TEDSummit
Emma Marris: Nature is everywhere -- we just need to learn to see it
愛瑪．瑪里斯: 無處不在的大自然—我們只需學會去發現
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你如何定義「自然」？如果把它定義為未經人類接觸，那便沒有自然可言，環境作家愛瑪．瑪里斯如此說。她提出一個自然的新定義，包括原始的野外，以及在市區隨處可見、長滿植物卻被人忽略的空地。她鼓勵我們帶孩子到戶外並去接觸，擺弄自然，總有一天他們會愛上並保護它。
Emma Marris - Environmental writer
Emma Marris is a writer focusing on environmental science, policy and culture, with an approach that she paints as being "more interested in finding and describing solutions than delineating problems, and more interested in joy than despair." Full bio
Emma Marris is a writer focusing on environmental science, policy and culture, with an approach that she paints as being "more interested in finding and describing solutions than delineating problems, and more interested in joy than despair." Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
We are stealing nature from our children.
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我們正從我們的後代手中偷走自然
00:16
Now, when I say this, I don't mean
that we are destroying nature
that we are destroying nature
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在這裡，我想強調的
並不是我們在破壞
並不是我們在破壞
00:19
that they will have wanted us to preserve,
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後代想讓我們保護的自然
00:22
although that is
unfortunately also the case.
unfortunately also the case.
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雖然這也是個不爭的事實
00:25
What I mean here is that we've started
to define nature in a way
to define nature in a way
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我想說的是
我們給了大自然一個
既純粹又死板的定義
既純粹又死板的定義
00:28
that's so purist and so strict
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00:31
that under the definition
we're creating for ourselves,
we're creating for ourselves,
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在我們為自己創造的定義下
00:34
there won't be any nature
left for our children
left for our children
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我們的後代長大後不會再擁有
任何一絲真正的大自然
00:37
when they're adults.
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00:39
But there's a fix for this.
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但是有解決之道
00:41
So let me explain.
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聽我娓娓道來
00:43
Right now, humans use half of the world
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現在人類使用著半個地球
00:47
to live, to grow their crops
and their timber,
and their timber,
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去生活，去種植農作物和木料
00:49
to pasture their animals.
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去餵飼生畜
00:51
If you added up all the human beings,
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如果你把所有人類的體重加起來
00:53
we would weigh 10 times as much
as all the wild mammals put together.
as all the wild mammals put together.
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會是野生哺乳動物總重量的十倍還多
00:58
We cut roads through the forest.
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我們在森林中開闢出道路
01:01
We have added little plastic particles
to the sand on ocean beaches.
to the sand on ocean beaches.
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連我們海灘上的沙粒裏
都被混入了塑膠粒
都被混入了塑膠粒
01:06
We've changed the chemistry of the soil
with our artificial fertilizers.
with our artificial fertilizers.
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泥土的成分也被我們
用人工肥料所改變
用人工肥料所改變
01:11
And of course, we've changed
the chemistry of the air.
the chemistry of the air.
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當然，我們也改變了空氣的成份
01:14
So when you take your next breath,
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在你吸入一口氣時
01:16
you'll be breathing in
42 percent more carbon dioxide
42 percent more carbon dioxide
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會吸入比 1750 年的空氣
多 42% 的二氧化碳
多 42% 的二氧化碳
01:20
than if you were breathing in 1750.
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01:23
So all of these changes, and many others,
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總的來說，所有各式各樣的改變
01:25
have come to be kind of lumped together
under this rubric of the "Anthropocene."
under this rubric of the "Anthropocene."
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都已經聚集在
「人類世」的指標之下了
「人類世」的指標之下了
01:30
And this is a term
that some geologists are suggesting
that some geologists are suggesting
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「人類世」正是某些地質學家
為倡議我們去接受現在的時代
為倡議我們去接受現在的時代
01:33
we should give to our current epoch,
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所提出的新名詞
01:34
given how pervasive
human influence has been over it.
human influence has been over it.
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因為，人類的影響無處不在
01:38
Now, it's still just a proposed epoch,
but I think it's a helpful way
but I think it's a helpful way
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現在「人類世」
還只是一個假定的時代
還只是一個假定的時代
但我認為，它有助思考
我們對地球的影響程度
我們對地球的影響程度
01:42
to think about the magnitude
of human influence on the planet.
of human influence on the planet.
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01:46
So where does this put nature?
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但是，這和大自然有何關係呢?
01:48
What counts as nature in a world
where everything is influenced by humans?
where everything is influenced by humans?
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當一切物質都被人類所操縱時
究竟什麽才算真正的自然呢？
究竟什麽才算真正的自然呢？
01:53
So 25 years ago, environmental writer
Bill McKibben said
Bill McKibben said
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25 年前，環境學作家
比爾‧麥吉本曾經說道
比爾‧麥吉本曾經說道
01:57
that because nature
was a thing apart from man
was a thing apart from man
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因為自然應該是與人類無關的一件事
02:02
and because climate change meant
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但現在氣候變化意味著
02:03
that every centimeter of the Earth
was altered by man,
was altered by man,
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整個地球正一點點被人類所掌控
02:07
then nature was over.
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因而大自然已經消逝
02:09
In fact, he called his book
"The End of Nature."
"The End of Nature."
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事實上，他把他的著作命名為
《自然的末日》
《自然的末日》
02:14
I disagree with this.
I just disagree with this.
I just disagree with this.
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我不同意他的觀點，非常不同意
02:16
I disagree with this definition of nature,
because, fundamentally, we are animals.
because, fundamentally, we are animals.
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我不同意這種對大自然的定義
因為說到底，我們也是動物
因為說到底，我們也是動物
02:20
Right? Like, we evolved on this planet
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對吧？我們在地球上進化
02:23
in the context of all the other animals
with which we share a planet,
with which we share a planet,
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與其他動物共享著同一個地球
02:27
and all the other plants,
and all the other microbes.
and all the other microbes.
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同樣還有其它植物，其它微生物
02:30
And so I think that nature
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所以我認為自然
02:32
is not that which is untouched
by humanity, man or woman.
by humanity, man or woman.
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並不是不能被人類所使用
02:36
I think that nature
is anywhere where life thrives,
is anywhere where life thrives,
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我認為生命繁盛的地方便是自然
02:40
anywhere where there are
multiple species together,
multiple species together,
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任何有多種生物聚集在一起的地方
02:43
anywhere that's green and blue
and thriving and filled with life
and thriving and filled with life
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有綠意和水源
有生命茁壯成長的地方
02:47
and growing.
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02:49
And under that definition,
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在這種定義下
02:51
things look a little bit different.
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事情看起來就不太一樣了
02:54
Now, I understand that there
are certain parts of this nature
are certain parts of this nature
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我知道，大自然有一些東西
02:57
that speak to us in a special way.
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正試圖以一種特殊的方式
向我們傳達訊息
向我們傳達訊息
03:00
Places like Yellowstone,
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像黃石公園
03:02
or the Mongolian steppe,
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蒙古大草原
03:03
or the Great Barrier Reef
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大堡礁
03:05
or the Serengeti.
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非洲塞倫蓋蒂平原
03:06
Places that we think of
as kind of Edenic representations
as kind of Edenic representations
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那些未遭我們破壞前
我們視作類似伊甸園的地方
03:10
of a nature before
we screwed everything up.
we screwed everything up.
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03:14
And in a way, they are less impacted
by our day to day activities.
by our day to day activities.
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在某種程度上，這些地方
不太受到人類生活影響
不太受到人類生活影響
03:18
Many of these places
have no roads or few roads,
have no roads or few roads,
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這些地方道路稀少，甚至沒有道路
03:21
so on, like such.
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諸如此類
03:22
But ultimately, even these Edens
are deeply influenced by humans.
are deeply influenced by humans.
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但是說到底這些美好的地方
也深受人類影響
也深受人類影響
03:28
Now, let's just take
North America, for example,
North America, for example,
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我們來舉個例子
就以現場的北美洲為例
03:31
since that's where we're meeting.
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03:32
So between about 15,000 years ago
when people first came here,
when people first came here,
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從一萬五千年前
人類第一次發現這片土地之時
人類第一次發現這片土地之時
03:36
they started a process
of interacting with the nature
of interacting with the nature
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人類就開始了
與大自然相互影響的過程
與大自然相互影響的過程
03:38
that led to the extinction
of a big slew of large-bodied animals,
of a big slew of large-bodied animals,
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致使大量巨型動物滅絕
03:43
from the mastodon
to the giant ground sloth,
to the giant ground sloth,
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如乳齒象、巨型地獺
03:45
saber-toothed cats,
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劍齒虎等
03:46
all of these cool animals
that unfortunately are no longer with us.
that unfortunately are no longer with us.
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這些炫酷的動物
已然沒有機會與我們共存
已然沒有機會與我們共存
03:50
And when those animals went extinct,
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當這些動物滅絕之時
03:52
you know, the ecosystems
didn't stand still.
didn't stand still.
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生態系統便不再平衡
03:54
Massive ripple effects
changed grasslands into forests,
changed grasslands into forests,
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大規模的漣漪效應
使得草原變成了森林
使得草原變成了森林
03:58
changed the composition of forest
from one tree to another.
from one tree to another.
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使得森林中的樹木都轉了型
所以即使如伊甸園般的地方
04:02
So even in these Edens,
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04:03
even in these perfect-looking places
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即使在這些看似完美的地方
04:05
that seem to remind us
of a past before humans,
of a past before humans,
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似乎提醒著我們有人類之前的樣子
04:09
we're essentially looking
at a humanized landscape.
at a humanized landscape.
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我們看到的其實還是人類化的景觀
04:12
Not just these prehistoric humans,
but historical humans, indigenous people
but historical humans, indigenous people
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不只是這些史前的人類
有歷史後的人類、土著居民
有歷史後的人類、土著居民
04:16
all the way up until the moment
when the first colonizers showed up.
when the first colonizers showed up.
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直到第一批殖民者出現都是
04:20
And the case is the same
for the other continents as well.
for the other continents as well.
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同樣的事情也發生在其他陸域
04:23
Humans have just been involved in nature
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人類已被強有力且長時間地
04:26
in a very influential way
for a very long time.
for a very long time.
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捲入自然
04:30
Now, just recently, someone told me,
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最近，有人跟我說
04:32
"Oh, but there are still wild places."
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但還是有些原始的地方呀
04:34
And I said, "Where? Where? I want to go."
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我說：「哪裡？哪裡？我想去！」
04:36
And he said, "The Amazon."
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他說：「亞馬遜叢林」
04:38
And I was like, "Oh, the Amazon.
I was just there.
I was just there.
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我當時想，喔！
亞馬遜叢林啊！我剛去過
亞馬遜叢林啊！我剛去過
04:41
It's awesome. National Geographic
sent me to Manú National Park,
sent me to Manú National Park,
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那地方美極了
國家地理雜誌派我到
國家地理雜誌派我到
位於秘魯亞馬遜叢林的馬努國家公園
04:44
which is in the Peruvian Amazon,
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04:46
but it's a big chunk of rainforest,
uncleared, no roads,
uncleared, no roads,
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但那是一大片未砍伐
沒有路的森林
沒有路的森林
04:50
protected as a national park,
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以國家公園的名目保護著
04:51
one of the most, in fact,
biodiverse parks in the world.
biodiverse parks in the world.
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它是世界上生物多樣化極高的公園
04:54
And when I got in there with my canoe,
what did I find, but people.
what did I find, but people.
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但當我划著輕舟
到達那裏時卻看見了人
到達那裏時卻看見了人
04:59
People have been living there
for hundreds and thousands of years.
for hundreds and thousands of years.
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人們已經在那裏居住了千百年
05:03
People live there, and they don't
just float over the jungle.
just float over the jungle.
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人們在那裏生活
但他們並不只是在叢林中隨處閒逛
但他們並不只是在叢林中隨處閒逛
05:06
They have a meaningful relationship
with the landscape.
with the landscape.
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他們與那裏的地景
有著一種意義重大的關係
有著一種意義重大的關係
05:09
They hunt. They grow crops.
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他們打獵，耕種
05:11
They domesticate crops.
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他們歸化作物
05:13
They use the natural resources
to build their houses,
to build their houses,
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他們使用自然資源去建造房屋
05:16
to thatch their houses.
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用茅草做屋頂
05:17
They even make pets out of animals
that we consider to be wild animals.
that we consider to be wild animals.
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甚至把我們認為的野生動物養作寵物
05:21
These people are there
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那裏的人
05:23
and they're interacting
with the environment
with the environment
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以一種意義深遠且可見的方式
05:25
in a way that's really meaningful
and that you can see in the environment.
and that you can see in the environment.
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影響著自然環境
05:29
Now, I was with
an anthropologist on this trip,
an anthropologist on this trip,
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這次旅程我和一名人類學家一起
05:31
and he told me, as we were
floating down the river,
floating down the river,
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當我們順河而下時
05:34
he said, "There are
no demographic voids in the Amazon."
no demographic voids in the Amazon."
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他對我說：「亞馬遜雨林
沒有人口空隙。」
沒有人口空隙。」
05:39
This statement has really stuck with me,
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他的這句話著實令我吃了一驚
05:41
because what it means
is that the whole Amazon is like this.
is that the whole Amazon is like this.
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因為他的意思是
整個亞馬遜也像這樣
整個亞馬遜也像這樣
05:43
There's people everywhere.
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到處都是人
05:45
And many other
tropical forests are the same,
tropical forests are the same,
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並且很多熱帶雨林也一樣
05:48
and not just tropical forests.
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甚至不僅是熱帶雨林
05:49
People have influenced
ecosystems in the past,
ecosystems in the past,
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人們過去已經影響了生態系統
05:53
and they continue
to influence them in the present,
to influence them in the present,
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並且還在繼續
05:55
even in places where
they're harder to notice.
they're harder to notice.
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甚至在難以發覺的地方
05:59
So, if all of the definitions of nature
that we might want to use
that we might want to use
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所以，如果我們在定義什麼是自然時
06:04
that involve it being
untouched by humanity
untouched by humanity
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排除人類的涉足
06:07
or not having people in it,
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人類的存在
06:09
if all of those actually give us
a result where we don't have any nature,
a result where we don't have any nature,
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如果依據我們的定義
根本無法找尋到任何真正的自然
根本無法找尋到任何真正的自然
06:14
then maybe they're the wrong definitions.
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那麼這些定義便可能是錯誤的
06:17
Maybe we should define it
by the presence of multiple species,
by the presence of multiple species,
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也許我們應該以有多少生物種類存在
06:20
by the presence of a thriving life.
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生命是否繁榮而定義
06:23
Now, if we do it that way,
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如果現在，我們照這個思路前進
06:25
what do we get?
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我們會發現什麼呢
06:26
Well, it's this kind of miracle.
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奇蹟般地
06:29
All of a sudden,
there's nature all around us.
there's nature all around us.
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立刻，我們便被大自然所包圍
06:32
All of a sudden,
we see this Monarch caterpillar
we see this Monarch caterpillar
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剎那，我們便看到了帝王蝶幼蟲
06:34
munching on this plant,
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咀嚼著葉子
06:36
and we realize that there it is,
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於是，我們發現大自然就在此
06:38
and it's in this empty lot in Chattanooga.
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大自然就在查塔諾加市這片空地中
06:42
And look at this empty lot.
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看看這空地
06:43
I mean, there's, like, probably,
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我是說，那裏可能會有
06:45
a dozen, minimum,
plant species growing there,
plant species growing there,
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至少十多種植物生長著
06:48
supporting all kinds of insect life,
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維持著各種昆蟲的生命
06:50
and this is a completely unmanaged space,
a completely wild space.
a completely wild space.
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那是一片完全沒有整理的空地
一片完全的荒地
一片完全的荒地
06:55
This is a kind of wild nature
right under our nose,
right under our nose,
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這就是自然的野性，就在我們眼前
06:58
that we don't even notice.
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我們卻從未察覺
07:00
And there's an interesting
little paradox, too.
little paradox, too.
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這兒還有個有趣的悖論
07:03
So this nature,
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那麼這種大自然
07:04
this kind of wild, untended part
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這種出現在我們的城市、郊區、農場
07:07
of our urban, peri-urban,
suburban agricultural existence
suburban agricultural existence
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荒蕪、無人管理的大自然
07:11
that flies under the radar,
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無人在意的地方
07:13
it's arguably more wild
than a national park,
than a national park,
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可以說是一個
比國家公園更野生的環境
比國家公園更野生的環境
07:18
because national parks
are very carefully managed
are very carefully managed
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因為在 21 世紀下
07:20
in the 21st century.
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國家公園被人類細心的管理著
07:22
Crater Lake in southern Oregon,
which is my closest national park,
which is my closest national park,
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離我最近的俄勒岡州南部的
火山口湖國家公園
火山口湖國家公園
07:25
is a beautiful example of a landscape
that seems to be coming out of the past.
that seems to be coming out of the past.
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是個美好的例子
風景就像從過去延續下來似的
風景就像從過去延續下來似的
07:31
But they're managing it carefully.
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但人們細心地管理著那裏
07:32
One of the issues they have now
is white bark pine die-off.
is white bark pine die-off.
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但他們現在正面臨著一大問題
高山白皮松都枯了
高山白皮松都枯了
07:36
White bark pine
is a beautiful, charismatic --
is a beautiful, charismatic --
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高山白皮松美麗而富有魅力
07:39
I'll say it's a charismatic megaflora
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我說它是一種富有魅力的大型植物群
07:42
that grows up at high altitude --
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生長在高海拔地帶
07:43
and it's got all these problems
right now with disease.
right now with disease.
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現在枯死的原因是染上疾病
07:46
There's a blister rust
that was introduced,
that was introduced,
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銹病傳染進來
07:48
bark beetle.
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小蠹蟲
07:50
So to deal with this,
the park service has been planting
the park service has been planting
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為了解決這個問題
公園管理局開始在公園種植
抗銹病的白皮松幼苗
抗銹病的白皮松幼苗
07:54
rust-resistant white bark
pine seedlings in the park,
pine seedlings in the park,
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07:58
even in areas that they are
otherwise managing as wilderness.
otherwise managing as wilderness.
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他們甚至種在野地
08:02
And they're also putting out
beetle repellent in key areas
beetle repellent in key areas
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我在上次登山時看到
08:05
as I saw last time I went hiking there.
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他們在一些關鍵地區噴灑殺蟲劑
08:07
And this kind of thing is really
much more common than you would think.
much more common than you would think.
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這種事情比你想像的要平常得多
國家公園是被嚴格監管的
08:11
National parks are heavily managed.
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08:12
The wildlife is kept to a certain
population size and structure.
population size and structure.
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野生動物的族類和數量也受嚴格限制
08:15
Fires are suppressed.
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野火要撲滅
08:17
Fires are started.
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又要起火控管森林
08:18
Non-native species are removed.
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外來物種被移走
08:20
Native species are reintroduced.
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並且重新引入本土物種
08:22
And in fact, I took a look,
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事實上，我看了看
08:23
and Banff National Park
is doing all of the things I just listed:
is doing all of the things I just listed:
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班芙國家公園也做了這些事情
08:27
suppressing fire, having fire,
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滅火、起火
08:28
radio-collaring wolves,
reintroducing bison.
reintroducing bison.
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把狼帶上無線追蹤項圈
再引入野牛
再引入野牛
08:30
It takes a lot of work to make
these places look untouched.
these places look untouched.
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要花很多功夫才能使這些地方
看似野生自然
看似野生自然
08:34
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
08:37
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
08:43
And in a further irony,
these places that we love the most
these places that we love the most
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更諷刺的是我們最喜歡的這些地方
08:47
are the places that we love
a little too hard, sometimes.
a little too hard, sometimes.
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有時候是我們愛得太過頭的地方
08:50
A lot of us like to go there,
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很多人愛去那裏
08:51
and because we're managing
them to be stable
them to be stable
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只因我們在不斷變化的地球
08:54
in the face of a changing planet,
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試圖讓這些地方保持穩定
08:56
they often are becoming
more fragile over time.
more fragile over time.
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使這些環境變得越來越脆弱
08:59
Which means that they're
the absolute worst places
the absolute worst places
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這代表著那裏將變成
09:01
to take your children on vacation,
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帶你的孩子去度假最糟糕的地方
09:03
because you can't do anything there.
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因為你什麼都不能做
09:05
You can't climb the trees.
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你不可以爬樹
09:07
You can't fish the fish.
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你不可以釣魚
09:08
You can't make a campfire
out in the middle of nowhere.
out in the middle of nowhere.
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你不可以在渺無人煙處點燃營火
09:11
You can't take home the pinecones.
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你不可以帶松果回家
09:12
There are so many rules and restrictions
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規則和限制數不勝數
09:14
that from a child's point of view,
190
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而從孩子們的角度來看
09:16
this is, like, the worst nature ever.
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這是最最糟糕的「自然」
09:19
Because children don't want to hike
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因為孩子們才不想
09:21
through a beautiful landscape
for five hours
for five hours
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長途跋涉五小時翻過一道山嶺
09:24
and then look at a beautiful view.
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然後一覽景色
09:26
That's maybe what we want to do as adults,
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那大概是大人想做的事
09:28
but what kids want to do
is hunker down in one spot
is hunker down in one spot
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2912
但小孩子只想在隨意一處席地而坐
09:31
and just tinker with it,
just work with it,
just work with it,
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搞東搞西，胡亂拼堆
09:33
just pick it up, build a house,
build a fort, do something like that.
build a fort, do something like that.
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撿個東西，搭棟房子
建個堡壘，諸如此類
建個堡壘，諸如此類
09:38
Additionally, these sort of Edenic places
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2536
另外，那些像伊甸園的地方
09:40
are often distant from where people live.
200
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3256
通常也離我們住的地方很遠
09:44
And they're expensive to get to.
They're hard to visit.
They're hard to visit.
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去那些地方花費很高，也並不容易
09:46
So this means that they're
only available to the elites,
only available to the elites,
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所以唯有精英才可以去那些地方
09:49
and that's a real problem.
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這是問題的癥結所在
09:53
The Nature Conservancy
did a survey of young people,
did a survey of young people,
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美國自然保育協會
對年輕人做了一項調查
對年輕人做了一項調查
09:56
and they asked them, how often
do you spend time outdoors?
do you spend time outdoors?
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採訪的人問到：
「你們有多常到戶外？」
「你們有多常到戶外？」
10:00
And only two out of five
spent time outdoors
spent time outdoors
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只有五分之二的人
10:02
at least once a week.
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至少一週一次去戶外
10:03
The other three out of five
were just staying inside.
were just staying inside.
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其餘的都只待在室內
10:06
And when they asked them why,
what are the barriers to going outside,
what are the barriers to going outside,
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當調查人員問及原因
為什麼他們不出去的時候
為什麼他們不出去的時候
10:11
the response of 61 percent was,
210
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61% 的人回答
10:14
"There are no natural areas near my home."
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我家附近沒有自然景觀
10:18
And this is crazy.
This is just patently false.
This is just patently false.
212
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這真不可思議！
這絕對是大錯特錯的！
這絕對是大錯特錯的！
10:21
I mean, 71 percent of people in the US
213
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在美國，71% 的人
10:24
live within a 10-minute walk
of a city park.
of a city park.
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住所徒步十分鐘內都能到市區公園
10:27
And I'm sure the figures
are similar in other countries.
are similar in other countries.
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我相信這樣的比例
在其他國家也差不多
在其他國家也差不多
10:30
And that doesn't even count
your back garden,
your back garden,
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而且這還不計你房子的後花園
10:32
the urban creek, the empty lot.
217
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1960
都市人造河川、空地
10:35
Everybody lives near nature.
218
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1896
每個人都住在自然旁邊
10:37
Every kid lives near nature.
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每個小孩都住在自然旁邊
10:39
We've just somehow
forgotten how to see it.
forgotten how to see it.
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我們只是不知為何
對那些自然之景視而不見
對那些自然之景視而不見
10:41
We've spent too much time
watching David Attenborough documentaries
watching David Attenborough documentaries
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我們花太多時間
看大衛·艾登堡祿的紀錄片
看大衛·艾登堡祿的紀錄片
10:45
where the nature is really sexy --
222
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覺得片中的大自然十分誘人
10:46
(Laughter)
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1016
（笑聲）
10:47
and we've forgotten how to see the nature
that is literally right outside our door,
that is literally right outside our door,
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但是我們卻忘了看看門外的大自然
10:51
the nature of the street tree.
225
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1936
行道樹的自然之景
10:53
So here's an example: Philadelphia.
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舉一個例子：費城
10:56
There's this cool elevated railway
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這條架高的鐵道很酷
10:58
that you can see from the ground,
that's been abandoned.
that's been abandoned.
228
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2416
但已經被棄置了
11:01
Now, this may sound like the beginning
of the High Line story in Manhattan,
of the High Line story in Manhattan,
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3416
這聽來像曼哈頓城
高線公園故事的開端
高線公園故事的開端
11:04
and it's very similar, except they haven't
developed this into a park yet,
developed this into a park yet,
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二者十分相似
儘管前者還沒發展成公園
儘管前者還沒發展成公園
但是他們正計劃著
11:08
although they're working on it.
231
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1536
11:09
So for now, it's still this little
sort of secret wilderness
sort of secret wilderness
232
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迄今為止，那裏仍是個
位於費城中心地帶
位於費城中心地帶
11:12
in the heart of Philadelphia,
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秘密的野外之景
11:14
and if you know where the hole is
in the chain-link fence,
in the chain-link fence,
234
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如果你知道鐵絲網的破洞在哪裏
11:17
you can scramble up to the top
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你可以爬上頂部
11:19
and you can find this
completely wild meadow
completely wild meadow
236
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2816
然後找到這片荒草地
11:22
just floating above
the city of Philadelphia.
the city of Philadelphia.
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懸浮在費城之上
11:25
Every single one of these plants
grew from a seed
grew from a seed
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2336
每一棵植物都由種子長成
11:27
that planted itself there.
239
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1336
在這裏自行繁殖
11:28
This is completely autonomous,
self-willed nature.
self-willed nature.
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2936
這是一個完全自然繁衍的地方
11:31
And it's right in the middle of the city.
241
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2256
而它恰在這城市的中心
11:34
And they've sent people up there
to do sort of biosurveys,
to do sort of biosurveys,
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他們送人上去做一些生物調査
11:37
and there are over 50
plant species up there.
plant species up there.
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那裡有超過五十種植物
11:40
And it's not just plants.
244
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而且並不只是植物
11:41
This is an ecosystem,
a functioning ecosystem.
a functioning ecosystem.
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它是一個生態系统
一個正在運作的生態系統
一個正在運作的生態系統
11:45
It's creating soil.
It's sequestering carbon.
It's sequestering carbon.
246
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它創造土壤，行碳封存
11:47
There's pollination going on.
247
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1896
有生物在授粉
11:49
I mean, this is really an ecosystem.
248
697760
1960
這才是一個真正的生態系統
11:53
So scientists have started calling
ecosystems like these "novel ecosystems,"
ecosystems like these "novel ecosystems,"
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科學家把這樣的地方
稱為新型生態系統
稱為新型生態系統
11:57
because they're often
dominated by non-native species,
dominated by non-native species,
250
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2576
因為非本土生物佔系统的大部份
11:59
and because they're just super weird.
251
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1736
並且極為奇特
12:01
They're just unlike anything
we've ever seen before.
we've ever seen before.
252
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2456
它們和我們原來所見的事物都不一樣
12:04
For so long, we dismissed
all these novel ecosystems as trash.
all these novel ecosystems as trash.
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4016
長久而來，我們把這些新型生態系統
當作垃圾一般擱置一旁
當作垃圾一般擱置一旁
12:08
We're talking about
regrown agricultural fields,
regrown agricultural fields,
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我們在談論自然復育的耕地
12:10
timber plantations that are not
being managed on a day-to-day basis,
being managed on a day-to-day basis,
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3576
人工林場停止管理後重新生長的林地
12:14
second-growth forests generally,
the entire East Coast,
the entire East Coast,
256
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可以說整片東岸的次生林就是這樣
12:16
where after agriculture moved west,
the forest sprung up.
the forest sprung up.
257
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4136
在農業西移後，森林重新生長
12:21
And of course, pretty much all of Hawaii,
258
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2616
當然，夏威夷也差不多如此
12:23
where novel ecosystems are the norm,
259
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2816
新型生態系統很常見
12:26
where exotic species totally dominate.
260
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2576
完全被外來物種佔領
12:29
This forest here has Queensland maple,
261
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2416
這片森林有昆士蘭楓樹
12:31
it has sword ferns from Southeast Asia.
262
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2840
東南亞的劍蕨
12:35
You can make your own
novel ecosystem, too.
novel ecosystem, too.
263
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2056
你也可以創造自己的新型生態系統
12:37
It's really simple.
264
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1216
非常簡單
12:38
You just stop mowing your lawn.
265
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1496
別再修剪你的草坪就行了
12:40
(Laughter)
266
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1576
（笑聲）
12:41
Ilkka Hanski was an ecologist in Finland,
and he did this experiment himself.
and he did this experiment himself.
267
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芬蘭生物學家伊爾卡‧漢斯基
做了一個實驗
做了一個實驗
12:45
He just stopped mowing his lawn,
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他停止修剪自家的草坪
12:46
and after a few years,
he had some grad students come,
he had some grad students come,
269
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2536
幾年後，他帶了幾個研究生
12:49
and they did sort of
a bio-blitz of his backyard,
a bio-blitz of his backyard,
270
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2496
在他的後園做生物多樣性速查
12:52
and they found 375 plant species,
271
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4256
他們找到了 375 種植物
12:56
including two endangered species.
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2120
包括兩個瀕危絕種品種
12:59
So when you're up there
on that future High Line of Philadelphia,
on that future High Line of Philadelphia,
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所以當你爬上未來的費城高線公園
13:06
surrounded by this wildness,
274
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1816
被這片荒地包圍
13:07
surrounded by this diversity,
this abundance, this vibrance,
this abundance, this vibrance,
275
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被這片多樣性、繁茂
勃勃生機包圍時
勃勃生機包圍時
13:11
you can look over the side
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你可以從旁向下看
13:12
and you can see a local playground
for a local school,
for a local school,
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你會看到一個學校的遊樂場
13:16
and that's what it looks like.
278
784240
1936
就是照片上那個樣子
13:18
These children have, that --
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那些孩子有......
13:20
You know, under my definition,
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你知道，在我的觀念下
13:21
there's a lot of the planet
that counts as nature,
that counts as nature,
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這片星球上有很多地方
可以算是大自然
可以算是大自然
但這是少數幾個
不能被算進去的地方
不能被算進去的地方
13:24
but this would be one of the few places
that wouldn't count as nature.
that wouldn't count as nature.
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那裡除了人什麼也没有
沒有植物，沒有其他動物
沒有植物，沒有其他動物
13:27
There's nothing there except humans,
no other plants, no other animals.
no other plants, no other animals.
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13:30
And what I really wanted to do
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而我最想做的
13:32
was just, like,
throw a ladder over the side
throw a ladder over the side
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就是扔一把梯子下去
13:34
and get all these kids to come up with me
into this cool meadow.
into this cool meadow.
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讓所有孩子上來和我享受這片草地
13:38
In a way, I feel like this is
the choice that faces us.
the choice that faces us.
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我感到這是我們要面對的抉擇
13:41
If we dismiss these new natures
as not acceptable or trashy or no good,
as not acceptable or trashy or no good,
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如果我們不接受新型自然
視它們作垃圾或沒用的東西
視它們作垃圾或沒用的東西
13:47
we might as well just pave them over.
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我們可能會鋪上水泥把它們蓋掉
13:49
And in a world where
everything is changing,
everything is changing,
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在這個不斷改變的世界
13:52
we need to be very careful
about how we define nature.
about how we define nature.
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我們要小心去定義自然
13:55
In order not to steal it
from our children,
from our children,
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為了避免從我們的後代手中奪走自然
13:57
we have to do two things.
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我們要做兩件事
13:59
First, we cannot define nature
as that which is untouched.
as that which is untouched.
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第一，我們不可定義自然
為未經接觸的事物
為未經接觸的事物
14:04
This never made any sense anyway.
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因為這從來都不合理
14:05
Nature has not been untouched
for thousands of years.
for thousands of years.
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自然被人類親密地接觸了數千年
14:08
And it excludes most of the nature
that most people can visit
that most people can visit
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而且這個定義排除了大部份人能去
14:12
and have a relationship with,
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且和人類建立了關係的自然
14:14
including only nature
that children cannot touch.
that children cannot touch.
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卻包含了小孩不能接觸的自然
14:18
Which brings me to the second thing
that we have to do,
that we have to do,
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因此我們要做的第二件事
14:21
which is that we have to
let children touch nature,
let children touch nature,
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就是讓我們的孩子接觸大自然
14:23
because that which
is untouched is unloved.
is untouched is unloved.
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因為沒有接觸即沒有愛
14:26
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
14:35
We face some pretty grim
environmental challenges on this planet.
environmental challenges on this planet.
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在這個地球上，此刻我們
面臨著蠻嚴苛的環境挑戰
面臨著蠻嚴苛的環境挑戰
14:39
Climate change is among them.
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氣候變化是其中之一
14:40
There's others too:
habitat loss is my favorite thing
habitat loss is my favorite thing
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還有其他的：比如失去棲息地
我最愛用這個在深夜嚇人
14:43
to freak out about
in the middle of the night.
in the middle of the night.
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14:45
But in order to solve them,
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但是為了解決這些問題
14:47
we need people --
smart, dedicated people --
smart, dedicated people --
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我們需要人，聰明、投入的人
14:50
who care about nature.
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真正在意自然的人
14:51
And the only way we're going to raise up
a generation of people
a generation of people
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而唯一能養育下一代
關心大自然的方法
14:54
who care about nature
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14:56
is by letting them touch nature.
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就是讓他們接觸自然
14:58
I have a Fort Theory of Ecology,
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我有一個生態堡壘理論
15:00
Fort Theory of Conservation.
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保育生物堡壘論
15:02
Every ecologist I know,
every conservation biologist I know,
every conservation biologist I know,
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我認識的生學態家，保育生物學家
15:05
every conservation professional I know,
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保育專家
15:07
built forts when they were kids.
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小時候都會砌堡壘
15:10
If we have a generation
that doesn't know how to build a fort,
that doesn't know how to build a fort,
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如果我們有一代人不懂砌堡壘
我們將會有一代不懂關心大自然的人
15:13
we'll have a generation that doesn't
know how to care about nature.
know how to care about nature.
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而我不想告訴這名孩子
15:17
And I don't want
to be the one to tell this kid,
to be the one to tell this kid,
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他參加一個
15:19
who is on a special program
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帶著費城貧窮的孩子
15:20
that takes Philadelphia kids
from poor neighborhoods
from poor neighborhoods
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到市區公園的專案
15:23
and takes them to city parks,
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15:24
I don't want to be the one to tell him
that the flower he's holding
that the flower he's holding
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我不想告訴他，他手中的花
是非本土的入侵種雜草
該當垃圾扔掉
該當垃圾扔掉
15:27
is a non-native invasive weed
that he should throw away as trash.
that he should throw away as trash.
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15:31
I think I would much rather
learn from this boy
learn from this boy
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我想我會向這名男孩學習
15:34
that no matter
where this plant comes from,
where this plant comes from,
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無論這株植物從何處而來
15:37
it is beautiful, and it deserves
to be touched and appreciated.
to be touched and appreciated.
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它是美麗的，它值得被接觸和欣賞
15:41
Thank you.
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謝謝
15:43
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Emma Marris - Environmental writerEmma Marris is a writer focusing on environmental science, policy and culture, with an approach that she paints as being "more interested in finding and describing solutions than delineating problems, and more interested in joy than despair."
Why you should listen
Emma Marris has written among others for Nature, Discover and the New York Times. She challenges the notion that nature can only be preserved in its pristine, pre-human state, a too-narrow characterization "that thwarts bold new plans to save the environment and prevents us from having a fuller relationship with nature." Humans have changed the landscape they inhabit since prehistory, and climate change means even the remotest places now bear the fingerprints of humanity. In her book Rambunctious Garden: Saving Nature in the Post-Wild World, she argues that we need different strategies for saving nature and champions a blurring of the lines between nature and people for a responsible care of our humanized planet.
Emma Marris | Speaker | TED.com