Yuval Noah Harari: What explains the rise of humans?
유벌 노아 하라리: 무엇이 인간의 성공을 설명해줄까요?
In his book "Homo Deus," Yuval Noah Harari explores the future of humankind: the destinies we may set for ourselves and the quests we'll undertake. Full bio
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were insignificant animals.
하찮은 종족이었죠.
about prehistoric humans
much greater than that of jellyfish
영향력은 대단치 않았죠.
또는 딱다구리보다요.
지구를 지배하고 있습니다.
we control this planet.
어떻게 여기까지 왔냐는 겁니다.
우리가 어떻게 변했을까요?
from insignificant apes,
in a corner of Africa,
자신의 일만 신경쓰던 우리가
다른 동물들과의 차이에서,
between us and all the other animals
이렇게 믿고 싶어합니다.
to a dog or a pig, or a chimpanzee.
뛰어나게 만들어 준다고 말이죠.
on the individual level,
to a chimpanzee.
and put us together on some lonely island,
to see who survives better,
on the chimpanzee, not on myself.
제 자신이 아니라요.
wrong with me personally.
of you, and placed you alone
and all other animals
집단적 수준이죠.
그들만이 유연하고 많은 숫자가 함께
because they are the only animals
and in very large numbers.
the bees, the ants --
but they don't do so flexibly.
협력할 수 있으나 유연하지 못하죠.
in which a beehive can function.
단 한가지 밖에 없죠.
or a new danger,
the social system overnight.
빠르게 재건 할 수 없죠.
execute the queen
of worker bees.
독재 정권을 세울 수 없죠.
그리고 침팬지 같은
the dolphins, the chimpanzees --
그렇게 할 수 있습니다.
지식에 기초하기 때문이예요.
one of the other.
착한 침팬치인가요?
신뢰할 만한 침팬치입니까?
cooperate with you?
어떻게 함께 할 수 있나요?
the two abilities together
and still do so in very large numbers
협력할 수 있는 유일한 동물은
against 1,000 chimpanzees,
침팬치 1000마리와 맞붙인다면
for the simple reason
인간이 쉽게 이길겁니다.
cannot cooperate at all.
협력할 수 없기 때문이죠.
100,000 chimpanzees
or into Wembley Stadium,
with 100,000 chimpanzees.
일만 마리의 침팬치를 상상해보세요.
사람들이 그 곳에 모이지만
gather there in tens of thousands,
and effective networks of cooperation.
협력의 장을 경험합니다.
of humankind throughout history,
모든 엄청난 업적들,
or flying to the moon,
on individual abilities,
기반을 둔 것이아닙니다.
flexibly in large numbers.
있는 능력에 기반을 둔 것이죠.
that I'm giving now:
of about 300 or 400 people,
청중들 앞에 서있습니다.
제게 완전히 낯선 사람이죠.
all the people who have organized
and the crew members of the plane
yesterday, to London.
승무원들도 모릅니다.
제작한 사람들도 모릅니다.
who invented and manufactured
which are recording what I'm saying.
있는데도 말이죠.
who wrote all the books and articles
over the Internet,
뉴델리 어딘가에서요.
we don't know each other,
알지 못 함에도 불구하고
this global exchange of ideas.
장을 함께 만들어냈습니다.
traveling to some distant chimpanzee band
먼 곳의 침팬치 무리에게
여정을 떠나는 것을 절대 볼 수 없죠.
or about elephants,
interest chimpanzees.
어떤 것들 위해서도요.
not always nice;
항상 좋은것은 아닙니다.
have been doing throughout history --
끔찍한 일을 저질러 왔죠.
some very horrible things --
on large-scale cooperation.
범위에 협력에 기반을 두죠.
of cooperation;
are a system of cooperation.
강제수용소도 가지고 있지않죠.
and prisons and concentration camps.
납득되었을 겁니다.
to convince you perhaps that yes,
cooperate flexibly in large numbers.
때문이라는 것을 말입니다.
이것을 해낼까? 일껍니다.
to cooperate in such a way?
있도록 하는 것일까요?
with countless numbers of strangers,
the animals on the planet,
fictional stories.
창작하고 믿을 수 있기 때문이죠.
허구적 이야기를 믿는 한
in the same fiction,
the same rules,
규율을 지키고 따르죠.
의사소통 체계를
their communication system
There's a lion, let's run away!"
도망가자!" 라고 말할지도 모릅니다.
over there! Let's go and get bananas!"
나무가 있어! 가서 가져오자!"라고요.
not merely to describe reality,
묘사하는 것 뿐 만아니라
창조하려고 언어를 사용합니다.
fictional realities.
"봐요, 구름위에 신이 있어요.
there is a god above the clouds!
and send you to hell."
처벌하고 지옥으로 보낼껍니다."
that I've invented,
norms and laws and values,
그리고 가치관을 따를겁니다.
to give you a banana
주도록 납득 시킬 수 없습니다.
you'll go to chimpanzee heaven ..."
천국으로 갈꺼야"라고 약속하면서요.
of bananas for your good deeds.
많은 바나나를 받게 될꺼야.
believe such a story.
이야기를 절대 믿지 않죠.
in zoos and research laboratories.
실험연구소에 갇혀있지만요.
by believing in the same fictions.
협력하게 된다는 것을 이해했을 거예요.
to build a cathedral or a mosque
사원의 건설을 위해 함께하고
they all believe in the same stories
is that exactly the same mechanism
협력 아래 놓여있는 것과요.
of mass-scale human cooperation,
are based on a belief in human rights.
지어낸 이야기에 불과하죠.
are just a story that we've invented.
about homo sapiens.
생물학적 영향같은 것이 아닙니다.
인간을 해부해서 안을 들여다보면
cut him open, look inside,
neurons, hormones, DNA,
DNA 등을 찾을 수 있을 겁니다.
are in the stories
유일한 곳은 이야기 속이죠.
over the last few centuries.
만들어 퍼뜨린 이야기들이요.
very good stories,
좋은 이야기일 수 있습니다.
that we've invented.
허구적 이야기에 불과하죠.
in modern politics are states and nations.
요소는 주들과 국가들입니다.
you can ever smell it.
냄새를 맡을 수 있죠.
또는 독일 같은 것들은
애정을 갖게된 이야기에 불과하죠.
가장 중요한 배역은
in the global economy
기업에서 일하고 있을꺼예요.
for a corporation,
소설)라고 부르는 것이죠.
부르는 강력한 마법사가
it has no objective value.
지니고 있지 않습니다.
of paper, the dollar bill.
입을 수도 없어요.
큰 은행들이 따라붙습니다.
these master storytellers --
찬 이야기를 하죠.
바나나의 값어치를 합니다."
믿을껍니다. 모두들 믿죠.
whom I've never met before,
which I can actually eat.
실제 바나나를 받습니다.
절대 할 수 없는 일이예요.
I'll give you a banana."
나는 바나나를 줄께"
a worthless piece of paper
생각하는거야? 인간?
the most successful story
everybody believes.
이야기이기 때문입니다.
and in the dollar bill.
and American religion
to American dollars.
대해서는 어떤 이의도 없었죠.
이중적 현실 속에서
because we live in a dual reality.
객관적인 현실에 살죠.
in an objective reality.
실체로 이루어져있죠.
of objective entities,
and lions and elephants.
코끼리같은 것들로요.
in an objective reality.
현실에 살고 있습니다.
and trees and lions and elephants.
나무, 사자, 코끼리가 있죠.
이 객관적 현실에 덧씌울
of this objective reality
like money, like corporations.
기업체같은것 들을요.
as history unfolded,
more and more powerful
더욱 더 강해진다는 겁니다.
가장 강한 영향력을 지닌 것은
forces in the world
코끼리의 생존은
and trees and lions and elephants
of fictional entities,
결정에 달려있습니다.
like the World Bank --
in our own imagination.
존재하는 실체들에게요.
a new book out.
책을 출간하셨죠.
yet translated into ...
아직 번역본이 없네요..
the translation as we speak.
작업을 하고 있습니다.
정확히 이해했다면
understand it correctly,
that we are experiencing right now
획기적인 발전은
삶을 개선시키지만
make our lives better,
새로운 차원의 고통을 만들어낼 것"
just as the industrial revolution did."
of the urban proletariat.
새로운 계급의 탄생을 겪었죠.
사회역사의 대부분은
history of the last 200 years involved
and the new problems and opportunities.
무엇을 할 것인가와 연류되어 있었죠.
massive class of useless people.
커다란 계급의 형성을 보고있죠.
in more and more fields,
더욱 더 좋아질 수록
뚜렷한 가능성있는 겁니다.
computers will out-perform us
humans redundant.
쓸모없는 존재로 만들겁니다.
and economic question
so many humans for?"
무엇에 필요한가?"일 겁니다.
we have is to keep them happy
그들을 행복하게 하는거죠.
like a very appealing future.
미래로 보여지진 않죠.
in the book and now,
기본적으로 말하는 것은 현재
늘어나는 것이
about the growing evidence
we are just kind of at the beginning
불과 하다는 것이죠?
of possibilities before us.
of a new massive class of useless people.
탄생된 것이 하나의 가능성이며
the division of humankind
into virtual gods,
신으로 업그레이드되고
단계로 하락합니다.
to this level of useless people.
해주실 것 같네요.
coming up in a year or two.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Yuval Noah Harari - Historian, authorIn his book "Homo Deus," Yuval Noah Harari explores the future of humankind: the destinies we may set for ourselves and the quests we'll undertake.
Why you should listen
In his book, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow, Yuval Noah Harari explores the projects, dreams and nightmares that will shape the 21st century -- from overcoming death to creating artificial life. He maps the future and asks fundamental questions: Where do we go from here? How will we protect this fragile world from our own destructive powers? The book has sold four million copies since its publication in 2016.
Harari's previous book, Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, explores what made homo sapiens the most successful species on the planet. His answer: We are the only animal that can believe in things that exist purely in our imagination, such as gods, states, money, human rights, corporations and other fictions, and we have developed a unique ability to use these stories to unify and organize groups and ensure cooperation. Sapiens has sold eight million copies and been translated into more than 50 languages. Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg and President Barack Obama have recommended it as a must-read.
Harari lectures as a Professor of history at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he specializes in world history, medieval history and military history. His current research focuses on macro-historical questions: What is the relationship between history and biology? What is the essential difference between Homo sapiens and other animals? Is there justice in history? Does history have a direction? Did people become happier as history unfolded? Harari has written for newspapers such as The Guardian, Financial Times, the Times, Nature magazine and the Wall Street Journal.
Harari's new book, 21 Lessons for the 21st Century, will take the pulse of our current global climate, focusing on the biggest questions of the present moment: What is really happening right now? What are today’s greatest challenges and choices? What should we pay attention to? The book will be published in multiple languages in September 2018.
Yuval Noah Harari | Speaker | TED.com