Yuval Noah Harari: What explains the rise of humans?
Yuval Noah Harari: İnsanın yükselişini ne açıklayabilir?
In his book "Homo Deus," Yuval Noah Harari explores the future of humankind: the destinies we may set for ourselves and the quests we'll undertake. Full bio
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were insignificant animals.
atalarımız önemsiz hayvanlardı.
about prehistoric humans
much greater than that of jellyfish
veya ateş böceklerinden
we control this planet.
gezegeni biz kontrol ediyoruz.
from insignificant apes,
in a corner of Africa,
between us and all the other animals
köpek, domuz
daha üstün kılan
to a dog or a pig, or a chimpanzee.
on the individual level,
to a chimpanzee.
and put us together on some lonely island,
bir adaya götürseniz ve
to see who survives better,
on the chimpanzee, not on myself.
kendime değil
wrong with me personally.
of you, and placed you alone
and all other animals
büyük gruplar halinde
because they are the only animals
ortaklık kurabilen tek tür onlar.
and in very large numbers.
ve karıncalara,
the bees, the ants --
but they don't do so flexibly.
kurabiliyorlar fakat uyumlu değiller.
in which a beehive can function.
or a new danger,
the social system overnight.
bir gecede değiştiremezler.
execute the queen
of worker bees.
filler, yunuslar
the dolphins, the chimpanzees --
one of the other.
bireysel bilgisine dayanır.
sen bir şempanzeysen
cooperate with you?
nasıl işbirliği yapabilirim?
the two abilities together
tek hayvan
and still do so in very large numbers
büyük gruplar halinde başaran
against 1,000 chimpanzees,
1.000 şempanze koyarsanız,
Basit bir sebepten,
for the simple reason
cannot cooperate at all.
birlikte hareket edemez.
100,000 chimpanzees
or into Wembley Stadium,
100.000 şempanzeyi düşünün.
with 100,000 chimpanzees.
gather there in tens of thousands,
bir işbirliği yapısıdır.
and effective networks of cooperation.
of humankind throughout history,
Ay'a gitmek gibi
or flying to the moon,
on individual abilities,
flexibly in large numbers.
hareket etmeye dayalıdır.
that I'm giving now:
bu konuşmayı bile düşünürseniz,
of about 300 or 400 people,
duruyorum,
all the people who have organized
Londra'ya getiren uçaktaki
and the crew members of the plane
yesterday, to London.
who invented and manufactured
which are recording what I'm saying.
okuduğum kitap
who wrote all the books and articles
Yeni Delhi'den seyredecek olan
over the Internet,
we don't know each other,
gerçekleştirebiliriz.
this global exchange of ideas.
asla bir şempanzeyi
traveling to some distant chimpanzee band
muzlar ya da filler hakkında
seyahat ederken göremezsiniz.
or about elephants,
başka bir konu hakkında.
interest chimpanzees.
not always nice;
onca korkunç şey
have been doing throughout history --
some very horrible things --
on large-scale cooperation.
büyük ölçekli işbirliğine dayanır.
of cooperation;
are a system of cooperation.
and prisons and concentration camps.
ve toplama kampları yoktur.
to convince you perhaps that yes,
için Dünya'yı yönetiyoruz.
cooperate flexibly in large numbers.
arasından sadece bizi etkileyen ne?
to cooperate in such a way?
with countless numbers of strangers,
işbirliği yapabiliriz, çünkü
the animals on the planet,
fictional stories.
in the same fiction,
the same rules,
their communication system
There's a lion, let's run away!"
hadi kaçalım." ya da
hadi gidip toplayalım." diyebilir.
over there! Let's go and get bananas!"
gerçeği anlatmak için konuşmazlar.
not merely to describe reality,
fictional realities.
uydurma gerçeklikler yaratırlar.
üstünde Tanrı var." diyebilir.
there is a god above the clouds!
and send you to hell."
cehenneme atar."
that I've invented,
norms and laws and values,
to give you a banana
gideceksin..."
vermesi için kandıramazsınız.
you'll go to chimpanzee heaven ..."
pek çok muz alacaksın."
of bananas for your good deeds.
believe such a story.
inanmayacaktır.
in zoos and research laboratories.
laboratuvarlara kilitlenmesine sebep olan.
by believing in the same fictions.
inanarak işbirliği yaparlar.
to build a cathedral or a mosque
haçlı seferi ya da cihada katılmak için
they all believe in the same stories
çünkü hepsi Tanrı, cennet
hikayeye inanmışlardır.
is that exactly the same mechanism
diğer tüm kitlesel işbirliklerinde de
of mass-scale human cooperation,
are based on a belief in human rights.
insan hakları inancına dayanır.
bizim yazdığımız bir hikayedir.
are just a story that we've invented.
about homo sapiens.
biyolojik etkisi değillerdir.
cut him open, look inside,
neurons, hormones, DNA,
hormonlar ve DNA bulursunuz,
are in the stories
etrafa yaydığımız hikayelerde.
over the last few centuries.
very good stories,
ya da çok olumlu hikayeleridir,
that we've invented.
yazdığımız hikayelerdir.
in modern politics are states and nations.
devletler ve milletlerdir.
you can ever smell it.
hatta koklayabilirsiniz.
hikayelerdir.
in the global economy
en önemli aktörleri
for a corporation,
Google, Toyota
kuruluşlarda çalışıyorsunuz.
hukuki kurgulardır.
it has no objective value.
nesnel değeri yoktur.
dolar banknotunu.
of paper, the dollar bill.
ortaya çıktılar.
these master storytellers --
whom I've never met before,
gerçek muzlar alabilirim.
which I can actually eat.
I'll give you a banana."
ben muz vereceğim."
a worthless piece of paper
the most successful story
everybody believes.
and in the dollar bill.
dolar banknotuna inanıyor.
and American religion
dininden nefret ediyor
to American dollars.
because we live in a dual reality.
çünkü ikili gerçeklik içinde yaşıyoruz.
in an objective reality.
tek bir gerçeklik içinde yaşıyorlar.
filler ve aslanlar gibi
of objective entities,
and lions and elephants.
nesnel gerçeklikte yaşarız.
in an objective reality.
and trees and lions and elephants.
ağaçlar, aslanlar ve filler vardır.
of this objective reality
gerçeklik katmanı inşa ettik.
like money, like corporations.
as history unfolded,
giderek çok daha güçlendi
more and more powerful
forces in the world
and trees and lions and elephants
aslanlar ve fillerin kaderi;
ve Dünya Bankası gibi
of fictional entities,
isteklerine tabidir ki
like the World Bank --
in our own imagination.
olan unsurlardır.
Yuval, yeni bir kitabın çıktı.
yeni bir tane yazdın
a new book out.
ancak henüz ingilizceye çevrilmedi
yet translated into ...
Çevirisi için çalışıyorum.
the translation as we speak.
understand it correctly,
müthiş atılımları tartışıyorsun
that we are experiencing right now
hayatlarımızı iyileştirmeyecek
make our lives better,
just as the industrial revolution did."
yeni sınıflar ve yeni sorunlar." yaratacak.
of the urban proletariat.
oluştuğunu gördük.
sosyal tarih daha çok
history of the last 200 years involved
ne yapılacağıyla ilgilenmiş.
and the new problems and opportunities.
massive class of useless people.
yeni bir sınıfın oluştuğunu görüyoruz.
in more and more fields,
çok daha iyileştikçe,
computers will out-perform us
bilgisayarlar bizi aşacaklar
humans redundant.
ekonomik büyük sorusu
and economic question
ne için ihtiyacımız var?"
so many humans for?"
we have is to keep them happy
onları mutlu etmek.
like a very appealing future.
bir gelecek gibi görünmüyor.
in the book and now,
şu anda,
about the growing evidence
gelişme bulguları hakkındaki,
we are just kind of at the beginning
gibi bir durumda mıyız?
of possibilities before us.
of a new massive class of useless people.
insan sınıfının oluşumu.
sanal tanrılığa yükselirken,
the division of humankind
seviyesine inişiyle
into virtual gods,
to this level of useless people.
yeni bir TED konuşması geliyor.
coming up in a year or two.
BG: Yuval, gezinti için teşekkürler.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Yuval Noah Harari - Historian, authorIn his book "Homo Deus," Yuval Noah Harari explores the future of humankind: the destinies we may set for ourselves and the quests we'll undertake.
Why you should listen
In his book, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow, Yuval Noah Harari explores the projects, dreams and nightmares that will shape the 21st century -- from overcoming death to creating artificial life. He maps the future and asks fundamental questions: Where do we go from here? How will we protect this fragile world from our own destructive powers? The book has sold four million copies since its publication in 2016.
Harari's previous book, Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, explores what made homo sapiens the most successful species on the planet. His answer: We are the only animal that can believe in things that exist purely in our imagination, such as gods, states, money, human rights, corporations and other fictions, and we have developed a unique ability to use these stories to unify and organize groups and ensure cooperation. Sapiens has sold eight million copies and been translated into more than 50 languages. Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg and President Barack Obama have recommended it as a must-read.
Harari lectures as a Professor of history at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he specializes in world history, medieval history and military history. His current research focuses on macro-historical questions: What is the relationship between history and biology? What is the essential difference between Homo sapiens and other animals? Is there justice in history? Does history have a direction? Did people become happier as history unfolded? Harari has written for newspapers such as The Guardian, Financial Times, the Times, Nature magazine and the Wall Street Journal.
Harari's new book, 21 Lessons for the 21st Century, will take the pulse of our current global climate, focusing on the biggest questions of the present moment: What is really happening right now? What are today’s greatest challenges and choices? What should we pay attention to? The book will be published in multiple languages in September 2018.
Yuval Noah Harari | Speaker | TED.com