TEDxAtlanta
Ellen Dunham-Jones: Retrofitting suburbia
艾倫.鄧納姆-瓊斯談郊區改造
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艾倫.鄧納姆-瓊斯率先提出今後50年郊區改造是重大的永續設計工程。將要來臨的是：衰落的購物中心重獲生機﹐ 倒閉的超級廣場被再利用﹐ 停車場變成欣欣向榮的濕地。
Ellen Dunham-Jones - Architect
Ellen Dunham-Jones takes an unblinking look at our underperforming suburbs -- and proposes plans for making them livable and sustainable. Full bio
Ellen Dunham-Jones takes an unblinking look at our underperforming suburbs -- and proposes plans for making them livable and sustainable. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
In the last 50 years,
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在過去的五十年中
00:18
we've been building the suburbs
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我們一直在建設郊區
00:20
with a lot of unintended consequences.
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帶來了許多意想不到的後果
00:22
And I'm going to talk about some of those consequences
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我今天就要來談談其中的一些
00:25
and just present a whole bunch of really interesting projects
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並向各位介紹一系列非常有意思的計劃
00:28
that I think give us tremendous reasons
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使我們有充份的理由
00:31
to be really optimistic
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信心十足
00:33
that the big design and development project of the next 50 years
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在接下來的50年中，重要的設計開發計畫
00:36
is going to be retrofitting suburbia.
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將會是郊區改造
00:39
So whether it's redeveloping dying malls
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不論是重建衰落的購物中心
00:42
or re-inhabiting dead big-box stores
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重新利用關掉的超級廣場
00:45
or reconstructing wetlands
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或者是在停車場上
00:47
out of parking lots,
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重建濕地
00:49
I think the fact is
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我認為事實上
00:51
the growing number
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越來越多
00:53
of empty and under-performing,
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空置和不景氣的
00:55
especially retail, sites
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尤其是零售場所
00:57
throughout suburbia
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散佈在城市郊區
00:59
gives us actually a tremendous opportunity
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為我們提供了一個絕好的機會
01:02
to take our least-sustainable
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讓我們把目前最不永續
01:04
landscapes right now
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的建築形式
01:06
and convert them into
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改造成
01:08
more sustainable places.
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可永續發展的空間
01:10
And in the process, what that allows us to do
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這個過程使我們能夠
01:13
is to redirect a lot more of our growth
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更多的把經濟增長
01:15
back into existing communities
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引導到需要幫助的
01:17
that could use a boost,
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現有的社區去
01:19
and have the infrastructure in place,
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幫助其完善基礎設施
01:21
instead of continuing
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而不是繼續
01:23
to tear down trees
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砍伐樹木
01:25
and to tear up the green space out at the edges.
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或者毀掉週邊的綠地
01:27
So why is this important?
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這為什麼很重要?
01:30
I think there are any number of reasons,
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我想有諸多原因
01:33
and I'm just going to not get into detail but mention a few.
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我不想詳述細節﹐只提幾點就好
01:36
Just from the perspective of climate change,
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僅從氣候變化的角度來看
01:39
the average urban dweller in the U.S.
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在美國一個普通城市居民
01:41
has about one-third the carbon footprint
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留下的碳足跡
01:44
of the average suburban dweller,
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相當於一個郊區居民的三分之一
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mostly because suburbanites drive a lot more,
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很大程度上因為郊區居民開車更頻繁
01:50
and living in detached buildings,
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而且住獨立房屋
01:53
you have that much more exterior surface
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他們有更多的戶外表面
01:55
to leak energy out of.
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導致更多能源泄漏
01:58
So strictly from
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所以嚴格從
02:00
a climate change perspective,
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氣候變化的角度來講
02:03
the cities are already
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城市本身
02:05
relatively green.
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更加節能
02:07
The big opportunity
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減少溫室氣體排放
02:09
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
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的一個良機
02:11
is actually in urbanizing
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實際上就是
02:13
the suburbs.
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郊區城市化
02:15
All that driving that we've been doing out in the suburbs,
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我們在郊區要經常駕駛汽車
02:18
we have doubled the amount of miles we drive.
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我們駕駛的英里數已經翻倍
02:21
It's increased our dependence
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這使我們更加依賴
02:23
on foreign oil
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從外國進口的石油
02:25
despite the gains in fuel efficiency.
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儘管汽車燃油效率提高了
02:27
We're just driving so much more;
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但我們比以前更長開車
02:29
we haven't been able to keep up technologically.
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我們的技術沒有跟上郊區化的速度
02:31
Public health is another reason
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公共衛生是
02:33
to consider retrofitting.
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另一個考慮改造的原因
02:35
Researchers at the CDC and other places
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疾病控制中心和其他機構的研究者
02:38
have increasingly been linking
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發現越來越多的
02:40
suburban development patterns
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郊區發展模式
02:42
with sedentary lifestyles.
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與久坐的生活方式有關
02:44
And those have been linked then
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而這種生活方式
02:46
with the rather alarming,
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又與驚人的
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growing rates of obesity,
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肥胖症的增長速度相關
02:50
shown in these maps here,
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如地圖所示
02:53
and that obesity has also been triggering
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而肥胖症又會導致
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great increases in heart disease
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心臟病
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and diabetes
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和糖尿病的激增
02:59
to the point where a child born today
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以至於今天出生的嬰兒
03:01
has a one-in-three chance
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每三個人中就有一個
03:03
of developing diabetes.
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有患糖尿病的機率
03:05
And that rate has been escalating at the same rate
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和這個概率同步增長的是
03:08
as children not walking
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兒童不再走路
03:10
to school anymore,
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去學校
03:12
again, because of our development patterns.
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這又是因為我們的發展模式的問題
03:14
And then there's finally -- there's the affordability question.
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最後還有支付能力的問題
03:18
I mean, how affordable is it
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隨著汽油價格不斷上漲
03:21
to continue to live in suburbia
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有多少人還能負擔得起
03:24
with rising gas prices?
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繼續在郊區生活?
03:26
Suburban expansion to cheap land,
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過去的50年,
03:29
for the last 50 years --
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郊區向更廉價的土地擴張
03:31
you know the cheap land out on the edge --
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城市邊緣的廉價土地
03:33
has helped generations of families
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幫助好幾代家庭
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enjoy the American dream.
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實現了他們的美國夢
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But increasingly,
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但是逐漸地﹐
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the savings promised
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“開到你能買得起為止”
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by drive-till-you-qualify affordability --
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這種我們的發展模式
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which is basically our model --
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所承諾的存款
03:45
those savings are wiped out
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如果算上交通費用
03:47
when you consider the transportation costs.
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已經蕩然無存
03:50
For instance, here in Atlanta,
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比如﹐在亞特蘭大這裡
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about half of households
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大約一半的家庭
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make between $20,000 and $50,000 a year,
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年收入在2-5萬美元之間
03:57
and they are spending 29 percent of their income
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他們的收入有29%花在
04:00
on housing
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住房上面
04:02
and 32 percent
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有32%
04:04
on transportation.
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花在交通上
04:06
I mean, that's 2005 figures.
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這是2005年的數字
04:08
That's before we got up to the four bucks a gallon.
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是在汽油價格漲到四美元一加侖之前
04:11
You know, none of us
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我們中間
04:13
really tend to do the math on our transportation costs,
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沒有人真的在意交通費用
04:16
and they're not going down
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這筆費用不會下降
04:18
any time soon.
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至少短期內不會
04:20
Whether you love suburbia's leafy privacy
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不論你是熱愛郊區綠蔭中的私密空間
04:23
or you hate its soulless commercial strips,
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還是厭惡它千篇一律的商街
04:25
there are reasons why it's important to retrofit.
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改造郊區的理由相當充足
04:28
But is it practical?
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但是否可行?
04:30
I think it is.
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我認為可行
04:32
June Williamson and I have been researching this topic
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瓊.威廉姆森和我研究這個課題
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for over a decade,
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十多年了
04:36
and we've found over 80
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我們已經找到八十多個
04:38
varied projects.
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不同的項目
04:41
But that they're really all market driven,
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實際上這些項目都是受市場驅動的
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and what's driving the market in particular --
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驅動市場的主要因素是
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number one -- is major demographic shifts.
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第一是顯著的人口變化
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We all tend to think of suburbia
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多數人都認為郊區
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as this very family-focused place,
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是一個以家庭為中心的地方
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but that's really not the case anymore.
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實際已經不是這樣了
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Since 2000,
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從2000年以來
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already two-thirds of households in suburbia
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郊區三分之二的家庭
05:03
did not have kids in them.
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是沒有孩子的
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We just haven't caught up with the actual realities of this.
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我們只是尚未認識到現實而已
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The reasons for this have a lot to with
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這裡面的原因在很大程度上
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the dominance of the two big
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同佔據主要地位的
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demographic groups right now:
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兩個人口群體有關
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the Baby Boomers retiring --
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嬰兒潮世代的人正退休中
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and then there's a gap,
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接下來有一個斷層
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Generation X, which is a small generation.
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X世代是人數較少的一代
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They're still having kids --
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他們仍在生育年齡
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but Generation Y hasn't even started
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Y世代還尚未開始
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hitting child-rearing age.
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他們的生育期
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They're the other big generation.
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他們將是人數龐大的一代
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So as a result of that,
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因此
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demographers predict
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人口學家預測
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that through 2025,
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從現在到2025年
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75 to 85 percent of new households
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75%到85%的新家庭
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will not have kids in them.
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將沒有孩子
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And the market research, consumer research,
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市場和消費者研究
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asking the Boomers and Gen Y
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調查嬰兒潮世代和Y世代
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what it is they would like,
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他們想要什麼
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what they would like to live in,
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想要居住在什麼樣的地方
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tells us there is going to be a huge demand --
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結果顯示未來需求旺盛的是
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and we're already seeing it --
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-- 我們已經開始觀察到 --
06:00
for more urban lifestyles
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郊區居民
06:03
within suburbia.
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對城市生活方式的需求
06:06
That basically, the Boomers want to be able to age in place,
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嬰兒潮世代想安渡晚年
06:09
and Gen Y would like to live
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Y世代想往
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an urban lifestyle,
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城市生活方式
06:13
but most of their jobs will continue to be out in suburbia.
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但是他們當中大部份人的工作仍舊在郊區
06:16
The other big dynamic of change
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另外一個巨大的變化
06:19
is the sheer performance of
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有關不盡人意的
06:21
underperforming asphalt.
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瀝青的表現
06:23
Now I keep thinking this would be a great name
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我覺得這會是個很棒的
06:25
for an indie rock band,
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獨立搖滾樂隊的名字
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but developers generally use it
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不過開發商一般用來指
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to refer to underused parking lots --
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使用率不高的停車場
06:33
and suburbia is full of them.
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在郊區隨處可見
06:36
When the postwar suburbs were first built
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戰後在廉價的土地上
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out on the cheap land
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剛開始建設郊區時
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away from downtown,
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遠離市區
06:43
it made sense to just build
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修地面停車場
06:45
surface parking lots.
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合情合理
06:47
But those sites have now been leapfrogged
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但如今這些地方已經被一輪又一輪的郊區擴張
06:49
and leapfrogged again,
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超越過去
06:51
as we've just continued to sprawl,
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我們的城市不斷擴張
06:53
and they now have
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這些昔日的遠郊
06:56
a relatively central location.
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現在已是相對的中心位置
06:58
It no longer just makes sense.
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土地的價值已經上漲
07:01
That land is more valuable than just surface parking lots.
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繼續修建地面停車場不再划算
07:04
It now makes sense to go back in,
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合理的做法是
07:06
build a deck and build up
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在這些場地
07:09
on those sites.
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修建多層建築
07:11
So what do you do
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那麼怎麼樣處理
07:13
with a dead mall,
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閒置的購物中心﹐
07:15
dead office park?
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或辦公園區?
07:17
It turns out, all sorts of things.
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其實處理方法很多
07:20
In a slow economy like ours,
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在我們今天經濟衰退的時期
07:22
re-inhabitation is
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重新利用
07:24
one of the more popular strategies.
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是較常見的方法之一
07:26
So this happens to be
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這剛好是
07:28
a dead mall in St. Louis
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聖路易斯市一個閒置的購物中心
07:30
that's been re-inhabited as art-space.
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被重新改造為藝術空間
07:33
It's now home to artist studios,
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這裡目前駐有藝術工作室
07:35
theater groups, dance troupes.
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戲劇和舞蹈團體
07:37
It's not pulling in as much tax revenue
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雖然這個場所現在稅收收入
07:39
as it once was,
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不如從前
07:41
but it's serving its community.
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但是它服務本地社區
07:43
It's keeping the lights on.
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能夠繼續發揮作用
07:45
It's becoming, I think, a really great institution.
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它正在變成一個不錯的機構
07:48
Other malls have been re-inhabited
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其他購物中心有被改造為
07:50
as nursing homes,
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療養院
07:52
as universities,
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有的成為大學
07:54
and as all variety of office space.
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和其他各種辦公場地
07:56
We also found a lot of examples
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我們也看到許多
07:58
of dead big-box stores
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關閉的超級廣場
08:00
that have been converted into
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被改造成為
08:02
all sorts of community-serving uses as well --
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各種社區服務機構
08:05
lots of schools, lots of churches
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許多學校﹐和教會
08:08
and lots of libraries like this one.
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還有像這樣的圖書館
08:10
This was a little grocery store, a Food Lion grocery store,
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這裡以前是一家小雜貨店﹐ 獅子食品雜貨店
08:13
that is now a public library.
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現在成為公共圖書館
08:17
In addition to, I think, doing a beautiful adaptive reuse,
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除了成功的改造再利用以外
08:20
they tore up some of the parking spaces,
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他們還拆除掉一些停車位
08:22
put in bioswales to collect and clean the runoff,
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修建了過濾地表徑流污水的設施
08:25
put in a lot more sidewalks
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增加了更多人行道
08:28
to connect to the neighborhoods.
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把鄰里聯接起來
08:30
And they've made this,
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他們就這樣
08:32
what was just a store along a commercial strip,
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把過去商街上的一個商店
08:35
into a community gathering space.
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變成了一個社區集會的場所
08:38
This one is a little L-shaped strip shopping center
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這是亞歷桑那州鳳凰城的
08:41
in Phoenix, Arizona.
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一個L形的商街
08:43
Really all they did was they gave it a fresh coat of bright paint,
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他們僅僅把它用鮮亮的顏色重新粉刷一遍
08:46
a gourmet grocery,
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開了一家美食食品店
08:48
and they put up a restaurant in the old post office.
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在原來的郵局開了一家餐館
08:51
Never underestimate the power of food
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決不要低估美食的力量
08:54
to turn a place around
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它可以讓一個地方起死回生
08:56
and make it a destination.
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變成一個令人嚮往的勝地
08:58
It's been so successful, they've now taken over the strip across the street.
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這個改造如此成功﹐他們現在把對街的店鋪也拿下來
09:01
The real estate ads in the neighborhood
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這一帶的房屋銷售廣告
09:04
all very proudly proclaim,
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也驕傲的宣稱
09:06
"Walking distance to Le Grande Orange,"
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“步行就可以到‘大桔子美食城’”
09:09
because it provided its neighborhood
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因為它為周圍社區提供了
09:12
with what sociologists like to call
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一個社會學家所稱的
09:14
"a third place."
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“第三空間”
09:16
If home is the first place
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如果家是第一空間
09:18
and work is the second place,
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工作場所是第二空間
09:20
the third place is where you go to hang out
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第三空間就是可以放鬆
09:22
and build community.
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培養社區關係的地方
09:24
And especially as suburbia is becoming
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特別是郊區漸漸的
09:26
less centered on the family,
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不以家庭為中心、
09:28
the family households,
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不以家庭為單位
09:30
there's a real hunger
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民眾更渴求
09:32
for more third places.
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更多的第三空間
09:35
So the most dramatic retrofits
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所以最徹底的改造
09:38
are really those in the next category,
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其實是下面一種類型
09:40
the next strategy: redevelopment.
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就是重新開發
09:42
Now, during the boom, there were several
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在改造的高峰期﹐有很多
09:44
really dramatic redevelopment projects
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改造幅度很大的重新開發工程
09:46
where the original building
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原有的建築
09:48
was scraped to the ground and then the whole site was rebuilt
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被夷為平地﹐整個場地被重建
09:51
at significantly greater density,
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建築物密度大大增加
09:53
a sort of compact, walkable urban neighborhoods.
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居住區比較集中﹐方便步行
09:56
But some of them have been much more incremental.
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另外一些工程則採取循序漸進的方式
09:58
This is Mashpee Commons,
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這是馬什皮村
10:00
the oldest retrofit that we've found.
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我們找到的最早的改造計畫
10:02
And it's just incrementally, over the last 20 years,
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這個計畫在過去的20年中逐步地
10:05
built urbanism
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在停車場上面
10:07
on top of its parking lots.
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打造了都市生活方式
10:09
So the black and white photo shows
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黑白照片顯示的
10:11
the simple 60's strip shopping center.
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是它六十年代時簡陋的商街
10:13
And then the maps above that
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它上面的地圖
10:15
show its gradual transformation
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顯示出它逐漸的變成
10:17
into a compact,
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一個緊湊的
10:19
mixed-use New England village,
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多用途的新英格蘭村落
10:22
and it has plans now that have been approved
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目前它好幾項規劃已經獲得許可
10:25
for it to connect
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這個村落將和
10:28
to new residential neighborhoods
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新的居住區連接起來
10:30
across the arterials
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跨越主幹道
10:32
and over to the other side.
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延伸到對面去
10:34
So, you know, sometimes it's incremental.
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所以﹐有時改造是循序漸進的
10:36
Sometimes, it's all at once.
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有時大刀闊斧
10:39
This is another infill project on the parking lots,
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這是另一個停車場改造的工程
10:42
this one of an office park outside of Washington D.C.
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這是華盛頓特區郊外的一個辦公園區
10:45
When Metrorail expanded transit into the suburbs
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當地鐵將公交線路擴展到郊區
10:48
and opened a station nearby to this site,
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並在附近設立了車站
10:51
the owners decided
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業主決定
10:53
to build a new parking deck
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修建一座立體停車場
10:56
and then insert on top of their surface lots
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然後在空出的場地增加了
10:59
a new Main Street, several apartments
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一條主街, 數座公寓
11:02
and condo buildings,
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和分契公寓
11:04
while keeping the existing office buildings.
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同時保留現有的辦公大樓
11:06
Here is the site in 1940:
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這是1940年時的情景
11:09
It was just a little farm
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那時只不過是一個小農場
11:11
in the village of Hyattsville.
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地處海厄茨維爾村
11:13
By 1980, it had been subdivided
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到1980年時它已經被分割成
11:15
into a big mall on one side
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一邊是大型購物中心
11:17
and the office park on the other
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另一邊是辦公園區
11:19
and then some buffer sites for a library
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中間地帶有圖書館
11:21
and a church to the far right.
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最右邊是教堂
11:23
Today, the transit,
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今天﹐交通運輸、
11:25
the Main Street and the new housing
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主街和新的房屋
11:27
have all been built.
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已經完全建成了
11:29
Eventually, I expect that the streets
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最終﹐我估計街道
11:31
will probably extend through a redevelopment of the mall.
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將會貫穿整個改造後的購物中心
11:34
Plans have already been announced
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已經有宣佈
11:36
for a lot of those garden apartments
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改造購物中心上面
11:38
above the mall to be redeveloped.
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帶花園的公寓的計劃
11:41
Transit is a big driver of retrofits.
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交通是郊區改造的一大驅動力
11:44
So here's what it looks like.
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它看起來是這樣
11:46
You can sort of see the funky new condo buildings
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差不多可以看到時髦的公寓
11:48
in between the office buildings
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夾雜在辦公大樓中間
11:50
and the public space and the new Main Street.
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還有公共場所和新的主街
11:53
This one is one of my favorites, Belmar.
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這個是我最喜歡的貝爾馬
11:55
I think they really built an attractive place here
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我認為他們建造了一個很吸引人的地方
11:58
and have just employed all-green construction.
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並全部採用了環保的建築方式
12:01
There's massive P.V. arrays on the roofs
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屋頂上密佈著太陽能電池板
12:04
as well as wind turbines.
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還有風力發電葉片
12:06
This was a very large mall
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這曾經是巨大的購物中心
12:08
on a hundred-acre superblock.
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佔地一百英畝的超級街區
12:10
It's now 22
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現在是22個
12:12
walkable urban blocks
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方便步行的城市街區
12:14
with public streets,
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有公共街道
12:16
two public parks, eight bus lines
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兩個公園﹐八條公車路線
12:18
and a range of housing types,
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和各式各樣的房屋類型
12:20
and so it's really given Lakewood, Colorado
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如此以來﹐科羅拉多的雷克伍德
12:23
the downtown
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擁有了一個市中心
12:25
that this particular suburb never had.
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這是這片郊區從來沒有過的
12:28
Here was the mall in its heyday.
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這是購物中心的鼎盛時期
12:30
They had their prom in the mall. They loved their mall.
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在這裡舉行高中生舞會. 人們熱愛這購物中心
12:33
So here's the site in 1975
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這是1975年時的情景
12:36
with the mall.
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購物中心還在
12:38
By 1995, the mall has died.
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到1995年﹐購物中心關閉了
12:40
The department store has been kept --
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但百貨商店保留了下來
12:42
and we found this was true in many cases.
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我們發現這個現象很常見
12:44
The department stores are multistory; they're better built.
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百貨商店是多層建築﹐ 他們構造更結實
12:46
They're easy to be re-adapted.
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很容易改造
12:48
But the one story stuff ...
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但那些一層建築
12:50
that's really history.
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早就成為歷史了
12:53
So here it is at projected build-out.
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這裡顯示的是擴建規劃
12:56
This project, I think, has great connectivity
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這個計畫能夠很好地
12:58
to the existing neighborhoods.
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跟現有社區連接起來
13:00
It's providing 1,500 households with the option
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它可以提供給1500戶家庭
13:02
of a more urban lifestyle.
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更城市化的生活方式
13:04
It's about two-thirds built out right now.
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現在已經完成了三分之二
13:07
Here's what the new Main Street looks like.
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這是主街的樣子
13:09
It's very successful,
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這個工程非常成功
13:11
and it's helped to prompt --
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它已經促使丹佛市的
13:13
eight of the 13
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13個地區性購物中心
13:15
regional malls in Denver
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其中的八個
13:17
have now, or have announced plans to
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即將計劃
13:19
be, retrofitted.
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進行改造
13:21
But it's important to note that all of this retrofitting
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重要的是要知道這種改造
13:24
is not occurring --
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不僅僅是
13:26
just bulldozers are coming and just plowing down the whole city.
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推土機把整個城市夷為平地而已
13:29
No, it's pockets of walkability
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而是在收益不高的地產上
13:32
on the sites of
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建設
13:34
under-performing properties.
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小片可步行的社區
13:36
And so it's giving people more choices,
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這樣提供給大眾更多的選擇
13:39
but it's not taking away choices.
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而不是剝奪他們的選擇
13:42
But it's also not really enough
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但是僅僅建設這些分散的
13:44
to just create pockets of walkability.
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方便步行的地方還不夠
13:47
You want to also try to get more systemic transformation.
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我們還應該開始更系統的改變
13:50
We need to also retrofit the corridors themselves.
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我們需要改造交通幹道本身
13:53
So this is one that has been
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這就是一個在加州
13:55
retrofitted in California.
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改造的工程
13:57
They took the commercial strip
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他們把下面黑白照片中
13:59
shown on the black-and-white images below,
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的小商街
14:01
and they built a boulevard
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改造成為一條大道
14:03
that has become the Main Street for their town.
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成為他們城鎮的主街
14:06
And it's transformed from being
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它從一個
14:08
an ugly, unsafe,
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醜陋﹐不安全
14:10
undesirable address,
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不受歡迎的地段
14:12
to becoming a beautiful,
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變成了一個美麗
14:15
attractive, dignified sort of good address.
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迷人﹐有身價的地段
14:18
I mean now we're hoping we start to see it;
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我們希望看到這樣的變化
14:20
they've already built City Hall, attracted two hotels.
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他們已經建好了市政府﹐吸引了兩座飯店
14:23
I could imagine beautiful housing going up along there
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我能想像得出漂亮的房屋拔地而起
14:26
without tearing down another tree.
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無須砍倒一棵樹
14:29
So there's a lot of great things,
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這樣好的計畫有很多
14:31
but I'd love to see more corridors getting retrofitting.
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但我期望更多的交通幹道改造
14:34
But densification
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然而密集化
14:36
is not going to work everywhere.
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並不適合所有地方
14:38
Sometimes re-greening
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有時﹐ 重新綠化
14:40
is really the better answer.
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是更好的辦法
14:43
There's a lot to learn from successful
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我們可以從成功的
14:45
landbanking programs
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“土地存儲”計畫中學到很多
14:47
in cities like Flint, Michigan.
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比如在密西根州的佛臨特市
14:49
There's also a burgeoning suburban farming movement --
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目前還有正在興起的郊區農業運動
14:51
sort of victory gardens meets the Internet.
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有點像二戰時期的勝利菜園與網路結合
14:54
But perhaps one of the most important re-greening aspects
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但重新綠化最重要的方面
14:57
is the opportunity to restore
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也許是能夠重建
14:59
the local ecology,
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當地生態環境的機會
15:01
as in this example outside of Minneapolis.
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正如明尼愛普樂斯市郊的這個例子
15:03
When the shopping center died,
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當購物中心倒閉後
15:05
the city restored the site's
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市政府恢復了
15:07
original wetlands,
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原來的濕地
15:09
creating lakefront property,
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創造了臨湖的地產
15:11
which then attracted private investment,
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由此而吸引了私人投資
15:14
the first private investment to this very low-income neighborhood
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是這個低收入社區
15:17
in over 40 years.
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四十年來的第一筆私人投資
15:19
So they've managed to both restore the local ecology
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他們因此得以同時恢復當地生態環境
15:22
and the local economy at the same time.
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和重建當地經濟
15:25
This is another re-greening example.
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這是另一個重新綠化的個例
15:27
It also makes sense in very strong markets.
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在市場良好的地區同樣適用
15:29
This one in Seattle
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在西雅圖的這個工程
15:31
is on the site of a mall parking lot
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是在一個購物中心的停車場上
15:33
adjacent to a new transit stop.
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它緊挨著一個新的交通點
15:35
And the wavy line
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這條曲線
15:37
is a path alongside a creek that has now been daylit.
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是一條溪邊小路, 小溪剛被恢復原貌
15:40
The creek had been culverted under the parking lot.
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之前它從停車場下面的涵洞流過
15:43
But daylighting our creeks
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溪流重新回到地上
15:45
really improves their water quality
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很大的改善了水質
15:47
and contributions to habitat.
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和生存環境
15:49
So I've shown you some of
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那麼我已經展示給大家
15:51
the first generation of retrofits.
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一些第一代的改造工程
15:53
What's next?
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下一步會怎樣?
15:55
I think we have three challenges for the future.
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我想未來有三個挑戰
15:58
The first is to plan retrofitting
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第一是改造規劃
16:01
much more systemically
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在都市化的規模上
16:03
at the metropolitan scale.
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更加系統
16:05
We need to be able to target
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我們應該能夠更有目標性的
16:07
which areas really should be re-greened.
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決定哪些地方應當重新綠化
16:09
Where should we be redeveloping?
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哪些地方重新開發?
16:11
And where should we be encouraging re-inhabitation?
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哪些地方我們應鼓勵重新居住?
16:14
These slides just show two images
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幻燈片上的兩個圖像
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from a larger project
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來自一個大型工程
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that looked at trying to do that for Atlanta.
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顯示了我們在亞特蘭大所作的努力
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I led a team that was asked to imagine
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我領導的小組被要求想象
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Atlanta 100 years from now.
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亞特蘭大在一百年之後的情形
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And we chose to try to reverse sprawl
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我們選擇逆轉城市擴張
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through three simple moves -- expensive, but simple.
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通過三個簡單步驟 - 雖然成本高﹐但很簡單
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One, in a hundred years,
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第一﹐一百年後
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transit on all major
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在所有主要的鐵路和公路要道上
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rail and road corridors.
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開發連接道路
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Two, in a hundred years,
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第二﹐一百年後
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thousand foot buffers
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在所有河流廊道
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on all stream corridors.
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設立千呎緩沖帶
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It's a little extreme, but we've got a little water problem.
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說起來有點危言聳聽﹐但我們的確面臨水的問題
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In a hundred years,
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一百年後
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subdivisions that simply end up too close to water
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離水太進的居住區
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or too far from transit won't be viable.
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或離交通路線太遠的居住區都無法生存
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And so we've created the eco-acre
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因此我們發明了生態面積轉換法
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transfer-to-transfer development rights
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把開發權
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to the transit corridors
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轉移到交通要道去
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and allow the re-greening
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並重新綠化
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of those former subdivisions
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從前的部份郊區
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for food and energy production.
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以生產食物和能源
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So the second challenge
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第二個挑戰
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is to improve the architectural design quality
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就是提高郊區改造的
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of the retrofits.
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建築設計質量
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And I close with this image
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我用這個圖像結束我的演講
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of democracy in action:
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民主行動的場景
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This is a protest that's happening
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這是發生在馬裡蘭州銀泉鎮
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on a retrofit in Silver Spring, Maryland
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的一次抗議改造工程活動
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on an Astroturf town green.
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抗議在市中心人造草坪上舉行
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Now, retrofits are often accused
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郊區改造經常被指責為
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of being examples of faux downtowns
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假市中心和
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and instant urbanism,
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即時城市化的例子
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and not without reason; you don't get much more phony
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當然不是沒有原因﹐沒有比
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than an Astroturf town green.
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人造草坪更假的了
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I have to say, these are very hybrid places.
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我必須承認﹐這些是高度混合的地方
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They are new but trying to look old.
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他們新落成,卻想看起來很古老
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They have urban streetscapes,
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他們有著城市街道的佈局
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but suburban parking ratios.
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卻保留郊區的停車位比例
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Their populations are
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他們的人口
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more diverse than typical suburbia,
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比典型的郊區更多元化
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but they're less diverse than cities.
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但比不上城市
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And they are
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而且他們是
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public places,
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公共場所
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but that are managed by private companies.
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但由私營公司來管理
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And just the surface appearance
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他們光是外觀
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are often -- like the Astroturf here --
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像人造草皮一樣
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they make me wince.
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就讓我不敢恭維
18:16
So, you know, I mean I'm glad that
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所以我其實很高興
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the urbanism is doing its job.
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城市化在起作用
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The fact that a protest is happening
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能夠發生抗議這件事本身
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really does mean
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就意味著
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that the layout of the blocks, the streets and blocks, the putting in of public space,
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街區的佈局﹐ 包括街道和居住區﹐ 公共空間的添加
18:28
compromised as it may be,
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雖然不盡人意
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is still a really great thing.
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但的確是件好事
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But we've got to get the architecture better.
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但是我們必須提高建築設計的水準
18:34
The final challenge is for all of you.
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最後的挑戰，是針對你們的
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I want you to join the protest
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我想要你們一起加入抗議
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and start demanding
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開始要求
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more sustainable suburban places --
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更能永續發展的郊區空間
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more sustainable places, period.
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更加永續發展的空間﹐ 就這麼簡單。
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But culturally,
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但從文化的角度
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we tend to think that downtowns
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我們傾向與認為市中心
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should be dynamic, and we expect that.
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應當充滿活力﹐ 我們期待這樣
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But we seem to have an expectation
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但是我們似乎期望
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that the suburbs should forever remain frozen
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郊區永遠定格
18:56
in whatever adolescent form
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在它最初誕生時的
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they were first given birth to.
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少年的形象
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It's time to let them grow up,
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讓他們長大的時候到了
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so I want you
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所以我想要你們
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to all support the zoning changes,
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都來支持區劃變更
19:07
the road diets, the infrastructure improvements
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減少車道, 改善基礎設施
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and the retrofits that are coming soon to a neighborhood near you.
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還要很快改造你家附近的社區
19:13
Thank you.
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謝謝
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ellen Dunham-Jones - ArchitectEllen Dunham-Jones takes an unblinking look at our underperforming suburbs -- and proposes plans for making them livable and sustainable.
Why you should listen
Ellen Dunham-Jones teaches architecture at the Georgia Institute of Technology, is an award-winning architect and a board member of the Congress for the New Urbanism. She shows how design of where we live impacts some of the most pressing issues of our times -- reducing our ecological footprint and energy consumption while improving our health and communities and providing living options for all ages.
Dunham-Jones is widely recognized as a leader in finding solutions for aging suburbs. She is the co-author of Retrofitting Suburbia: Urban Design Solutions for Redesigning Suburbs. She and co-author June Williamson share more than 50 case studies across North America of "underperforming asphalt properties" that have been redesigned and redeveloped into walkable, sustainable vital centers of community—libraries, city halls, town centers, schools and more.
Ellen Dunham-Jones | Speaker | TED.com