TED2016
Jennifer Kahn: Gene editing can now change an entire species -- forever
Jennifer Kahn: Rekayasa genetika kini dapat mengubah keseluruhan satu spesies -- selamanya
Filmed:
Readability: 4.9
1,922,129 views
CRISPR gene-drive memungkinkan ilmuwan mengubah urutan DNA dan menjamin rekayasa tersebut diturunkan pada generasi selanjutnya, membuka kemungkinan untuk mengubah keseluruhan spesies selamanya. Lebih penting dari itu, teknologi ini membawa kita pada pertanyaan: Bagaimana kekuatan baru ini berpengaruh pada manusia? Apa yang akan kita gunakan darinya untuk berubah? Apakah sekarang kita Tuhan? Bergabunglah dengan jurnalis Jennifer Kahn untuk memikirkan pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini dan berbagi informasi tentang penerapan dahsyat dari gene-drive: perkembangan nyamuk tahan penyakit yang dapat melenyapkan Malaria dan Zika.
Jennifer Kahn - Science journalist
In articles that span the gene-editing abilities of CRISPR, the roots of psychopathic behavior in children, and much more, Jennifer Kahn weaves gripping stories from unlikely sources. Full bio
In articles that span the gene-editing abilities of CRISPR, the roots of psychopathic behavior in children, and much more, Jennifer Kahn weaves gripping stories from unlikely sources. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
Ceramah ini adalah tentang
gene-drive (penggerak gen)
gene-drive (penggerak gen)
00:12
So this is a talk about gene drives,
0
844
2462
00:15
but I'm going to start
by telling you a brief story.
by telling you a brief story.
1
3330
2553
tapi akan saya mulai
dengan cerita singkat.
dengan cerita singkat.
00:18
20 years ago, a biologist
named Anthony James
named Anthony James
2
6621
3223
20 tahun lalu, ahli biologi
bernama Anthony James
bernama Anthony James
00:21
got obsessed with the idea
of making mosquitos
of making mosquitos
3
9868
2319
terobsesi dengan ide membuat nyamuk
00:24
that didn't transmit malaria.
4
12211
2579
yang tidak menularkan malaria.
00:27
It was a great idea,
and pretty much a complete failure.
and pretty much a complete failure.
5
15683
4056
Sebuah ide hebat,
dan cukup besar untuk gagal total.
dan cukup besar untuk gagal total.
00:32
For one thing, it turned out
to be really hard
to be really hard
6
20596
2660
Ternyata sangat sulit
00:35
to make a malaria-resistant mosquito.
7
23280
2007
untuk membuat nyamuk kebal malaria.
00:38
James managed it, finally,
just a few years ago,
just a few years ago,
8
26286
3627
James akhirnya berhasil,
beberapa tahun belakangan ini,
beberapa tahun belakangan ini,
00:41
by adding some genes
that make it impossible
that make it impossible
9
29937
2071
dengan menambahkan gen yang mencegah
00:44
for the malaria parasite
to survive inside the mosquito.
to survive inside the mosquito.
10
32032
2714
parasit malaria untuk hidup
di dalam tubuh nyamuk.
di dalam tubuh nyamuk.
00:47
But that just created another problem.
11
35551
1822
Tapi itu membuat masalah baru.
00:50
Now that you've got
a malaria-resistant mosquito,
a malaria-resistant mosquito,
12
38043
2842
Kini saat Anda mendapati
nyamuk yang kebal terhadap malaria,
nyamuk yang kebal terhadap malaria,
00:52
how do you get it to replace
all the malaria-carrying mosquitos?
all the malaria-carrying mosquitos?
13
40909
3586
bagaimana cara menggantikan
semua nyamuk pembawa malaria?
semua nyamuk pembawa malaria?
00:58
There are a couple options,
14
46107
1473
Ada beberapa pilihan.
00:59
but plan A was basically to breed up
15
47604
2023
Rencana A pada intinya mengembangbiakkan
01:01
a bunch of the new
genetically-engineered mosquitos
genetically-engineered mosquitos
16
49651
3087
sekelompok nyamuk hasil rekayasa genetika
01:04
release them into the wild
17
52762
1326
melepaskannya di alam liar
01:06
and hope that they pass on their genes.
18
54112
1967
dan berharap gen mereka diturunkan.
01:08
The problem was that you'd have to release
19
56673
2114
Masalahnya adalah Anda harus melepas
01:10
literally 10 times the number
of native mosquitos to work.
of native mosquitos to work.
20
58811
4300
dengan jumlah 10 kali lebih banyak
dari nyamuk alami agar berhasil.
dari nyamuk alami agar berhasil.
01:15
So in a village with 10,000 mosquitos,
21
63135
2087
Jadi di sebuah desa dengan 10.000 nyamuk,
01:17
you release an extra 100,000.
22
65246
2079
Anda harus membuat 100.000.
01:20
As you might guess,
23
68229
1150
Seperti yang Anda tebak,
01:21
this was not a very popular strategy
with the villagers.
with the villagers.
24
69403
2754
hal ini bukanlah strategi populer
di masyarakat.
di masyarakat.
01:24
(Laughter)
25
72181
1150
(Tawa)
01:26
Then, last January,
Anthony James got an email
Anthony James got an email
26
74963
3704
Januari lalu, Anthony James
menerima surat elektronik
menerima surat elektronik
01:30
from a biologist named Ethan Bier.
27
78691
1951
dari ahli biologi bernama Ethan Bier.
01:33
Bier said that he
and his grad student Valentino Gantz
and his grad student Valentino Gantz
28
81400
2859
Bier bercerita bahwa dia dan muridnya,
Valentino Gantz,
Valentino Gantz,
01:36
had stumbled on a tool
that could not only guarantee
that could not only guarantee
29
84283
2944
menemukan alat yang tidak hanya menjamin
01:39
that a particular genetic trait
would be inherited,
would be inherited,
30
87251
2674
bahwa satu sifat gen dapat diturunkan,
01:41
but that it would spread
incredibly quickly.
incredibly quickly.
31
89949
2079
tapi juga dapat menyebar amat cepat.
01:44
If they were right,
it would basically solve the problem
it would basically solve the problem
32
92734
2666
Jika mereka benar,
itu adalah solusi dari masalah
itu adalah solusi dari masalah
01:47
that he and James had been
working on for 20 years.
working on for 20 years.
33
95424
2381
yang dia dan James coba selesaikan
selama 20 tahun.
selama 20 tahun.
01:50
As a test, they engineered two mosquitos
to carry the anti-malaria gene
to carry the anti-malaria gene
34
98450
4658
Sebagai pengujian, mereka merekayasa
dua nyamuk membawa gen anti-malaria
dua nyamuk membawa gen anti-malaria
01:55
and also this new tool, a gene drive,
35
103132
2159
dan alat baru ini, sebuah gene-drive,
01:57
which I'll explain in a minute.
36
105315
1491
yang akan saya jelaskan.
01:59
Finally, they set it up
so that any mosquitos
so that any mosquitos
37
107506
2333
Akhirnya, mereka mengondisikan nyamuk
02:01
that had inherited the anti-malaria gene
38
109863
1938
yang membawa gen anti-malaria
02:03
wouldn't have the usual white eyes,
but would instead have red eyes.
but would instead have red eyes.
39
111825
3999
agar memiliki mata berwarna merah,
bukan putih seperti warna aslinya.
bukan putih seperti warna aslinya.
02:08
That was pretty much just for convenience
40
116682
2050
Itu agar memudahkan
02:10
so they could tell just at a glance
which was which.
which was which.
41
118756
2537
untuk mengamati nyamuk hasil rekayasa
dan yang bukan.
dan yang bukan.
02:14
So they took their two
anti-malarial, red-eyed mosquitos
anti-malarial, red-eyed mosquitos
42
122192
2757
Jadi mereka mengambil dua nyamuk
anti-malaria bermata merah
anti-malaria bermata merah
02:16
and put them in a box
with 30 ordinary white-eyed ones,
with 30 ordinary white-eyed ones,
43
124973
2659
mencampurnya di kotak
dengan 30 nyamuk bermata putih,
dengan 30 nyamuk bermata putih,
02:19
and let them breed.
44
127656
1174
untuk berkembang biak.
02:21
In two generations, those had produced
3,800 grandchildren.
3,800 grandchildren.
45
129383
3857
Pada dua generasi, nyamuk-nyamuk itu
menghasilkan 3.800 keturunan.
menghasilkan 3.800 keturunan.
02:26
That is not the surprising part.
46
134217
1793
Bukan itu yang mengejutkan.
02:28
This is the surprising part:
47
136716
1922
Inilah yang mengejutkan:
02:30
given that you started
with just two red-eyed mosquitos
with just two red-eyed mosquitos
48
138662
2907
hanya dengan mencampurkan
dua nyamuk bermata merah
dua nyamuk bermata merah
02:33
and 30 white-eyed ones,
49
141593
1334
dan 30 nyamuk bermata putih,
02:34
you expect mostly white-eyed descendants.
50
142951
2761
Anda mengira mata-putih lah yang dominan.
02:38
Instead, when James opened the box,
51
146514
3024
Namun, saat James membuka kotak itu,
02:41
all 3,800 mosquitos had red eyes.
52
149562
3341
keseluruhan dari 3.800 nyamuk
bermata merah.
bermata merah.
02:45
When I asked Ethan Bier about this moment,
53
153315
2040
Saat saya bertanya pada Ethan Bier,
02:47
he became so excited that he was literally
shouting into the phone.
shouting into the phone.
54
155379
3515
dia sangat gembira sampai-sampai
berteriak di telpon.
berteriak di telpon.
02:51
That's because getting
only red-eyed mosquitos
only red-eyed mosquitos
55
159886
2163
Itu karena keseluruhan nyamuk
bermata merah
bermata merah
02:54
violates a rule that is the absolute
cornerstone of biology,
cornerstone of biology,
56
162073
2948
menyalahi aturan mutlak biologi,
02:57
Mendelian genetics.
57
165045
1242
genetika Mendel.
02:58
I'll keep this quick,
58
166912
1169
Saya persingkat,
03:00
but Mendelian genetics
says when a male and a female mate,
says when a male and a female mate,
59
168105
2764
tapi genetika Mendel berdalil
saat jantan dan betina kawin,
saat jantan dan betina kawin,
03:02
their baby inherits half
of its DNA from each parent.
of its DNA from each parent.
60
170893
2642
bayi mendapat sifat turunan
DNA dari kedua induk.
DNA dari kedua induk.
03:05
So if our original mosquito was aa
and our new mosquito is aB,
and our new mosquito is aB,
61
173559
3595
Jadi, jika nyamuk alami adalah aa
dan nyamuk rekayasa adalah aB,
dan nyamuk rekayasa adalah aB,
03:09
where B is the anti-malarial gene,
62
177178
1802
di mana B adalah gen anti-malaria,
03:11
the babies should come out
in four permutations:
in four permutations:
63
179004
2387
keturunan harusnya selaras
permutasi berikut:
permutasi berikut:
03:13
aa, aB, aa, Ba.
64
181415
2573
aa, aB, aa, Ba.
03:16
Instead, with the new gene drive,
65
184884
2289
Sedangkan, dengan gene-drive baru ini,
03:19
they all came out aB.
66
187197
1512
semuanya adalah aB.
03:21
Biologically, that shouldn't
even be possible.
even be possible.
67
189900
2552
Secara biologis, hal itu tidaklah mungkin.
03:24
So what happened?
68
192476
1304
Jadi apa yang terjadi?
03:26
The first thing that happened
69
194709
1444
Hal pertama yang terjadi
03:28
was the arrival of a gene-editing tool
known as CRISPR in 2012.
known as CRISPR in 2012.
70
196177
3270
adalah ditemukannya alat penyunting gen
bernama CRISPR di tahun 2012.
bernama CRISPR di tahun 2012.
03:32
Many of you have probably
heard about CRISPR,
heard about CRISPR,
71
200701
2110
Sebagian besar Anda mungkin tahu CRISPR,
03:34
so I'll just say briefly that CRISPR
is a tool that allows researchers
is a tool that allows researchers
72
202835
3301
jadi saya persingkat bahwa CRISPR
memungkinkan ilmuwan
memungkinkan ilmuwan
03:38
to edit genes very precisely,
easily and quickly.
easily and quickly.
73
206160
2579
menyunting gen secara akurat,
mudah, dan cepat.
mudah, dan cepat.
03:41
It does this by harnessing a mechanism
that already existed in bacteria.
that already existed in bacteria.
74
209533
3729
Alat ini bekerja dengan memanfaatkan
mekanisme pada bakteri.
mekanisme pada bakteri.
03:45
Basically, there's a protein
that acts like a scissors
that acts like a scissors
75
213286
2626
Terutamanya, ada protein
yang berfungsi seperti gunting
yang berfungsi seperti gunting
03:47
and cuts the DNA,
76
215936
1234
dan memotong DNA,
03:49
and there's an RNA molecule
that directs the scissors
that directs the scissors
77
217194
2483
dan ada molekul RNA yang mengarahkan
gunting itu
gunting itu
03:51
to any point on the genome you want.
78
219701
1718
ke titik manapun yang Anda mau.
03:53
The result is basically
a word processor for genes.
a word processor for genes.
79
221443
2690
Hasilnya seperti perangkat
pengolah kata untuk gen.
pengolah kata untuk gen.
03:56
You can take an entire gene
out, put one in,
out, put one in,
80
224157
2626
Anda dapat mengambil seluruh gen,
memasukkan satu,
memasukkan satu,
03:58
or even edit just a single
letter within a gene.
letter within a gene.
81
226807
2445
atau hanya mengubah
satu huruf (nukleotida) pada gen
satu huruf (nukleotida) pada gen
04:01
And you can do it in nearly any species.
82
229646
1953
Dan dapat dilakukan pada semua spesies.
04:05
OK, remember how I said that gene drives
originally had two problems?
originally had two problems?
83
233328
3714
Baiklah, ingatkah Anda tentang dua masalah
gene-drive di awal?
gene-drive di awal?
04:09
The first was that it was hard
to engineer a mosquito
to engineer a mosquito
84
237835
3120
Pertama, adalah sulit untuk
merekayasa nyamuk
merekayasa nyamuk
04:12
to be malaria-resistant.
85
240979
1387
agar kebal malaria.
04:14
That's basically gone now,
thanks to CRISPR.
thanks to CRISPR.
86
242390
2127
Masalah itu sudah hilang, berkat CRISPR.
04:17
But the other problem was logistical.
87
245117
1762
Tapi tersisa masalah logistik.
04:19
How do you get your trait to spread?
88
247307
1802
Bagaimana menyebarluaskannya?
04:22
This is where it gets clever.
89
250196
1476
Di sinilah kecerdikan dimulai.
04:24
A couple years ago, a biologist
at Harvard named Kevin Esvelt
at Harvard named Kevin Esvelt
90
252943
3602
Beberapa tahun lalu, ahli biologi Harvard
bernama Kevin Esvelt
bernama Kevin Esvelt
04:28
wondered what would happen
91
256569
1350
memikirkan apa yang terjadi
04:29
if you made it so that
CRISPR inserted not only your new gene
CRISPR inserted not only your new gene
92
257943
3627
jika Anda berhasil memasukkan
CRISPR tak hanya ke dalam gen baru
CRISPR tak hanya ke dalam gen baru
04:33
but also the machinery
that does the cutting and pasting.
that does the cutting and pasting.
93
261594
2841
tapi juga mesin yang melakukan
pemotongan dan penyisipan.
pemotongan dan penyisipan.
04:37
In other words, what if CRISPR
also copied and pasted itself.
also copied and pasted itself.
94
265233
3840
Dengan kata lain, bagaimana jika CRISPR
melipatgandakan dirinya sendiri.
melipatgandakan dirinya sendiri.
04:42
You'd end up with a perpetual
motion machine for gene editing.
motion machine for gene editing.
95
270145
3131
Semua berakhir dengan mesin penyunting
gen yang bekerja abadi.
gen yang bekerja abadi.
04:46
And that's exactly what happened.
96
274458
1734
Dan itulah yang benar terjadi.
04:49
This CRISPR gene drive that Esvelt created
97
277037
2878
Gene-drive CRISPR yang dibuat Esvelt
04:51
not only guarantees
that a trait will get passed on,
that a trait will get passed on,
98
279939
3643
tak hanya menjamin sifat yang diturunkan,
04:55
but if it's used in the germline cells,
99
283606
2438
tapi jika digunakan pada sel germline,
04:58
it will automatically copy and paste
your new gene
your new gene
100
286068
2576
alat itu secara otomatis melipatgandakan
gen baru Anda
gen baru Anda
05:00
into both chromosomes
of every single individual.
of every single individual.
101
288668
2646
pada dua kromosom
dari setiap individu.
dari setiap individu.
05:03
It's like a global search and replace,
102
291743
2397
Hal ini seperti pencarian dan
penggantian global,
penggantian global,
05:06
or in science terms, it makes
a heterozygous trait homozygous.
a heterozygous trait homozygous.
103
294164
3221
dalam istilah ilmiah, itu membuat
heterozigot menjadi homozigot.
heterozigot menjadi homozigot.
05:11
So, what does this mean?
104
299045
2611
Jadi, apa artinya?
05:13
For one thing, it means we have
a very powerful,
a very powerful,
105
301680
2724
Di satu sisi, kita memiliki alat
yang sangat ampuh,
yang sangat ampuh,
05:16
but also somewhat alarming new tool.
106
304428
2657
namun juga mengkhawatirkan.
05:20
Up until now, the fact that gene drives
didn't work very well
didn't work very well
107
308576
2889
Hingga kini, fakta bahwa
gene-drive tak berfungsi dengan baik
gene-drive tak berfungsi dengan baik
05:23
was actually kind of a relief.
108
311489
1483
sebenarnya melegakan.
05:25
Normally when we mess around
with an organism's genes,
with an organism's genes,
109
313425
2682
Biasanya, saat kita ikut campur
dengan gen organisme,
dengan gen organisme,
05:28
we make that thing
less evolutionarily fit.
less evolutionarily fit.
110
316131
2349
kita membuatnya evolusinya terancam.
05:30
So biologists can make
all the mutant fruit flies they want
all the mutant fruit flies they want
111
318504
2833
Ahli biologi dapat membuat
lalat buah mutan semau mereka
lalat buah mutan semau mereka
05:33
without worrying about it.
112
321361
1253
tanpa mengkhawatirkannya.
05:34
If some escape, natural selection
just takes care of them.
just takes care of them.
113
322638
3007
Jika beberapa lepas, seleksi alam
akan mengurusnya.
akan mengurusnya.
05:38
What's remarkable and powerful
and frightening about gene drives
and frightening about gene drives
114
326750
3223
Apa yang menakjubkan, ampuh,
dan menakutkan dari gene-drive
dan menakutkan dari gene-drive
05:41
is that that will no longer be true.
115
329997
1760
adalah itu akan segera sempurna.
05:45
Assuming that your trait does not have
a big evolutionary handicap,
a big evolutionary handicap,
116
333092
3564
Dengan asumsi sifat alami Anda
tidak cacat secara evolusi,
tidak cacat secara evolusi,
05:48
like a mosquito that can't fly,
117
336680
2079
seperti nyamuk yang tak dapat terbang,
05:50
the CRISPR-based gene drive
will spread the change relentlessly
will spread the change relentlessly
118
338783
3453
gene-drive berbasis CRISPR akan
menyebarkan rekayasanya tanpa henti
menyebarkan rekayasanya tanpa henti
05:54
until it is in every single individual
in the population.
in the population.
119
342260
3006
hingga setiap individu di
satu populasi memilikinya.
satu populasi memilikinya.
05:59
Now, it isn't easy to make
a gene drive that works that well,
a gene drive that works that well,
120
347101
2889
Kini, tidak mudah membuat gene-drive
yang dapat berfungsi,
yang dapat berfungsi,
06:02
but James and Esvelt think that we can.
121
350014
2174
tapi James dan Esvelt percaya kita mampu.
06:05
The good news is that this opens
the door to some remarkable things.
the door to some remarkable things.
122
353339
3824
Kabar baiknya adalah hal ini membuka pintu
pada hal hebat lainnya.
pada hal hebat lainnya.
06:09
If you put an anti-malarial gene drive
123
357187
1904
Saat memasukkan gene-drive anti-malaria
06:11
in just 1 percent of Anopheles mosquitoes,
124
359115
2200
pada 1 persen nyamuk Anopheles,
06:13
the species that transmits malaria,
125
361339
1752
spesies yang menularkan malaria,
06:15
researchers estimate that it would spread
to the entire population in a year.
to the entire population in a year.
126
363488
4119
peneliti memperkirakan itu akan menyebar
ke seluruh populasi dalam setahun.
ke seluruh populasi dalam setahun.
06:20
So in a year, you could virtually
eliminate malaria.
eliminate malaria.
127
368178
2869
Jadi dalam satu tahun, Anda dapat
melenyapkan malaria.
melenyapkan malaria.
06:23
In practice, we're still a few years out
from being able to do that,
from being able to do that,
128
371455
3872
Praktiknya, kita masih berjarak
beberapa tahun untuk mampu melakukannya,
beberapa tahun untuk mampu melakukannya,
06:27
but still, a 1,000 children
a day die of malaria.
a day die of malaria.
129
375351
2718
tetap, 1000 anak-anak mati
karena malaria setiap harinya.
karena malaria setiap harinya.
06:30
In a year, that number
could be almost zero.
could be almost zero.
130
378093
2190
Dalam setahun, angka itu
dapat mendekati nol.
dapat mendekati nol.
06:32
The same goes for dengue fever,
chikungunya, yellow fever.
chikungunya, yellow fever.
131
380966
2896
Hal sama untuk demam berdarah,
chikunguya, demam kuning.
chikunguya, demam kuning.
06:37
And it gets better.
132
385211
1405
Dan kebaikan lainnya.
06:39
Say you want to get rid
of an invasive species,
of an invasive species,
133
387215
2476
Taruhlah Anda ingin melenyapkan
spesies invasif,
spesies invasif,
06:41
like get Asian carp
out of the Great Lakes.
out of the Great Lakes.
134
389715
2123
seperti ikan Karper dari Great Lakes.
06:44
All you have to do is release a gene drive
135
392434
2024
Dapat dilakukan dengan melepas gene-drive
06:46
that makes the fish produce
only male offspring.
only male offspring.
136
394482
2317
yang membuat keturunannya
jantan semua.
jantan semua.
06:49
In a few generations,
there'll be no females left, no more carp.
there'll be no females left, no more carp.
137
397386
4198
Hanya dalam beberapa generasi,
tak akan ada betina, tak ada lagi karper.
tak akan ada betina, tak ada lagi karper.
06:53
In theory, this means we could restore
hundreds of native species
hundreds of native species
138
401608
3079
Secara teori, ratusan spesies alami
yang terancam punah
yang terancam punah
06:56
that have been pushed to the brink.
139
404711
1667
dapat dipulihkan.
06:59
OK, that's the good news,
140
407410
3287
Baiklah, itu kabar baiknya,
07:02
this is the bad news.
141
410721
1292
dan ini kabar buruknya.
07:05
Gene drives are so effective
142
413070
2028
Gene-drive sangat efektif
07:07
that even an accidental release
could change an entire species,
could change an entire species,
143
415122
3825
hingga pelepasan yang tidak disengaja
dapat mengubah seluruh spesies,
dapat mengubah seluruh spesies,
07:10
and often very quickly.
144
418971
1190
dengan sangat cepat.
07:13
Anthony James took good precautions.
145
421178
2126
Tindak pencegahan Anthony James
cukup bagus.
cukup bagus.
07:15
He bred his mosquitos
in a bio-containment lab
in a bio-containment lab
146
423328
2166
Dia membiakkan nyamuknya
di lab bio terisolasi
di lab bio terisolasi
07:17
and he also used a species
that's not native to the US
that's not native to the US
147
425518
2588
dan dia memakai spesies yang
tidak berasal dari Amerika
tidak berasal dari Amerika
07:20
so that even if some did escape,
148
428130
1555
jadi meski beberapa lepas,
07:21
they'd just die off, there'd be nothing
for them to mate with.
for them to mate with.
149
429709
3015
mereka akan mati, karena tak ada
pasangannya.
pasangannya.
07:24
But it's also true that if a dozen
Asian carp with the all-male gene drive
Asian carp with the all-male gene drive
150
432748
4023
Tapi juga benar adanya jika selusin
Karper yang tak dapat menghasilkan betina
Karper yang tak dapat menghasilkan betina
07:28
accidentally got carried
from the Great Lakes back to Asia,
from the Great Lakes back to Asia,
151
436795
3929
secara tak sengaja lepas ke Asia,
07:32
they could potentially wipe out
the native Asian carp population.
the native Asian carp population.
152
440748
3429
mereka dapat memusnahkan
seluruh populasi spesies karper asli.
seluruh populasi spesies karper asli.
07:37
And that's not so unlikely,
given how connected our world is.
given how connected our world is.
153
445930
2912
Dan itu sangatlah mungkin,
mengingat keterhubungan dunia kita.
mengingat keterhubungan dunia kita.
07:40
In fact, it's why we have
an invasive species problem.
an invasive species problem.
154
448866
2571
Sebenarnya, itulah penyebab adanya
spesies invasif.
spesies invasif.
07:43
And that's fish.
155
451912
1168
Dan itu hanyalah ikan.
07:45
Things like mosquitos and fruit flies,
156
453428
2588
Hewan seperti nyamuk dan lalat buah,
07:48
there's literally no way to contain them.
157
456040
1960
tidak ada cara untuk mengisolasi mereka.
07:50
They cross borders
and oceans all the time.
and oceans all the time.
158
458024
2111
Mereka melintasi samudra setiap saat.
07:53
OK, the other piece of bad news
159
461754
2182
OK, kabar buruk lainnya
07:55
is that a gene drive
might not stay confined
might not stay confined
160
463960
2318
adalah gene-drive
tidak hanya terbatas
tidak hanya terbatas
07:58
to what we call the target species.
161
466302
1813
pada spesies target.
08:00
That's because of gene flow,
162
468556
1499
Itu karena aliran gen,
08:02
which is a fancy way of saying
that neighboring species
that neighboring species
163
470079
2597
dengan kata lain, spesies terdekat darinya
08:04
sometimes interbreed.
164
472700
1248
dapat kawin silang.
08:05
If that happens, it's possible
a gene drive could cross over,
a gene drive could cross over,
165
473972
3151
Jika itu terjadi, satu gen dapat
melintasi satu spesies,
melintasi satu spesies,
08:09
like Asian carp could infect
some other kind of carp.
some other kind of carp.
166
477147
2527
seperti Karper Asia mengontaminasi
Karper lainnya.
Karper lainnya.
08:11
That's not so bad if your drive
just promotes a trait, like eye color.
just promotes a trait, like eye color.
167
479698
3715
Bukan hal yang buruk jika drive hanya
membawa sifat seperti warna mata.
membawa sifat seperti warna mata.
08:15
In fact, there's a decent
chance that we'll see
chance that we'll see
168
483437
2247
Faktnya, ada kemungkinan
kita akan melihat
kita akan melihat
08:17
a wave of very weird fruit flies
in the near future.
in the near future.
169
485708
2571
gelombang lalat buah aneh
dalam waktu dekat.
dalam waktu dekat.
08:21
But it could be a disaster
170
489390
1263
Tapi akan jadi petaka
08:22
if your drive is deigned
to eliminate the species entirely.
to eliminate the species entirely.
171
490677
2904
jika drive dirancang
untuk memusnahkan suatu spesies.
untuk memusnahkan suatu spesies.
08:26
The last worrisome thing
is that the technology to do this,
is that the technology to do this,
172
494351
3528
Hal mengkhawatirkan terakhir adalah
teknologi ini,
teknologi ini,
08:29
to genetically engineer an organism
and include a gene drive,
and include a gene drive,
173
497903
3691
untuk merekayasa gen organisme
dan termasuk gene-drive,
dan termasuk gene-drive,
08:33
is something that basically any lab
in the world can do.
in the world can do.
174
501618
3334
mudah dilakukan di lab manapun.
08:36
An undergraduate can do it.
175
504976
1340
Mahasiswa bisa membuatnya.
08:39
A talented high schooler
with some equipment can do it.
with some equipment can do it.
176
507209
3282
Murid SMA yang cerdas, dengan peralatan
memadai dapat membuatnya.
memadai dapat membuatnya.
08:44
Now, I'm guessing
that this sounds terrifying.
that this sounds terrifying.
177
512526
2309
Kini, saya tebak hal ini
terdengar mengerikan.
terdengar mengerikan.
08:47
(Laughter)
178
515351
2206
(Tawa)
08:49
Interestingly though,
nearly every scientist I talk to
nearly every scientist I talk to
179
517581
2890
Namun yang menarik,
hampir setiap ilmuwan yang saya temui
hampir setiap ilmuwan yang saya temui
08:52
seemed to think that gene drives were not
actually that frightening or dangerous.
actually that frightening or dangerous.
180
520495
3881
tidak berpendapat bahwa gene-drive
menakutkan ataupun membahayakan.
menakutkan ataupun membahayakan.
08:56
Partly because they believe
that scientists will be
that scientists will be
181
524400
2628
Sebagian, mungkin karena
mereka percaya ilmuwan
mereka percaya ilmuwan
08:59
very cautious and responsible
about using them.
about using them.
182
527052
2204
akan awas dan bertanggungjawab
menggunakannya.
menggunakannya.
09:01
(Laughter)
183
529280
1014
(Tawa)
09:02
So far, that's been true.
184
530318
1230
Sejauh ini, memang benar.
09:04
But gene drives also have
some actual limitations.
some actual limitations.
185
532302
2696
Tapi gene-drive juga mempunyai
beberapa batasan nyata.
beberapa batasan nyata.
09:07
So for one thing, they work
only in sexually reproducing species.
only in sexually reproducing species.
186
535022
3309
Ini hanya bekerja pada spesies
yang bereproduksi secara seksual.
yang bereproduksi secara seksual.
09:10
So thank goodness, they can't be used
to engineer viruses or bacteria.
to engineer viruses or bacteria.
187
538704
3428
Syukurlah, tak dapat digunakan pada
virus atau bakteri.
virus atau bakteri.
09:14
Also, the trait spreads
only with each successive generation.
only with each successive generation.
188
542156
3190
Dan lagi, sifat rekayasa
hanya menyebar pada keturunan.
hanya menyebar pada keturunan.
09:17
So changing or eliminating a population
189
545370
1993
Jadi mengubah atau mengeliminasi populasi
09:19
is practical only if that species
has a fast reproductive cycle,
has a fast reproductive cycle,
190
547387
3326
hanya mungkin jika spesies itu memiliki
siklus reproduksi yang cepat,
siklus reproduksi yang cepat,
09:22
like insects or maybe
small vertebrates like mice or fish.
small vertebrates like mice or fish.
191
550737
2800
seperti serangga, vertebrata kecil:
tikus atau ikan.
tikus atau ikan.
09:26
In elephants or people,
it would take centuries
it would take centuries
192
554438
2261
Pada gajah dan manusia, butuh
berabad-abad
berabad-abad
09:28
for a trait to spread
widely enough to matter.
widely enough to matter.
193
556723
2380
agar satu sifat menyebar
secara signifikan.
secara signifikan.
09:32
Also, even with CRISPR, it's not that easy
to engineer a truly devastating trait.
to engineer a truly devastating trait.
194
560079
5142
Lagi pun, meski dengan CRISPR, tidak mudah
membuat sifat yang benar-benar cacat.
membuat sifat yang benar-benar cacat.
09:38
Say you wanted to make a fruit fly
195
566079
1729
Misalkan Anda ingin lalat buah
09:39
that feeds on ordinary fruit
instead of rotting fruit,
instead of rotting fruit,
196
567832
2555
yang makan buah segar, bukan buah busuk,
09:42
with the aim of sabotaging
American agriculture.
American agriculture.
197
570411
2633
dengan tujuan menyabotase
pertanian Amerika.
pertanian Amerika.
09:45
First, you'd have to figure out
198
573068
1530
Pertama Anda harus temukan
09:46
which genes control
what the fly wants to eat,
what the fly wants to eat,
199
574622
2772
gen mana mengendalikan
pilihan makanan lalat itu,
pilihan makanan lalat itu,
09:49
which is already a very long
and complicated project.
and complicated project.
200
577418
2547
yang mana adalah proyek yang sangat
sulit dan lama.
sulit dan lama.
09:52
Then you'd have to alter those genes
to change the fly's behavior
to change the fly's behavior
201
580489
3304
Lalu Anda harus mengubah gen
yang dapat mengubah sifat alami lalat
yang dapat mengubah sifat alami lalat
09:55
to whatever you'd want it to be,
202
583817
1538
sesuai dengan keinginan Anda,
09:57
which is an even longer
and more complicated project.
and more complicated project.
203
585379
2801
yang juga merupakan proyek
yang lebih lama dan sulit.
yang lebih lama dan sulit.
10:00
And it might not even work,
204
588204
1318
Dan mungkin juga gagal,
10:01
because the genes
that control behavior are complex.
that control behavior are complex.
205
589546
2494
karena gen pengendali perilaku
adalah kompleks.
adalah kompleks.
10:04
So if you're a terrorist
and have to choose
and have to choose
206
592064
2008
Jadi jika Anda teroris dan harus memilih
10:06
between starting a grueling
basic research program
basic research program
207
594096
2358
antara program penelitian awal
yang melelahkan,
yang melelahkan,
10:08
that will require years of meticulous
lab work and still might not pan out,
lab work and still might not pan out,
208
596478
3527
membutuhkan tahunan kerja lab,
dengan kemungkinan gagal,
dengan kemungkinan gagal,
10:12
or just blowing stuff up?
209
600029
1347
atau membuat bom?
10:13
You'll probably choose the later.
210
601400
1655
Opsi terakhir yang paling mungkin.
10:15
This is especially true
because at least in theory,
because at least in theory,
211
603498
2420
Khusus hal ini adalah benar
karena dalam teori,
karena dalam teori,
10:17
it should be pretty easy
to build what's called a reversal drive.
to build what's called a reversal drive.
212
605942
3134
seharusnya mudah pula membuat
drive-pembalik.
drive-pembalik.
10:21
That's one that basically overwrites
the change made by the first gene drive.
the change made by the first gene drive.
213
609100
3698
Drive yang dapat menghapus dan mengganti
rekayasa gene-drive pertama.
rekayasa gene-drive pertama.
10:24
So if you don't like
the effects of a change,
the effects of a change,
214
612822
2294
Jadi saat satu perubahan
tidak dikehendakki,
tidak dikehendakki,
10:27
you can just release a second drive
that will cancel it out,
that will cancel it out,
215
615140
2833
Anda dapat melepas drive ke dua
yang berfungsi berlawanan,
yang berfungsi berlawanan,
10:29
at least in theory.
216
617997
1150
setidaknya dalam teori.
10:33
OK, so where does this leave us?
217
621374
1722
Ok, jadi sampai di mana kita?
10:36
We now have the ability
to change entire species at will.
to change entire species at will.
218
624604
3595
Kita bisa mengubah keseluruhan
suatu spesies sesuai kehendak.
suatu spesies sesuai kehendak.
10:41
Should we?
219
629017
1166
Haruskah?
10:42
Are we gods now?
220
630552
1365
Apakah kita Tuhan, sekarang?
10:45
I'm not sure I'd say that.
221
633972
1333
Saya tidak yakin.
10:48
But I would say this:
222
636094
1227
Tapi saya yakin hal ini:
10:50
first, some very smart people
223
638329
1858
Pertama, beberapa genius
10:52
are even now debating
how to regulate gene drives.
how to regulate gene drives.
224
640211
2856
bahkan berdebat tentang
bagaimana meregulasi gene-drive.
bagaimana meregulasi gene-drive.
10:55
At the same time,
some other very smart people
some other very smart people
225
643598
2564
Di saat yang sama,
genius lainnya
genius lainnya
10:58
are working hard to create safeguards,
226
646186
2111
bekerja membuat pengaman gene-drive,
11:00
like gene drives that self-regulate
or peter out after a few generations.
or peter out after a few generations.
227
648321
3552
seperti regulasi otomatis;
mampu lenyap dalam beberapa generasi.
mampu lenyap dalam beberapa generasi.
11:04
That's great.
228
652644
1200
Itu bagus.
11:06
But this technology still requires
a conversation.
a conversation.
229
654313
2547
Tapi teknologi ini masih membutuhkan
diskusi.
diskusi.
11:10
And given the nature of gene drives,
230
658059
1730
Dan mengingat hakikat gene-drive,
11:11
that conversation has to be global.
231
659813
1690
diskusi itu haruslah global.
11:14
What if Kenya wants to use a drive
but Tanzania doesn't?
but Tanzania doesn't?
232
662131
2707
Bagaimana jika drive Kenya tak disetujui
Tanzania?
Tanzania?
11:17
Who decides whether to release
a gene drive that can fly?
a gene drive that can fly?
233
665241
3367
Siapa memutuskan untuk melepaskan
sebuah gene-drive yang dapat terbang?
sebuah gene-drive yang dapat terbang?
11:22
I don't have the answer to that question.
234
670874
1954
Saya tak bisa menjawabnya.
11:25
All we can do going forward, I think,
235
673618
2008
Yang dapat kita lakukan untuk terus maju
11:27
is talk honestly
about the risks and benefits
about the risks and benefits
236
675650
2834
adalah berdiskusi tentang risiko
dan manfaat
dan manfaat
11:30
and take responsibility for our choices.
237
678508
2222
dan bertanggung-jawab atas pilihan kita.
11:33
By that I mean, not just the choice
to use a gene drive,
to use a gene drive,
238
681817
3913
Tak hanya pilihan untuk
menggunakan gene-drive,
menggunakan gene-drive,
11:37
but also the choice not to use one.
239
685754
1999
tapi juga untuk tidak menggunakannya.
11:41
Humans have a tendency to assume
that the safest option
that the safest option
240
689111
2977
Manusia berkecenderungan untuk percaya
bahwa pilihan terbaik
bahwa pilihan terbaik
11:44
is to preserve the status quo.
241
692112
1792
adalah mempertahankan status-quo.
11:46
But that's not always the case.
242
694905
1572
Tapi itu tidak selamanya benar.
11:49
Gene drives have risks,
and those need to be discussed,
and those need to be discussed,
243
697711
3401
Gene-drive berisiko, dan itu
butuh didiskusikan,
butuh didiskusikan,
11:53
but malaria exists now
and kills 1,000 people a day.
and kills 1,000 people a day.
244
701136
3150
tapi malaria masih ada saat ini
dan membunuh 1000 orang per hari.
dan membunuh 1000 orang per hari.
11:56
To combat it, we spray pesticides
that do grave damage to other species,
that do grave damage to other species,
245
704977
3564
Untuk melawannya, kita semprotkan
pestisida yang membahayakan spesies lain,
pestisida yang membahayakan spesies lain,
12:00
including amphibians and birds.
246
708565
1570
termasuk amfibi dan burung.
12:03
So when you hear about gene drives
in the coming months,
in the coming months,
247
711668
2864
Jadi saat Anda mendengar gene-drive
bulan depan,
bulan depan,
12:06
and trust me, you will
be hearing about them,
be hearing about them,
248
714556
2254
dan percayalah, Anda akan
mendengarnya,
mendengarnya,
12:08
remember that.
249
716834
1544
ingatlah hal itu.
12:10
It can be frightening to act,
250
718402
2020
Beraksi memang menakutkan,
12:12
but sometimes, not acting is worse.
251
720446
2137
tapi kadang berdiam diri
adalah lebih buruk.
adalah lebih buruk.
12:16
(Applause)
252
724746
7820
(Tepuk tangan)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jennifer Kahn - Science journalistIn articles that span the gene-editing abilities of CRISPR, the roots of psychopathic behavior in children, and much more, Jennifer Kahn weaves gripping stories from unlikely sources.
Why you should listen
Jennifer Kahn likes to seek out complex stories, with the goal of illuminating their nuances. She teaches in the magazine program at the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism, and is a contributing writer for the New York Times Magazine; she has written features and cover stories for The New Yorker, National Geographic, Outside, Wired and many more.
Her work has appeared in the Best American Science Writing anthology series four times, most recently for the New Yorker story “A Cloud of Smoke,” a story on the complicated death of a policeman after 9/11.
Jennifer Kahn | Speaker | TED.com