TED1998
David Gallo: Life in the deep oceans
大衛•高羅談來自深海的生命
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大衛•高羅透過從潛水艇所拍攝的實際影片，帶領我們到地球最深處、最嚴酷、劇毒和但也最美麗的棲息地。這些活在海底深處山谷、火山山脈的生物長得詭異，卻生命力強韌並且不論種類還是數量都非常驚人。
David Gallo - Oceanographer
A pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land. Full bio
A pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
00:13
David Gallo: This is Bill Lange. I'm Dave Gallo.
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大衛•高羅：這位是比爾•蘭奇。 我是大衛•高羅，
00:16
And we're going to tell you some stories from the sea here in video.
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我們將透過影片告訴你們一些來自海洋的故事。
00:19
We've got some of the most incredible video of Titanic that's ever been seen,
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我們有一些從未公開、關於鐵達尼號的不可思議影片，
00:24
and we're not going to show you any of it.
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但我們沒有要給你們看。
00:27
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
00:30
The truth of the matter is that the Titanic --
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實際上，
00:32
even though it's breaking all sorts of box office records --
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鐵達尼號打破了所有票房記錄，
00:34
it's not the most exciting story from the sea.
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但不是海洋裡最驚奇的故事。
00:38
And the problem, I think, is that we take the ocean for granted.
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問題在於，我們自以為很瞭解海洋，
00:41
When you think about it, the oceans are 75 percent of the planet.
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海洋佔地表面積的 75 %，
00:43
Most of the planet is ocean water.
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地球大部分的地方都被海洋覆蓋，
00:45
The average depth is about two miles.
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海洋的平均深度大約兩英哩。
00:47
Part of the problem, I think, is we stand at the beach,
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部分的問題是，當我們站在海邊，
00:49
or we see images like this of the ocean,
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或我們看到像這樣關於海洋的影像，
00:52
and you look out at this great big blue expanse, and it's shimmering
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你凝視著那廣闊藍色的海域，它閃爍著、
00:56
and it's moving and there's waves and there's surf and there's tides,
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它正擺動著、它有波浪，更有潮汐，
00:59
but you have no idea for what lies in there.
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但你完全不知道裡面存在著什麼。
01:01
And in the oceans, there are the longest mountain ranges on the planet.
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海洋擁有地球上最長的山脈，
01:03
Most of the animals are in the oceans.
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大部分的動物都住在海裡，
01:05
Most of the earthquakes and volcanoes are in the sea,
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大多數的地震和火山也都發生在海裡 -
01:07
at the bottom of the sea.
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在海底。
01:09
The biodiversity and the biodensity in the ocean is higher, in places,
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海洋中的生物歧異度與生物密度
01:12
than it is in the rainforests.
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比雨林還要高，
01:14
It's mostly unexplored, and yet there are beautiful sights like this
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極大部分的海洋還未被探勘，許多美麗的景色像是這樣
01:16
that captivate us and make us become familiar with it.
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令人著迷，同時也讓我們更瞭解它。
01:19
But when you're standing at the beach, I want you to think
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當我們站在沙灘上，我要你們這樣思考，
01:21
that you're standing at the edge of a very unfamiliar world.
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你們正站在一個極度不被瞭解的世界的邊緣。
01:23
We have to have a very special technology
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我們必須使用非常專門的科技器具
01:25
to get into that unfamiliar world.
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才能進入這個不為人所熟悉的世界。
01:27
We use the submarine Alvin and we use cameras,
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我們用潛水艇 Alvin 和照相機，
01:30
and the cameras are something that Bill Lange has developed with the help of Sony.
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這些相機是由比爾•蘭奇在 Sony 的幫助下研發出來的。
01:34
Marcel Proust said, "The true voyage of discovery
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馬塞爾•普魯斯特說「發現新大陸的意義
01:36
is not so much in seeking new landscapes as in having new eyes."
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並不是去尋找一座新的島嶼，而是給自己一個新的視野。」
01:41
People that have partnered with us have given us new eyes,
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那些和我們合作的人確實給了我們新的視界，
01:43
not only on what exists --
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不僅僅看到存在於
01:45
the new landscapes at the bottom of the sea --
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深海底下的新景觀，
01:47
but also how we think about life on the planet itself.
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同時也改變了我們對這星球上生命的看法。
01:49
Here's a jelly.
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這是一隻水母，
01:51
It's one of my favorites, because it's got all sorts of working parts.
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牠是我的最愛之一，因為牠身體各部皆可自由活動，
01:53
This turns out to be the longest creature in the oceans.
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牠是現在已知海中最長的生物，
01:55
It gets up to about 150 feet long.
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可以達到 150 英呎這麼長。
01:58
But see all those different working things?
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看看牠正在活動的這些部位！
02:00
I love that kind of stuff.
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我就愛這樣的東西。
02:02
It's got these fishing lures on the bottom. They're going up and down.
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它的下方有釣魚用的誘餌，牠們上下擺動著，
02:04
It's got tentacles dangling, swirling around like that.
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這些觸手擺盪著、旋轉著。
02:05
It's a colonial animal.
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牠其實是一種群聚動物，
02:07
These are all individual animals
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由一群個體
02:09
banding together to make this one creature.
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聚在一起形成這樣的「牠」。
02:11
And it's got these jet thrusters up in front
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在牠的前面有個類似噴射推進器的東西，
02:13
that it'll use in a moment, and a little light.
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等一下就會看到它是如何作用的，上面還有一點光。
02:17
If you take all the big fish and schooling fish and all that,
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如果你把所有大魚，魚群，所有種類的魚放到
02:20
put them on one side of the scale, put all the jelly-type of animals
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天平的一邊，然後把水母這類動物
02:22
on the other side, those guys win hands down.
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放到另一邊，水母這邊會輕鬆獲勝喔！
02:26
Most of the biomass in the ocean is made out of creatures like this.
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像水母這樣的生物佔了海中生物總數的決大部分。
02:28
Here's the X-wing death jelly.
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這是 X 戰機（取自星際大戰）死亡水母。
02:30
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
02:34
The bioluminescence -- they use the lights for attracting mates
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生物螢光 — 牠們使用這種光來吸引伴侶、
02:37
and attracting prey and communicating.
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引誘獵物以及溝通。
02:39
We couldn't begin to show you our archival stuff from the jellies.
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我們不可能一一個介紹所有列檔的水母，
02:43
They come in all different sizes and shapes.
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牠們有各式各樣的大小、型狀。
02:45
Bill Lange: We tend to forget about the fact that the ocean is miles deep
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比爾•蘭奇：我們常會忘記大海平均深達數英哩的事實，
02:49
on average, and that we're real familiar with the animals
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因為我們所熟悉的生物都生活在兩三百英呎深的淺海，
02:52
that are in the first 200 or 300 feet, but we're not familiar
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但超過這深度之後，
02:56
with what exists from there all the way down to the bottom.
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一直到大海的底層，存在著什麼樣的生物，我們並不瞭解。
02:59
And these are the types of animals
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這些是生存在那三度立體空間內的
03:01
that live in that three-dimensional space,
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動物種類，
03:03
that micro-gravity environment that we really haven't explored.
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那是個我們未曾探索過的微重力環境，
03:06
You hear about giant squid and things like that,
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你聽說過像是巨型烏賊一類的東西，
03:09
but some of these animals get up to be approximately 140, 160 feet long.
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但是部份這些動物可生長到大約 140 或 160 英呎長。
03:13
They're very little understood.
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我們對於牠們了解很少。
03:15
DG: This is one of them, another one of our favorites, because it's a little octopod.
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大衛•高羅：這是其中之一，也是我的最愛其中之一，這是一隻小章魚。
03:18
You can actually see through his head.
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你可以完全看穿牠的頭部，
03:20
And here he is, flapping with his ears and very gracefully going up.
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牠正在拍動牠的耳朵，非常優雅的往上游。
03:22
We see those at all depths and even at the greatest depths.
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我們在海中各個深度都可以看到他們的蹤跡，甚至一直到海底最深處。
03:25
They go from a couple of inches to a couple of feet.
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牠們的體型從幾英吋到幾英呎都有。
03:27
They come right up to the submarine --
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當牠們靠近潛水艇時，
03:29
they'll put their eyes right up to the window and peek inside the sub.
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眼睛會貼著窗戶，窺看著潛水艇裡頭。
03:31
This is really a world within a world,
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這真的是我們所生活的世界中的另一個世界，別有洞天。
03:33
and we're going to show you two.
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我們將讓你們看看兩個像這樣子的世界。
03:35
In this case, we're passing down through the mid-ocean and we see creatures like this.
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在這邊，我們深入海洋的中層，看到了像這樣的生物，
03:38
This is kind of like an undersea rooster.
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長得像是深海中的公雞。
03:40
This guy, that looks incredibly formal, in a way.
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這傢伙，以某種角度來說，看起來令人難以置信的棒。
03:43
And then one of my favorites. What a face!
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然後，又一個我的最愛，看牠的臉！
03:47
This is basically scientific data that you're looking at.
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你們現在所看到的基本上是一種科學資料，
03:50
It's footage that we've collected for scientific purposes.
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是我們為了科學研究所蒐集的影片。
03:52
And that's one of the things that Bill's been doing,
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而這正是比爾正在進行的許多研究項目的其中之一，
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is providing scientists with this first view of animals like this,
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那就是提供科學家們這些生物
03:56
in the world where they belong.
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處於牠們原棲世界中前所未見的影片。
03:58
They don't catch them in a net.
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他們不用網子來捕捉牠們，
04:00
They're actually looking at them down in that world.
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實際上他們只在那個世界中觀察牠們。
04:02
We're going to take a joystick,
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我們只需要操控搖桿，
04:04
sit in front of our computer, on the Earth,
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在地表上，坐在我們電腦前面，
04:06
and press the joystick forward, and fly around the planet.
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把搖桿往前推，就能翱翔這星球。
04:08
We're going to look at the mid-ocean ridge,
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讓我們到中洋脊 (mid-ocean ridge) 看看，
04:10
a 40,000-mile long mountain range.
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那是個長達四萬英哩的山脈。
04:12
The average depth at the top of it is about a mile and a half.
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這些山脈頂點的平均深度差不多是一英哩半。
04:14
And we're over the Atlantic -- that's the ridge right there --
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我們正在穿越大西洋 — 在那邊，那就是海底山脈 —
04:16
but we're going to go across the Caribbean, Central America,
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我們繼續越過加勒比海，中美洲，
04:19
and end up against the Pacific, nine degrees north.
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最後結束在太平洋，赤道以北九度的地方。
04:22
We make maps of these mountain ranges with sound, with sonar,
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我們透過聲納來繪製這些山脈的地圖，
04:25
and this is one of those mountain ranges.
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這是其中之一條山脈。
04:27
We're coming around a cliff here on the right.
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在銀幕的右邊，我們將會看到一個懸崖，
04:29
The height of these mountains on either side of this valley
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不管從那邊的山谷來計算這些山的高度
04:31
is greater than the Alps in most cases.
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大都比阿爾卑斯山還來得高，
04:33
And there's tens of thousands of those mountains out there that haven't been mapped yet.
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而那裡還有數以萬計的山脈還未被勘測。
04:36
This is a volcanic ridge.
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這是一個火山脊，
04:38
We're getting down further and further in scale.
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我們將下潛機械的體積愈縮愈小，
04:40
And eventually, we can come up with something like this.
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最後它看起來像是這樣。
04:42
This is an icon of our robot, Jason, it's called.
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這是我們潛水機器人的圖示 — 他的名字叫傑森。
04:45
And you can sit in a room like this,
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所以你們可以坐在像這樣子的房間內，
04:47
with a joystick and a headset, and drive a robot like that
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用這搖桿和耳機，
04:50
around the bottom of the ocean in real time.
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即時地操控像那樣的機器人在海底四處移動。
04:52
One of the things we're trying to do at Woods Hole with our partners
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我們與合作夥伴嘗試在 Woods Hole 做的其中一件事情是
04:55
is to bring this virtual world --
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把這虛擬的世界、
04:57
this world, this unexplored region -- back to the laboratory.
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這還未被探勘的區域帶回實驗室。
05:00
Because we see it in bits and pieces right now.
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因為我們現在所看到的非常零碎，
05:02
We see it either as sound, or we see it as video,
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我們可能是藉由聲音、影像、
05:05
or we see it as photographs, or we see it as chemical sensors,
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照片或是化學感測器來認識這個世界，
05:07
but we never have yet put it all together into one interesting picture.
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但我們尚未能把這些資料整合在一起，以顯示出一幅有趣的畫面，
05:11
Here's where Bill's cameras really do shine.
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而這正是比爾所研發的相機大顯身手的地方。
05:13
This is what's called a hydrothermal vent.
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這裡被稱作深海熱泉，
05:15
And what you're seeing here is a cloud of densely packed,
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你所看到這些烏雲狀的物質是
05:18
hydrogen-sulfide-rich water
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富含硫化氫的水，
05:20
coming out of a volcanic axis on the sea floor.
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從海底的火山軸線 (volcanic axis) 噴發出來。
05:24
Gets up to 600, 700 degrees F, somewhere in that range.
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其溫度可以高達約華氏六、七百度。
05:27
So that's all water under the sea --
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這些都是海中的水，
05:29
a mile and a half, two miles, three miles down.
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在深度一英哩半、兩英哩、甚至三英哩深的地方。
05:31
And we knew it was volcanic back in the '60s, '70s.
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我們從 60, 70 年代起就知道這裡是火山。
05:34
And then we had some hint that these things existed
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那時我們隱約知道這些東西的存在，
05:37
all along the axis of it, because if you've got volcanism,
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沿著它的軸線，因為如果有火山活動，
05:39
water's going to get down from the sea into cracks in the sea floor,
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水會從大海流進海底的裂縫中，
05:43
come in contact with magma, and come shooting out hot.
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接觸到岩漿，然後變成熱水被噴發，
05:46
We weren't really aware that it would be so rich with sulfides, hydrogen sulfides.
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我們並沒有料想到這裡硫化氫的含量會這麼地高，
05:51
We didn't have any idea about these things, which we call chimneys.
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我們對這些暱稱為「煙囪」的東西一點概念也沒有。
05:54
This is one of these hydrothermal vents.
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這是其中一個深海熱泉，
05:56
Six hundred degree F water coming out of the Earth.
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華氏六百度的水從地球內部湧出。
05:59
On either side of us are mountain ranges that are higher than the Alps,
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在我們兩側任何一邊的山勢都比阿爾卑斯山來得高，
06:03
so the setting here is very dramatic.
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所以這邊的風景是非常壯觀的。
06:05
BL: The white material is a type of bacteria
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比爾：這白色物質是一種細菌，
06:07
that thrives at 180 degrees C.
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牠能在攝氏一百八十度的環境下存活。
06:10
DG: I think that's one of the greatest stories right now
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大衛：我想這可列在「今日最偉大發現」排行榜中，
06:12
that we're seeing from the bottom of the sea,
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我們在海底進行觀察，
06:14
is that the first thing we see coming out of the sea floor
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在看到海底火山爆發後，
06:16
after a volcanic eruption is bacteria.
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我們第一個在海底觀察到的東西是細菌。
06:18
And we started to wonder for a long time,
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我們訝異了好一陣子，
06:20
how did it all get down there?
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牠們怎麼到那邊的？
06:22
What we find out now is that it's probably coming from inside the Earth.
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我們現在知道牠們可能來自地球內部，
06:25
Not only is it coming out of the Earth --
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不只來自於地球內部 —
06:27
so, biogenesis made from volcanic activity --
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生物起源於火山活動 —
06:29
but that bacteria supports these colonies of life.
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這些細菌是這邊生物聚落的養分來源。
06:32
The pressure here is 4,000 pounds per square inch.
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這裡每平方英吋的壓力高達四千磅，
06:36
A mile and a half from the surface to two miles to three miles --
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距離海面有一英哩半到三英哩，
06:38
no sun has ever gotten down here.
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陽光沒辦法穿透到此。
06:41
All the energy to support these life forms
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這些生物賴以維生的能量來源
06:43
is coming from inside the Earth -- so, chemosynthesis.
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全來自於地球內部 — 來自化學合成。
06:46
And you can see how dense the population is.
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你可以看到這邊生物的數量有多密集。
06:48
These are called tube worms.
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這些是被稱為管蟲的動物。
06:50
BL: These worms have no digestive system. They have no mouth.
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比爾：這些蟲沒有消化系統，牠們沒有嘴。
06:53
But they have two types of gill structures.
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但是他們有兩種構造的鰓。
06:55
One for extracting oxygen out of the deep-sea water,
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一個可以從深海中的水取得氧氣，
06:58
another one which houses this chemosynthetic bacteria,
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另一個用來儲存這些化學合成細菌，
07:02
which takes the hydrothermal fluid --
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這細菌依靠深海熱液維生 —
07:05
that hot water that you saw coming out of the bottom --
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就是你剛剛看到從地底所冒出來的這些熱液 —
07:08
and converts that into simple sugars that the tube worm can digest.
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牠們將熱能轉化成管蟲可以消化的單糖。
07:13
DG: You can see, here's a crab that lives down there.
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大衛：你可以看到也有蟹類活在這深海。
07:15
He's managed to grab a tip of these worms.
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他成功地抓到了管蟲的尖端，
07:17
Now, they normally retract as soon as a crab touches them.
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通常，只要螃蟹碰到牠們，牠們會馬上縮回。
07:19
Oh! Good going.
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喔！就像這樣。
07:21
So, as soon as a crab touches them,
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所以一旦螃蟹碰到牠們，
07:23
they retract down into their shells, just like your fingernails.
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牠們就會縮回到自己的殼裡，像是你們的指甲。
07:25
There's a whole story being played out here
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所有的事情都發生在這裡，
07:27
that we're just now beginning to have some idea of
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而我們因為這個新的攝影科技，
07:29
because of this new camera technology.
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才剛剛開始對這裡有了點初步認識。
07:31
BL: These worms live in a real temperature extreme.
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比爾：這些蟲生活在極端的溫度差異下，
07:34
Their foot is at about 200 degrees C
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牠們的腳差不多有攝氏兩百度，
07:38
and their head is out at three degrees C,
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而他們的頭卻只有攝氏三度，
07:41
so it's like having your hand in boiling water and your foot in freezing water.
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就像把你們的手浸在燒開的熱水中，同時腳泡在的冰冷的水中一般。
07:45
That's how they like to live.
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這就是牠們喜愛的生活方式。
07:47
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
07:49
DG: This is a female of this kind of worm.
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大衛：這是一隻雌的這種蟲，
07:51
And here's a male.
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這是雄的。
07:53
You watch. It doesn't take long before two guys here --
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你看，等一下就有兩個傢伙在這 —
07:56
this one and one that will show up over here -- start to fight.
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這隻和等會兒會在那邊出現的那隻 — 開始打架。
07:59
Everything you see is played out in the pitch black of the deep sea.
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你所看到的所有東西，其實都是在漆黑的深海裡。
08:02
There are never any lights there, except the lights that we bring.
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除了我們所攜帶的光源外，那裡不會有一絲光線。
08:05
Here they go.
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牠們要開始打架了。
08:07
On one of the last dive series,
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在最後一連串的潛水中的其中一次，
08:09
we counted 200 species in these areas --
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在這些地方，我們紀錄了兩百個不同的物種，
08:11
198 were new, new species.
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其中有 198 種是新發現的物種。
08:14
BL: One of the big problems is that for the biologists
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比爾：在這些地方工作的生物學家們所遇到的其中最大的一個難題是，
08:16
working at these sites, it's rather difficult to collect these animals.
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想要對這些物種進行採集，相對來說非常的困難，
08:19
And they disintegrate on the way up,
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在將牠們帶上海面的途中，牠們也會解體，
08:21
so the imagery is critical for the science.
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所以影像對於科學研究變得非常的重要。
08:24
DG: Two octopods at about two miles depth.
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大衛：在大約兩英哩深的地方，我們看到了兩隻八爪魚，
08:26
This pressure thing really amazes me --
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這裡的壓力非常的巨大，
08:28
that these animals can exist there at a depth
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這些動物可以在這壓力大到足以壓扁鐵達尼號
08:31
with pressure enough to crush the Titanic like an empty Pepsi can.
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就如壓扁空可樂罐一般容易的深度下存活，令我感到非常的驚奇。
08:34
What we saw up till now was from the Pacific.
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我們剛剛所看到的都是來自太平洋。
08:36
This is from the Atlantic. Even greater depth.
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這是來自大西洋，甚至更深的深度。
08:38
You can see this shrimp is harassing this poor little guy here,
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你可以看到這隻蝦子正在騷擾這個可憐的小東西，
08:40
and he'll bat it away with his claw. Whack!
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牠將會用牠的螯反擊回去。碰!!!!
08:43
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
08:44
And the same thing's going on over here.
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類似的事情也在這邊上演著。
08:46
What they're getting at is that -- on the back of this crab --
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牠們想要從螃蟹背上獲取的東西是
08:49
the foodstuff here is this very strange bacteria
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食物，一種很不可思議細菌，
08:51
that lives on the backs of all these animals.
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生長在所有這些動物的背上。
08:53
And what these shrimp are trying to do
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而這些蝦子想做的事是
08:55
is actually harvest the bacteria from the backs of these animals.
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收集所有這些動物背上的細菌。
08:58
And the crabs don't like it at all.
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而螃蟹卻一點也不喜歡這種事。
09:00
These long filaments that you see on the back of the crab
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你在這螃蟹背上看到的長條絲狀物，
09:02
are actually created by the product of that bacteria.
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這就是那細菌所產生出來的產物。
09:06
So, the bacteria grows hair on the crab.
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所以，細菌讓螃蟹上長出毛髮。
09:08
On the back, you see this again.
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在另一隻背部，你也可以看到相同的東西。
09:10
The red dot is the laser light of the submarine Alvin
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這紅點是從潛水艇「雅汶」發射出的雷射光，
09:12
to give us an idea about how far away we are from the vents.
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讓我們知道我們距離出水口有多遠。
09:15
Those are all shrimp.
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這些都是蝦子。
09:17
You see the hot water over here, here and here, coming out.
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你看熱水從這幾個地方湧出。
09:19
They're clinging to a rock face
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牠們攀附在岩石表面，
09:22
and actually scraping bacteria off that rock face.
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並把細菌從岩石上刮下來。
09:25
Here's a tiny, little vent that's come out of the side of that pillar.
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這裡有一個很小的出水口，從旁邊這柱子延伸出來，
09:30
Those pillars get up to several stories.
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這些柱子可以高達好幾層樓，
09:32
So here, you've got this valley with this incredible alien landscape
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所以你所看到的這個山谷有柱子、熱泉、火山爆發和地震，
09:35
of pillars and hot springs and volcanic eruptions and earthquakes,
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這些不可思議的奇特景色，
09:39
inhabited by these very strange animals
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並有許多奇特的動物棲息在此，
09:41
that live only on chemical energy coming out of the ground.
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只依靠從地底冒出的化學能量過活，
09:43
They don't need the sun at all.
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他們完全不需要陽光。
09:45
BL: You see this white V-shaped mark on the back of the shrimp?
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比爾：你有看到在蝦子背上白色 V 型的標記嘛？
09:48
It's actually a light-sensing organ.
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那其實是感光器官，
09:50
It's how they find the hydrothermal vents.
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他們就是利用這器官來找尋深海熱泉。
09:52
The vents are emitting a black body radiation -- an IR signature --
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這些熱泉會放出黑體輻射 — 一種紅外線，
09:56
and so they're able to find these vents at considerable distances.
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所以他們可以在相當遠的距離發現這些熱泉。
10:00
DG: All this stuff is happening along that 40,000-mile long mountain range
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大衛： 這些事情都發生在這四萬英哩長的山脈中，
10:03
that we're calling the ribbon of life, because just even today,
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我們稱為生命絲帶，因為即使今天，
10:06
as we speak, there's life being generated there from volcanic activity.
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在這個時刻，有許許多多生命正因為火山的活動而被製造出來。
10:10
This is the first time we've ever tried this any place.
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這是第一次，我們從未在其它地方試過，
10:12
We're going to try to show you high definition from the Pacific.
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我們嘗試呈現給你在太平洋拍攝的高畫質的影片。
10:15
We're moving up one of these pillars.
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我們在這柱狀體當中的一個往上移動，
10:17
This one's several stories tall.
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這一個有數層樓高，
10:19
In it, you'll see that it's a habitat for a lot of different animals.
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有很多不同種類的動物棲息在裡面，
10:23
There's a funny kind of hot plate here, with vent water coming out of it.
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這有一個奇特的盤狀物，熱泉從裡頭湧出。
10:26
So all of these are individual homes for worms.
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所有的這些都是管蟲的家。
10:29
Now here's a closer view of that community.
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讓我們靠近一點看這個聚落，
10:31
Here's crabs here, worms here.
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這有螃蟹，有管蟲，
10:33
There are smaller animals crawling around.
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還有一些更小的動物充斥在此。
10:35
Here's pagoda structures.
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這是塔狀的結構，
10:37
I think this is the neatest-looking thing.
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我想這是最好看的東西了，
10:39
I just can't get over this --
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對我來說，這些東西百看不厭。
10:41
that you've got these little chimneys sitting here smoking away.
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你看這裡有小煙囪，還冒著煙。
10:43
This stuff is toxic as hell, by the way.
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順帶一提，這些物質是超級毒的。
10:45
You could never get a permit to dump this in the ocean,
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你永遠不會被允許傾倒這種東西到海裡去，
10:47
and it's coming out all from it.
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但這東西就從這裡釋放出來。
10:49
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
10:54
It's unbelievable. It's basically sulfuric acid,
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這是不可思議的。基本上這就是硫酸，
10:56
and it's being just dumped out, at incredible rates.
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以驚人的速度被釋放出來。
10:59
And animals are thriving -- and we probably came from here.
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但這裡的動物卻很興旺 — 我們也可能源自於此，
11:01
That's probably where we evolved from.
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我們可能從這裡演化而來。
11:03
BL: This bacteria that we've been talking about
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比爾：我們曾經提到的這些細菌，
11:05
turns out to be the most simplest form of life found.
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被證明是已發現的生命形態中最簡單的。
11:10
There are a number of groups that are proposing
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有很多團體正提出
11:12
that life evolved at these vent sites.
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生命的演化是始於這些熱泉。
11:14
Although the vent sites are short-lived --
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雖然這些熱泉都不會存在太久 —
11:16
an individual site may last only 10 years or so --
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每一個地點差不多只能維持十年 —
11:20
as an ecosystem they've been stable for millions -- well, billions -- of years.
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但這樣的生態系統已經穩定存在數百萬年，甚至數十億年的時間。
11:25
DG: It works too well. You see there're some fish inside here as well.
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大衛：這運作的非常好，你看也有一些魚在此，
11:28
There's a fish sitting here.
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有一隻魚棲息在這，
11:30
Here's a crab with his claw right at the end of that tube worm,
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這還有一隻螃蟹，他的螯正擺在管蟲的前端，
11:33
waiting for that worm to stick his head out.
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正在等待管蟲把頭伸出來。
11:35
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
11:37
BL: The biologists right now cannot explain
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比爾：生物學家現在還沒辦法解釋
11:39
why these animals are so active.
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為什麼這些動物這麼的活躍。
11:41
The worms are growing inches per week!
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這些蟲可以在一週內生長數英吋！
11:43
DG: I already said that this site,
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大衛：我之前說過這地方，
11:45
from a human perspective, is toxic as hell.
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從人類的觀點來說，具有劇毒。
11:47
Not only that, but on top -- the lifeblood --
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不只這樣，尤有甚者 — 這些供養
11:50
that plumbing system turns off every year or so.
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生物的命脈 — 一年左右就會消失。
11:53
Their plumbing system turns off, so the sites have to move.
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一旦這養分供給系統消失，這地點就必須搬移。
11:55
And then there's earthquakes,
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這裡還有發生地震，
11:57
and then volcanic eruptions, on the order of one every five years,
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火山每五年左右也會爆發一次，
12:00
that completely wipes the area out.
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火山爆發可以把這地區徹底摧毀。
12:02
Despite that, these animals grow back in about a year's time.
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雖然如此，這些動物在一年內就會生長回來。
12:05
You're talking about biodensities and biodiversity, again,
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此處的生物多樣性和密集度都比雨林還要高，
12:09
higher than the rainforest that just springs back to life.
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但就是能迅速恢復欣欣向榮。
12:12
Is it sensitive? Yes.
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敏感嘛？是的。
12:14
Is it fragile? No, it's not really very fragile.
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脆弱嘛？不是，並沒有這麼脆弱。
12:16
I'll end up with saying one thing.
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最後我再提一件事情，
12:18
There's a story in the sea, in the waters of the sea,
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一個在海裡發生的故事，
12:20
in the sediments and the rocks of the sea floor.
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在海底的沈積岩中。
12:22
It's an incredible story.
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這是一個不可思議的故事，
12:24
What we see when we look back in time,
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這些沈積岩記錄了地球的歷史，
12:26
in those sediments and rocks, is a record of Earth history.
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讓我們可以回顧地球的過去。
12:29
Everything on this planet -- everything -- works by cycles and rhythms.
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每一個在這星球上的事物，都有它的週期和節律。
12:33
The continents move apart. They come back together.
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大陸分分合合、
12:35
Oceans come and go. Mountains come and go. Glaciers come and go.
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海洋淹沒又退去、山脈隆起又平緩、冰河形成又消退、
12:38
El Nino comes and goes. It's not a disaster, it's rhythmic.
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聖嬰現象的來去。這不是災難，而是一種節奏，
12:40
What we're learning now, it's almost like a symphony.
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我們現在學到的，那就像一首交響樂，
12:43
It's just like music -- it really is just like music.
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就像音樂一樣 — 確實像音樂一樣。
12:45
And what we're learning now is that
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我們學習到的是，
12:47
you can't listen to a five-billion-year long symphony, get to today and say,
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我們好比正在聆聽五十億年長度的交響曲一般，你不能在今天說，
12:51
"Stop! We want tomorrow's note to be the same as it was today."
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「停下來！我希望明天的曲調要跟今天一樣。」
12:54
It's absurd. It's just absurd.
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荒謬！這太荒謬了。
12:56
So, what we've got to learn now is to find out where this planet's going
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所以我們現在應該學習的是找出地球未來的走向，
12:59
at all these different scales and work with it.
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從各種不同的層面，嘗試與之合作，
13:01
Learn to manage it.
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並學習去掌握它。
13:03
The concept of preservation is futile.
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只是「保存」是沒有用的，
13:05
Conservation's tougher, but we can probably get there.
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「保育」更是困難，但是或許我們能做得到。
13:07
Thank you very much.
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非常謝謝大家。
13:09
Thank you.
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謝謝大家。
13:11
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Gallo - OceanographerA pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land.
Why you should listen
David Gallo works to push the bounds of oceanic discovery. Active in undersea exploration (sometimes in partnership with legendary Titanic-hunter Robert Ballard), he was one of the first oceanographers to use a combination of manned submersibles and robots to map the ocean world with unprecedented clarity and detail. He was a co-expedition leader during an exploration of the RMS Titanic and the German battleship Bismarck, using Russian Mir subs.
On behalf of the Woods Hole labs, he appears around the country speaking on ocean and water issues. Most recently he co-led an expedition to create the first detailed and comprehensive map of the RMS Titanic and he co-led the successful international effort to locate the wreck site of Air France flight 447. He is involved in planning an international Antarctic expedition to locate and document the wreckage of Ernest Shackleton’s ship, HMS Endurance.
David Gallo | Speaker | TED.com