TED2010
Juliana Machado Ferreira: The fight to end rare-animal trafficking in Brazil
茱莉安娜•馬沙杜•費雷拉：奮戰！終止巴西稀有動物非法買賣！
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生物學家茱莉安娜•馬沙杜•費雷拉（她是 TED 長年榮譽會員）向我們說明她的工作：幫忙拯救在巴西被盜捕的野生鳥類及其他動物。她提出了一個問題，從走私者手中救出這些動物後，接下來呢?
Juliana Machado Ferreira - Biologist
Brazilian-born biologist Juliana Machado Ferreira wants, simply, to save the world one bird at a time. She is a TED Senior Fellow. Full bio
Brazilian-born biologist Juliana Machado Ferreira wants, simply, to save the world one bird at a time. She is a TED Senior Fellow. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Illegal wildlife trade in Brazil
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在巴西的非法野生動物交易
00:19
is one of the major threats against our fauna,
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是動物界的主要威脅之一，
00:22
especially birds,
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尤其是鳥類，
00:24
and mainly to supply the pet market
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主要用來供應寵物市場。
00:27
with thousands of animals taken from nature every month,
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每個月都有上千隻動物從大自然中被盜捕，
00:31
and transported far from their origins,
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然後被運到遠離原生地的地區，
00:34
to be sold mainly in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.
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主要是販賣到里約熱內盧還有聖保羅。
00:38
It is estimated that
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據估計，
00:40
all kinds of illegal wildlife trade in Brazil
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在巴西，每年將近有三千八百萬隻的野生動物
00:43
withdraw from nature
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被盜捕
00:45
almost 38 million animals every year,
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並非法販售，
00:49
a business worth almost two billion dollars.
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市價高達 20 億美金。
00:53
The police intercepts
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警方攔截下
00:55
these huge cargos with live animals,
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這些裝有野生動物的大貨櫃，
00:58
intended to supply the pet market,
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牠們原本是要用來供應寵物市場的，
01:01
or they seize the animals directly from the people's houses,
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警方也會直接從這些人的家中帶回走私動物。
01:05
and this is how we end up, every month,
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這就是我們每個月都要面對的狀況，
01:08
with thousands of seized animals.
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上千隻被收容的動物。
01:12
And for us to understand what happens with them,
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為了讓我們更了解在這些動物身上發生的事，
01:14
we're going to follow Brad.
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我們將跟著布萊德看下去。
01:18
In the eyes of many people,
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在許多人眼裡，
01:20
after the animals are seized,
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動物被收容後，
01:22
they say, "Yay, justice has been served.
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他們會說「太好了！正義得以伸張！
01:25
The good guys arrived,
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英雄抵達，
01:27
took the cute, mistreated animals
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將這些被虐待的可愛動物
01:29
from the hands of the evil traffickers,
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從邪惡的盜補者手中帶走，
01:31
and everyone lived happily ever after."
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從此動物們就過著幸福快樂的生活。」
01:36
But did they? Actually, no,
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但真是如此嗎？事實上並非如此。
01:38
and this is where many of our problems begin.
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這反而是我們所面臨到的許多問題的開端，
01:41
Because we have to figure out
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因為我們必須找出
01:43
what to do with all these animals.
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處置這些動物的方法。
01:46
In Brazil, they are usually first sent
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在巴西當地，
01:48
to governmental triage facilities,
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動物通常會被送到政府設的醫療機構，
01:51
in which most of the cases,
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而在這裡，大部分動物所面臨的狀況
01:53
the conditions are as bad as
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就跟在盜賣者手中的狀況
01:55
with the traffickers.
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一樣糟糕。
01:57
In 2002, these centers received
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這些機構在 2002 年接收了
02:00
45,000 animals,
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四萬五千隻動物，
02:03
of which 37,000 were birds.
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其中有三萬七千隻是鳥類。
02:06
And the police estimates that we seize
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警方估計我們所救獲的數量
02:08
only five percent of what's being trafficked.
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只是被盜賣的百分之五。
02:12
Some lucky ones -- and among them, Brad --
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其中有些較幸運的動物，像是布萊德，
02:15
go to serious rehabilitation centers after that.
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獲救之後被送到了較好的療養機構。
02:18
And in these places they are cared for.
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牠們在這些地方會被細心看護。
02:22
They train their flying,
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人們訓練牠們飛行，
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they learn how to recognize the food they will find in nature,
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牠們也在這邊學會辨認能再大自然中取得的食物
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and they are able to socialize
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牠們還能夠與其他同類
02:29
with others from the same species.
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進行社交行為。
02:31
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
02:33
But then what?
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但接下來呢?
02:35
The Brazil Ornithological Society --
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巴西的鳥類協會，
02:37
so now we're talking only birds --
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我們現在只有針對鳥類在討論，
02:40
claims that we have too little knowledge
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聲稱我們對於這些在大自然的物種
02:43
about the species in nature.
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瞭解太少。
02:45
Therefore, it would be too risky
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因此，若將這些鳥類野放，
02:47
to release these animals,
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是相當冒險的，
02:49
both for the released and for the natural populations.
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不論是對被野放的鳥或在大自然中的原有族群。
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They also claim that we spend too many resources
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他們也聲稱我們耗費太多資源
02:56
in their rehabilitation.
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在這些鳥類的療養復健上。
02:58
Following this argument,
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基於這個論點，
03:00
they suggest that all the birds
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他們建議將所有救回
03:02
seized from non-threatened species
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但未瀕臨絕種的鳥類
03:05
should be euthanized.
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安樂死。
03:07
However, this would mean having killed
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然而，這意味著要殺掉
03:11
26,267 birds,
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26,267 隻鳥，
03:15
only in the state of São Paulo, only in 2006.
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這只是單單在 2006 年的聖保羅。
03:20
But, some researchers, myself included --
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但有些研究者，包含我在內，
03:24
some NGOs and some people from the Brazilian government --
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一些非政府組織，還有來自巴西政府的一些人，
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believe there is an alternative.
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都深信還有一個選擇。
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We think that if and when the animals meet
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我們認為，當這些動物符合
03:34
certain criteria concerning their health,
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某些健康上，行為上的標準，
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behavior, inferred origin
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推斷出其來源地，
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and whatever we know about the natural populations,
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以及我們對該物種野生族群所知的事物，
03:43
then technically responsible releases are possible,
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那麼就技術面上來說，負責任的野放是有可能的。
03:47
both for the well-being of the individual,
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不僅是為了個體的生存，
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and for the conservation of the species and their ecosystems,
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也為了該物種和生態系統的保育。
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because we will be returning genes for these populations --
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因為我們將歸還基因到野生族群中，
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which could be important for them
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這對牠們可能是相當重要的，
04:00
in facing environmental challenges --
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尤其當面臨到環境變遷時。
04:03
and also we could be returning
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我們可能也同時保留了
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potential seed dispersers, predators, preys, etc.
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潛在的種子傳播者，狩獵者或獵物等等。
04:11
All of these were released by us.
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這些都是由我們所完成的。
04:13
On the top, the turtles are just enjoying freedom.
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在上方，你可以看到烏龜正享受著自由。
04:15
(Laughter)
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在中間，
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On the middle,
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這傢伙在野放後幾個星期就築了一個巢。
04:19
this guy nested a couple of weeks after the release.
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下方則是我個人的最愛，
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And on the bottom, my personal favorite,
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在那邊的雄鳥，
04:25
the little male over there,
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在野放後四個小時，
04:27
four hours after his release
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已跟另一隻雌鳥在一起。
04:29
he was together with a wild female.
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這不是新鮮事，
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So, this is not new, people have been
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全世界的人都正做著這樣的事情，
04:35
doing this around the world.
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但在巴西，這仍極具爭議性。
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But it's still a big issue in Brazil.
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我們相信我們已做到了
04:39
We believe we have performed
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負責任的野放。
04:41
responsible releases.
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我們記錄到野放的鳥類在野外配對成功
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We've registered released animals mating in nature
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並養育幼鳥。
04:47
and having chicks.
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所以，這些基因真的有回歸到原有的族群中。
04:49
So, these genes are indeed going back to the populations.
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然而這仍是極少數的案例，
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However this is still a minority
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因為我們在這方面的知識仍然不足。
04:56
for the very lack of knowledge.
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所以我說，讓我們更進一步地研究，讓我們一起多關注這個議題，
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So, I say, "Let's study more, let's shed light on this issue,
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讓我們一起竭盡所能地努力。
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let's do whatever we can."
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我將我的事業貢獻在這方面。
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I'm devoting my career to that.
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而我今天在這裡，要呼籲你們之中的每一個人
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And I'm here to urge each and every one of you
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去做你能力所及的任何事，
05:09
to do whatever is in your reach:
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告訴你的鄰居，教導你的小孩，
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Talk to your neighbor, teach your children,
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確認你的寵物是來自合法的飼育者。
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make sure your pet is from a legal breeder.
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我們需要行動，現在就馬上行動！
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We need to act, and act now,
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在這些物種消逝前！
05:20
before these ones are the only ones left.
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謝謝！
05:23
Thank you very much.
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（掌聲）
05:25
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Juliana Machado Ferreira - BiologistBrazilian-born biologist Juliana Machado Ferreira wants, simply, to save the world one bird at a time. She is a TED Senior Fellow.
Why you should listen
TED Senior Fellow Juliana Machado Ferreira is pursuing her doctorate in Conservation Genetics at the Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology and Vertebrate Conservation (LABEC) at São Paulo University. Her current project involves developing species-specific molecular markers and population genetics studies of four passerine birds, with the aim to understand the distribution of their genetic variability and to track down the origin of birds seized from illegal trade.
She works closely with the National Fish and Wildlife Forensics Laboratory, and her ultimate goal is to help set up a Wildlife Forensics Laboratory in Brazil.
Juliana Machado Ferreira | Speaker | TED.com