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好的,我要開始了。
09:27
I dream夢想 that one day,
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我夢想有一天,
09:30
instead代替 of going into
an expensive昂貴 screening篩查 facility設施
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大家不用再使用昂貴的篩檢設備
來做大腸鏡檢查
09:33
to get a colonoscopy結腸鏡檢查,
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09:35
or a mammogram乳房X光檢查,
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或乳房攝影檢查
09:36
or a pap軟食 smear塗抹,
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或子宮頸抹片檢查,
09:38
that you could get a shot射擊,
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而是你可能扎一針,
09:40
wait an hour小時,
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等一個小時,
09:42
and do a urine尿 test測試 on a paper strip跳閘.
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然後在試紙上做尿液檢測即可。
我想像這甚至
09:45
I imagine想像 that this could even happen發生
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不需要穩定的電流
或專業醫療人士在檢驗室裡就可能做到。
09:48
without the need for steady穩定 electricity電力,
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09:51
or a medical professional專業的 in the room房間.
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09:53
Maybe they could be far away
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或許他們可以遠隔千里
09:55
and connected連接的 only by the image圖片
on a smartphone手機.
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僅用智能手機連結影像即可。
我知道這聽起來像是個夢想,
09:58
Now I know this sounds聲音 like a dream夢想,
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10:00
but in the lab實驗室 we already已經
have this working加工 in mice老鼠,
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但在實驗室,
我們已經用在老鼠身上了,
10:03
where it works作品 better
than existing現有 methods方法
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對於偵測肺癌、大腸癌及卵巢癌,
這比現行方法更有用。
10:05
for the detection發現 of lung,
colon結腸 and ovarian卵巢 cancer癌症.
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10:10
And I hope希望 that what this means手段
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而這也意味著我期望
10:12
is that one day we can
detect檢測 tumors腫瘤 in patients耐心
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有一天,在病人腫瘤開始成長的10年內,
我們就可以偵測到。
10:18
sooner than 10 years年份
after they've他們已經 started開始 growing生長,
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在各行各業、世界各地的人都能受惠,
10:21
in all walks散步 of life,
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10:23
all around the globe地球,
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10:25
and that this would lead
to earlier treatments治療,
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這會促成早期治療,
10:28
and that we could save保存 more lives生活
than we can today今天,
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藉由早期發現,
我們能比今日拯救更多人的性命。
10:31
with early detection發現.
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10:33
Thank you.
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謝謝!
(掌聲)
10:34
(Applause掌聲)
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Translated by Yi-Fan Yu
Reviewed by Max Chern

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sangeeta Bhatia - Physician, bioengineer and entrepreneur
Sangeeta Bhatia is a cancer researcher, MIT professor and biotech entrepreneur who works to adapt technologies developed in the computer industry for medical innovation.

Why you should listen

Trained as both a physician and engineer at Harvard, MIT, and Brown University, Sangeeta Bhatia leverages 'tiny technologies' of miniaturization to yield inventions with new applications in tissue regeneration, stem cell differentiation, medical diagnostics, predictive toxicology and drug delivery. She and her trainees have launched more than 10 biotechnology companies to improve human health.

Bhatia has received many honors including the Lemelson-MIT Prize, known as the 'Oscar for inventors,' and the Heinz Medal for groundbreaking inventions and advocacy for women in STEM fields. She is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator, the Director of the Marble Center for Cancer Nanomedicine at the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and an elected member of the National Academy of Engineering, the American Academy of Arts and Science and Brown University's Board of Trustees.

More profile about the speaker
Sangeeta Bhatia | Speaker | TED.com