ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Chris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading.

Why you should listen

Chris Anderson is the Curator of TED, a nonprofit devoted to sharing valuable ideas, primarily through the medium of 'TED Talks' -- short talks that are offered free online to a global audience.

Chris was born in a remote village in Pakistan in 1957. He spent his early years in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, where his parents worked as medical missionaries, and he attended an American school in the Himalayas for his early education. After boarding school in Bath, England, he went on to Oxford University, graduating in 1978 with a degree in philosophy, politics and economics.

Chris then trained as a journalist, working in newspapers and radio, including two years producing a world news service in the Seychelles Islands.

Back in the UK in 1984, Chris was captivated by the personal computer revolution and became an editor at one of the UK's early computer magazines. A year later he founded Future Publishing with a $25,000 bank loan. The new company initially focused on specialist computer publications but eventually expanded into other areas such as cycling, music, video games, technology and design, doubling in size every year for seven years. In 1994, Chris moved to the United States where he built Imagine Media, publisher of Business 2.0 magazine and creator of the popular video game users website IGN. Chris eventually merged Imagine and Future, taking the combined entity public in London in 1999, under the Future name. At its peak, it published 150 magazines and websites and employed 2,000 people.

This success allowed Chris to create a private nonprofit organization, the Sapling Foundation, with the hope of finding new ways to tackle tough global issues through media, technology, entrepreneurship and, most of all, ideas. In 2001, the foundation acquired the TED Conference, then an annual meeting of luminaries in the fields of Technology, Entertainment and Design held in Monterey, California, and Chris left Future to work full time on TED.

He expanded the conference's remit to cover all topics, including science, business and key global issues, while adding a Fellows program, which now has some 300 alumni, and the TED Prize, which grants its recipients "one wish to change the world." The TED stage has become a place for thinkers and doers from all fields to share their ideas and their work, capturing imaginations, sparking conversation and encouraging discovery along the way.

In 2006, TED experimented with posting some of its talks on the Internet. Their viral success encouraged Chris to begin positioning the organization as a global media initiative devoted to 'ideas worth spreading,' part of a new era of information dissemination using the power of online video. In June 2015, the organization posted its 2,000th talk online. The talks are free to view, and they have been translated into more than 100 languages with the help of volunteers from around the world. Viewership has grown to approximately one billion views per year.

Continuing a strategy of 'radical openness,' in 2009 Chris introduced the TEDx initiative, allowing free licenses to local organizers who wished to organize their own TED-like events. More than 8,000 such events have been held, generating an archive of 60,000 TEDx talks. And three years later, the TED-Ed program was launched, offering free educational videos and tools to students and teachers.

More profile about the speaker
Chris Anderson | Speaker | TED.com
TED-Ed

Chris Anderson (TED): Questions no one knows the answers to

Filmed:
17,835,841 views

TED curator Chris Anderson shares his obsession with questions that no one (yet) knows the answers to. A short intro leads into two questions: Why can't we see evidence of alien life? And how many universes are there?
- TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
On a typical day at school,
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endless hours are spent learning
the answers to questions,
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but right now, we'll do the opposite.
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We're going to focus on questions
where you can't learn the answers
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because they're unknown.
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I used to puzzle about a lot of things
as a boy, for example:
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What would it feel like to be a dog?
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Do fish feel pain?
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How about insects?
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Was the Big Bang just an accident?
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And is there a God?
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And if so, how are we so sure
that it's a He and not a She?
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Why do so many innocent people
and animals suffer terrible things?
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Is there really a plan for my life?
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Is the future yet to be written,
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or is it already written
and we just can't see it?
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But then, do I have free will?
I mean, who am I anyway?
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Am I just a biological machine?
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But then, why am I conscious?
What is consciousness?
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Will robots become conscious one day?
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I mean, I kind of assumed that some day
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I would be told the answers
to all these questions.
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Someone must know, right?
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Guess what? No one knows.
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Most of those questions
puzzle me more now than ever.
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But diving into them is exciting
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because it takes you
to the edge of knowledge,
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and you never know what you'll find there.
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So, two questions that no one
on Earth knows the answer to.
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(Music)
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[How many universes are there?]
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Sometimes when I'm on a long plane flight,
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I gaze out at all those
mountains and deserts
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and try to get my head
around how vast our Earth is.
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And then I remember
that there's an object we see every day
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that would literally fit
one million Earths inside it:
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the Sun.
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It seems impossibly big.
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But in the great scheme
of things, it's a pinprick,
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one of about 400 billion stars
in the Milky Way galaxy,
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which you can see on a clear night
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as a pale white mist
stretched across the sky.
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And it gets worse.
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There are maybe 100 billion galaxies
detectable by our telescopes.
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So if each star was the size
of a single grain of sand,
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just the Milky Way has enough stars
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to fill a 30-foot by 30-foot
stretch of beach
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three feet deep with sand.
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And the entire Earth
doesn't have enough beaches
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to represent the stars
in the overall universe.
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Such a beach would continue for literally
hundreds of millions of miles.
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Holy Stephen Hawking,
that is a lot of stars.
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But he and other physicists
now believe in a reality
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that is unimaginably bigger still.
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I mean, first of all,
the 100 billion galaxies
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within range of our telescopes
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are probably a minuscule
fraction of the total.
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Space itself is expanding
at an accelerating pace.
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The vast majority of the galaxies
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are separating from us so fast
that light from them may never reach us.
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Still, our physical reality here on Earth
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is intimately connected
to those distant, invisible galaxies.
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We can think of them
as part of our universe.
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They make up a single, giant edifice
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obeying the same physical laws
and all made from the same types of atoms,
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electrons, protons, quarks, neutrinos,
that make up you and me.
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However, recent theories in physics,
including one called string theory,
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are now telling us there could be
countless other universes
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built on different types of particles,
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with different properties,
obeying different laws.
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Most of these universes
could never support life,
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and might flash in and out
of existence in a nanosecond.
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But nonetheless, combined,
they make up a vast multiverse
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of possible universes
in up to 11 dimensions,
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featuring wonders
beyond our wildest imagination.
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The leading version of string theory
predicts a multiverse
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made up of 10 to the 500 universes.
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That's a one followed by 500 zeros,
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a number so vast that if every atom
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in our observable universe
had its own universe,
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and all of the atoms
in all those universes each had
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their own universe,
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and you repeated that for two more cycles,
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you'd still be at a tiny
fraction of the total,
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namely, one trillion trillion trillion
trillion trillion trillion trillion
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trillion trillion trillion trillion
trillion trillion trillion trillionth.
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(Laughter)
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But even that number
is minuscule compared to another number:
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infinity.
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Some physicists think the space-time
continuum is literally infinite
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and that it contains an infinite number
of so-called pocket universes
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with varying properties.
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How's your brain doing?
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Quantum theory adds a whole new wrinkle.
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I mean, the theory's been proven
true beyond all doubt,
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but interpreting it is baffling,
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and some physicists think
you can only un-baffle it
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if you imagine that huge numbers
of parallel universes
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are being spawned every moment,
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and many of these universes would actually
be very like the world we're in,
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would include multiple copies of you.
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In one such universe,
you'd graduate with honors
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and marry the person of your dreams,
and in another, not so much.
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Well, there are still some scientists
who would say, hogwash.
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The only meaningful answer to the question
of how many universes there are is one.
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Only one universe.
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And a few philosophers
and mystics might argue
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that even our own universe is an illusion.
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So, as you can see, right now
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there is no agreement
on this question, not even close.
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All we know is the answer is somewhere
between zero and infinity.
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Well, I guess we know one other thing.
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This is a pretty cool time
to be studying physics.
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We just might be undergoing
the biggest paradigm shift in knowledge
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that humanity has ever seen.
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(Music)
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[Why can't we see evidence of alien life?]
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Somewhere out there in that vast universe
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there must surely be countless
other planets teeming with life.
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But why don't we see any evidence of it?
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Well, this is the famous question
asked by Enrico Fermi in 1950:
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Where is everybody?
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Conspiracy theorists claim that UFOs
are visiting all the time
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and the reports are just being covered up,
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but honestly, they aren't very convincing.
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But that leaves a real riddle.
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In the past year,
the Kepler space observatory
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has found hundreds of planets
just around nearby stars.
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And if you extrapolate that data,
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it looks like there could
be half a trillion planets
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just in our own galaxy.
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If any one in 10,000 has conditions
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that might support a form of life,
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that's still 50 million possible
life-harboring planets
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right here in the Milky Way.
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So here's the riddle:
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our Earth didn't form
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until about nine billion years
after the Big Bang.
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Countless other planets in our galaxy
should have formed earlier,
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and given life a chance to get underway
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billions, or certainly many millions
of years earlier than happened on Earth.
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If just a few of them
had spawned intelligent life
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and started creating technologies,
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those technologies would have
had millions of years
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to grow in complexity and power.
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On Earth,
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we've seen how dramatically
technology can accelerate
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in just 100 years.
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In millions of years,
an intelligent alien civilization
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could easily have spread out
across the galaxy,
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perhaps creating giant
energy-harvesting artifacts
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or fleets of colonizing spaceships
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or glorious works of art
that fill the night sky.
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At the very least, you'd think
they'd be revealing their presence,
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deliberately or otherwise,
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through electromagnetic signals
of one kind or another.
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And yet we see no convincing
evidence of any of it.
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Why?
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Well, there are numerous possible answers,
some of them quite dark.
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Maybe a single,
superintelligent civilization
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has indeed taken over the galaxy
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and has imposed strict radio silence
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because it's paranoid
of any potential competitors.
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It's just sitting there
ready to obliterate
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anything that becomes a threat.
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Or maybe they're not that intelligent,
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or perhaps the evolution
of an intelligence
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capable of creating
sophisticated technology
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is far rarer than we've assumed.
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After all, it's only happened once
on Earth in four billion years.
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Maybe even that was incredibly lucky.
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Maybe we are the first
such civilization in our galaxy.
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Or, perhaps civilization carries with it
the seeds of its own destruction
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through the inability to control
the technologies it creates.
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But there are numerous
more hopeful answers.
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For a start, we're not looking that hard,
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and we're spending
a pitiful amount of money on it.
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Only a tiny fraction
of the stars in our galaxy
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have really been looked at closely
for signs of interesting signals.
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And perhaps we're not looking
the right way.
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Maybe as civilizations develop,
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they quickly discover
communication technologies
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far more sophisticated and useful
than electromagnetic waves.
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Maybe all the action takes place
inside the mysterious
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recently discovered dark matter,
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or dark energy, that appear to account
for most of the universe's mass.
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Or, maybe we're looking
at the wrong scale.
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Perhaps intelligent
civilizations come to realize
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that life is ultimately
just complex patterns of information
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interacting with each other
in a beautiful way,
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and that that can happen more
efficiently at a small scale.
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So, just as on Earth,
clunky stereo systems have shrunk
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to beautiful, tiny iPods,
maybe intelligent life itself,
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in order to reduce its footprint
on the environment,
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has turned itself microscopic.
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So the Solar System
might be teeming with aliens,
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and we're just not noticing them.
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Maybe the very ideas in our heads
are a form of alien life.
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Well, okay, that's a crazy thought.
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The aliens made me say it.
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But it is cool that ideas do seem
to have a life all of their own
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and that they outlive their creators.
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Maybe biological life
is just a passing phase.
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Well, within the next 15 years,
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we could start seeing
real spectroscopic information
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from promising nearby planets
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that will reveal just
how life-friendly they might be.
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And meanwhile, SETI, the Search
for Extraterrestrial Intelligence,
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is now releasing its data to the public
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so that millions of citizen scientists,
maybe including you,
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can bring the power of the crowd
to join the search.
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And here on Earth, amazing experiments
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are being done to try
to create life from scratch,
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life that might be very different
from the DNA forms we know.
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All of this will help us understand
whether the universe is teeming with life
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or whether, indeed, it's just us.
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Either answer, in its own way,
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is awe-inspiring,
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because even if we are alone,
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the fact that we think and dream
and ask these questions
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might yet turn out to be
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one of the most important facts
about the universe.
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And I have one more piece
of good news for you.
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The quest for knowledge
and understanding never gets dull.
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It doesn't. It's actually the opposite.
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The more you know,
the more amazing the world seems.
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And it's the crazy possibilities,
the unanswered questions,
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that pull us forward.
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So stay curious.
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Chris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading.

Why you should listen

Chris Anderson is the Curator of TED, a nonprofit devoted to sharing valuable ideas, primarily through the medium of 'TED Talks' -- short talks that are offered free online to a global audience.

Chris was born in a remote village in Pakistan in 1957. He spent his early years in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, where his parents worked as medical missionaries, and he attended an American school in the Himalayas for his early education. After boarding school in Bath, England, he went on to Oxford University, graduating in 1978 with a degree in philosophy, politics and economics.

Chris then trained as a journalist, working in newspapers and radio, including two years producing a world news service in the Seychelles Islands.

Back in the UK in 1984, Chris was captivated by the personal computer revolution and became an editor at one of the UK's early computer magazines. A year later he founded Future Publishing with a $25,000 bank loan. The new company initially focused on specialist computer publications but eventually expanded into other areas such as cycling, music, video games, technology and design, doubling in size every year for seven years. In 1994, Chris moved to the United States where he built Imagine Media, publisher of Business 2.0 magazine and creator of the popular video game users website IGN. Chris eventually merged Imagine and Future, taking the combined entity public in London in 1999, under the Future name. At its peak, it published 150 magazines and websites and employed 2,000 people.

This success allowed Chris to create a private nonprofit organization, the Sapling Foundation, with the hope of finding new ways to tackle tough global issues through media, technology, entrepreneurship and, most of all, ideas. In 2001, the foundation acquired the TED Conference, then an annual meeting of luminaries in the fields of Technology, Entertainment and Design held in Monterey, California, and Chris left Future to work full time on TED.

He expanded the conference's remit to cover all topics, including science, business and key global issues, while adding a Fellows program, which now has some 300 alumni, and the TED Prize, which grants its recipients "one wish to change the world." The TED stage has become a place for thinkers and doers from all fields to share their ideas and their work, capturing imaginations, sparking conversation and encouraging discovery along the way.

In 2006, TED experimented with posting some of its talks on the Internet. Their viral success encouraged Chris to begin positioning the organization as a global media initiative devoted to 'ideas worth spreading,' part of a new era of information dissemination using the power of online video. In June 2015, the organization posted its 2,000th talk online. The talks are free to view, and they have been translated into more than 100 languages with the help of volunteers from around the world. Viewership has grown to approximately one billion views per year.

Continuing a strategy of 'radical openness,' in 2009 Chris introduced the TEDx initiative, allowing free licenses to local organizers who wished to organize their own TED-like events. More than 8,000 such events have been held, generating an archive of 60,000 TEDx talks. And three years later, the TED-Ed program was launched, offering free educational videos and tools to students and teachers.

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Chris Anderson | Speaker | TED.com