TEDxRainier
Patricia Kuhl: The linguistic genius of babies
Patricia Kuhl: Jezikovna nadarjenost dojenčkov
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Na dogodku TEDxRainier Patricia Kuhl
predstavi izjemna odkritja o tem, kako se dojenčki naučijo nekega jezika prek poslušanja ljudi okrog njih in "izvajanja statistike" o glasovih, ki jih morajo poznati. Domiselni laboratorijski poskusi in možganska slikanja prikazujejo izjemne miselne procese, preko katerih šestmesečni dojenčki dojemajo svet.
Patricia Kuhl - Language
Patricia Kuhl studies how we learn language as babies, looking at the ways our brains form around language acquisition. Full bio
Patricia Kuhl studies how we learn language as babies, looking at the ways our brains form around language acquisition. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I want you to take a look at this baby.
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Poglejte tega dojenčka.
00:18
What you're drawn to are her eyes
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Izstopajo njene oči
00:21
and the skin you love to touch.
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in mehka koža.
00:24
But today I'm going to talk to you about something you can't see --
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Danes pa bom govorila
o nečem nevidnem,
o nečem nevidnem,
00:27
what's going on up in that little brain of hers.
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in sicer o dogajanju
v njenih možganih.
v njenih možganih.
00:31
The modern tools of neuroscience
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S sodobnimi orodji nevroznanosti
00:33
are demonstrating to us that what's going on up there
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lahko vidimo,
da so procesi v možganih
da so procesi v možganih
00:36
is nothing short of rocket science.
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primer neverjetne znanosti.
00:39
And what we're learning
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Kar raziskujemo,
00:41
is going to shed some light
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bo osvetlilo področje,
00:43
on what the romantic writers and poets
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ki mu romantični
pisci in pesniki pravijo
pisci in pesniki pravijo
00:46
described as the "celestial openness"
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"nebeška odprtost"
00:49
of the child's mind.
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otroškega uma.
00:51
What we see here
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Tu vidimo
00:53
is a mother in India,
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mati v Indiji,
00:55
and she's speaking Koro,
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ki govori jezik koro,
00:57
which is a newly discovered language.
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pred kratkim odkrit jezik.
00:59
And she's talking to her baby.
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Pogovarja se
s svojim otrokom.
s svojim otrokom.
01:01
What this mother --
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Ta mati
01:03
and the 800 people who speak Koro in the world --
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in še 800 govorcev kora ve,
01:06
understands [is] that, to preserve this language,
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da morajo za ohranitev jezika
01:09
they need to speak it to the babies.
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govoriti s svojimi otroki.
01:12
And therein lies a critical puzzle.
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V tem tiči ključ.
01:15
Why is it that you can't preserve a language
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Zakaj se jezika ne da ohraniti
01:17
by speaking to you and I, to the adults?
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preko govora med odraslimi,
med mano in vami?
med mano in vami?
01:20
Well, it's got to do with your brain.
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Razlog je v možganih.
01:23
What we see here
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Tu vidimo,
01:25
is that language has a critical period for learning.
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da ima jezik
kritično obdobje za učenje.
kritično obdobje za učenje.
01:28
The way to read this slide is to look at your age on the horizontal axis.
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Na vodoravni osi je starost v letih.
01:31
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:34
And you'll see on the vertical
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Navpična os pa prikazuje
01:36
your skill at acquiring a second language.
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vašo sposobnost
osvajanja novega jezika.
osvajanja novega jezika.
01:38
Babies and children are geniuses
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Dojenčki in otroci so geniji
01:40
until they turn seven,
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do njihovega sedmega leta,
01:42
and then there's a systematic decline.
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nato pa ta sposobnost upada.
01:45
After puberty, we fall off the map.
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Po puberteti gre samo še navzdol.
01:47
No scientists dispute this curve,
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Znanstveniki tem
dejstvom ne oporekajo,
dejstvom ne oporekajo,
01:50
but laboratories all over the world
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laboratoriji po vsem svetu
01:52
are trying to figure out why it works this way.
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pa poskušajo dognati,
zakaj pride do tega.
zakaj pride do tega.
01:55
Work in my lab is focused
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V našem laboratoriju
se osredotočamo
se osredotočamo
01:57
on the first critical period in development --
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na prvo kritično obdobje razvoja,
01:59
and that is the period in which
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obdobje, v katerem
dojenčki poskušajo ugotoviti,
dojenčki poskušajo ugotoviti,
02:01
babies try to master which sounds are used in their language.
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kateri glasovi pripadajo
njihovemu jeziku.
njihovemu jeziku.
02:04
We think, by studying how the sounds are learned,
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S preučevanjem učenja glasov
02:07
we'll have a model for the rest of language,
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želimo doseči model
za ostala področja jezika
za ostala področja jezika
02:09
and perhaps for critical periods that may exist in childhood
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in morda celo za
kritična obdobja otroštva
kritična obdobja otroštva
02:12
for social, emotional
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za socialni, čustveni
02:14
and cognitive development.
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in spoznavni razvoj.
02:16
So we've been studying the babies
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Dojenčke smo preučevali
02:18
using a technique that we're using all over the world
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s tehniko,
razširjeno po vsem svetu,
razširjeno po vsem svetu,
02:20
and the sounds of all languages.
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in z zvoki vseh jezikov.
02:22
The baby sits on a parent's lap,
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Dojenček sedi
v starševem naročju,
v starševem naročju,
02:24
and we train them to turn their heads when a sound changes --
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mi pa jih naučimo,
da se obrnejo vsakič,
da se obrnejo vsakič,
02:26
like from "ah" to "ee."
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ko se zvok spremeni,
kot iz "a" v "i".
kot iz "a" v "i".
02:28
If they do so at the appropriate time,
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Če jim to uspe
ob pravem trenutku,
ob pravem trenutku,
02:30
the black box lights up
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se črna škatla zasveti
02:32
and a panda bear pounds a drum.
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in panda udari na boben.
02:34
A six-monther adores the task.
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Šestmesečni malčki
obožujejo to nalogo.
obožujejo to nalogo.
02:36
What have we learned?
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Kaj smo ugotovili?
02:38
Well, babies all over the world
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Dojenčki celega sveta so,
02:40
are what I like to describe
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kakor jim sama pravim,
02:42
as "citizens of the world."
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državljani sveta.
02:44
They can discriminate all the sounds of all languages,
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Lahko razločijo vse glasove
vseh jezikov,
vseh jezikov,
02:47
no matter what country we're testing and what language we're using,
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ne glede na državo in jezik,
02:50
and that's remarkable because you and I can't do that.
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kar je izjemno,
saj mi tega ne zmoremo.
saj mi tega ne zmoremo.
02:53
We're culture-bound listeners.
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Mi smo družbeno
omejeni poslušalci.
omejeni poslušalci.
02:55
We can discriminate the sounds of our own language,
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Lahko razločimo
glasove našega jezika,
glasove našega jezika,
02:57
but not those of foreign languages.
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ne pa tudi tujih jezikov.
02:59
So the question arises:
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Postavlja se vprašanje,
03:01
when do those citizens of the world
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kdaj se ti državljani sveta
03:03
turn into the language-bound listeners that we are?
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spremenijo v
družbeno omejene poslušalce.
družbeno omejene poslušalce.
03:06
And the answer: before their first birthdays.
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Odgovor pa je:
pred prvim rojstnim dnem.
pred prvim rojstnim dnem.
03:09
What you see here is performance on that head-turn task
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Tu vidite, kako so se na
nalogo obračanja glave
nalogo obračanja glave
03:12
for babies tested in Tokyo and the United States,
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odzvali dojenčki v Tokiju in ZDA,
03:14
here in Seattle,
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tu v Seattlu,
03:16
as they listened to "ra" and "la" --
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ko so poslušali
glasove "ra" in "la",
glasove "ra" in "la",
03:18
sounds important to English, but not to Japanese.
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ki so pomembni za angleščino,
a ne za japonščino.
a ne za japonščino.
03:21
So at six to eight months the babies are totally equivalent.
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Dojenčki, stari med šest in osem let,
se ne razlikujejo.
se ne razlikujejo.
03:24
Two months later something incredible occurs.
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Po dveh mesecih pa se zgodi
nekaj neverjetnega.
nekaj neverjetnega.
03:27
The babies in the United States are getting a lot better,
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Dojenčkom iz ZDA gre veliko bolje,
03:29
babies in Japan are getting a lot worse,
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japonskim pa veliko slabše,
03:31
but both of those groups of babies
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saj se obe
skupini otrok pripravljata
skupini otrok pripravljata
03:33
are preparing for exactly the language that they are going to learn.
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na jezik,
ki se ga bosta naučili.
ki se ga bosta naučili.
03:36
So the question is: what's happening
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Zanima nas,
kaj se dogaja
kaj se dogaja
03:39
during this critical two-month period?
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v tej dvomesečni kritični dobi?
03:41
This is the critical period for sound development,
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To je kritično obdobje
za razvoj zvoka,
za razvoj zvoka,
03:43
but what's going on up there?
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a kaj se dogaja v možganih?
03:45
So there are two things going on.
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Dve stvari.
03:47
The first is that the babies are listening intently to us,
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Prvič, dojenčki nas
pozorno poslušajo
pozorno poslušajo
03:50
and they're taking statistics as they listen to us talk --
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in med poslušanjem
03:53
they're taking statistics.
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izvajajo statistiko.
03:55
So listen to two mothers speaking motherese --
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Poslušajte dve materi,
ki govorita materinsko,
ki govorita materinsko,
03:58
the universal language we use when we talk to kids --
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univerzalen jezik
za govorjenje otrokom,
za govorjenje otrokom,
04:01
first in English and then in Japanese.
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v angleščini in
nato v japonščini.
nato v japonščini.
04:04
(Video) English Mother: Ah, I love your big blue eyes --
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(Video) V angleščini:
O, kakšne lepe velike modre oči imaš,
O, kakšne lepe velike modre oči imaš,
04:07
so pretty and nice.
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tako lepe in srčkane.
04:11
Japanese Mother: [Japanese]
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(Japonščina)
04:17
Patricia Kuhl: During the production of speech,
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Medtem ko mi govorimo,
04:19
when babies listen,
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dojenčki poslušajo
04:21
what they're doing is taking statistics
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in delajo statistiko
04:23
on the language that they hear.
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jezika, ki ga slišijo.
04:26
And those distributions grow.
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Te porazdelitve rastejo.
04:29
And what we've learned
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Ugotovili smo,
04:31
is that babies are sensitive to the statistics,
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da dojenčki
razumejo statistiko,
razumejo statistiko,
04:34
and the statistics of Japanese and English are very, very different.
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ki pa se med angleščino
in japonščino zelo razlikuje.
in japonščino zelo razlikuje.
04:37
English has a lot of Rs and Ls.
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Angleščina ima veliko
r-jev in l-jev.
r-jev in l-jev.
04:40
The distribution shows.
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To lahko vidimo na tabeli.
04:42
And the distribution of Japanese is totally different,
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Porazdelitev pri japonščini
je zelo drugačna,
je zelo drugačna,
04:44
where we see a group of intermediate sounds,
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kjer vidimo skupino
vmesnega glasu,
vmesnega glasu,
04:47
which is known as the Japanese "R."
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znanega kot "japonski r".
04:50
So babies absorb
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Dojenčki prevzamejo
04:52
the statistics of the language
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statistiko jezika,
04:54
and it changes their brains;
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kar vpliva na njihove možgane
04:56
it changes them from the citizens of the world
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in jih iz državljanov sveta
spremeni v
spremeni v
04:58
to the culture-bound listeners that we are.
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kulturno omejene poslušalce,
kot smo mi.
kot smo mi.
05:01
But we as adults
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Mi odrasli
05:03
are no longer absorbing those statistics.
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teh statistik ne prepoznamo več.
05:05
We're governed by the representations in memory
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Vodijo nas predstave v spominu,
05:08
that were formed early in development.
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ki izhajajo iz zgodnjega razvoja.
05:11
So what we're seeing here
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Ugotovitve torej spreminjajo
05:13
is changing our models of what the critical period is about.
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naša videnja kritičnega obdobja.
05:16
We're arguing from a mathematical standpoint
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Z matematičnega stališča trdimo,
05:19
that the learning of language material may slow down
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da se učenje
jezikovne snovi upočasnjuje
jezikovne snovi upočasnjuje
05:22
when our distributions stabilize.
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z umirjanjem statistik.
05:24
It's raising lots of questions about bilingual people.
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Veliko vprašanj se pojavlja
o dvojezičnih ljudeh.
o dvojezičnih ljudeh.
05:27
Bilinguals must keep two sets of statistics in mind at once
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Dvojezični morajo namreč
ohranjati dva niza statistik
ohranjati dva niza statistik
05:31
and flip between them, one after the other,
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in izmenično izbirati med njima
05:34
depending on who they're speaking to.
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glede na njihovega sogovorca.
05:36
So we asked ourselves,
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Vprašali smo se,
05:38
can the babies take statistics on a brand new language?
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ali lahko dojenčki ustvarijo statistiko
povsem novega jezika?
povsem novega jezika?
05:41
And we tested this by exposing American babies
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Za ta namen smo
ameriške dojenčke,
ameriške dojenčke,
05:43
who'd never heard a second language
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ki še niso slišali
drugega jezika,
drugega jezika,
05:45
to Mandarin for the first time during the critical period.
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mandarinščini izpostavili
prvič v kritičnem obdobju.
prvič v kritičnem obdobju.
05:48
We knew that, when monolinguals were tested
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Vedeli smo, da so enojezični dojenčki
v Taipeju in Seattlu
v Taipeju in Seattlu
05:50
in Taipei and Seattle on the Mandarin sounds,
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ob poslušanju
glasov mandarinščine
glasov mandarinščine
05:53
they showed the same pattern.
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pokazali enak vzorec.
05:55
Six to eight months, they're totally equivalent.
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Med šestimi in osmimi meseci
med njimi ni bilo razlik.
med njimi ni bilo razlik.
05:57
Two months later, something incredible happens.
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Po dveh mesecih pa se je zgodilo
nekaj neverjetnega.
nekaj neverjetnega.
06:00
But the Taiwanese babies are getting better, not the American babies.
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Tajvanski dojenčki so postajali boljši,
ameriški pa zaostajali.
ameriški pa zaostajali.
06:03
What we did was expose American babies during this period
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Ameriške dojenčke smo v tem obdodju
06:06
to Mandarin.
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izpostavili mandarinščini.
06:08
It was like having Mandarin relatives come and visit for a month
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Kot bi prišli na enomesečni obisk
sorodniki s Kitajske,
sorodniki s Kitajske,
06:11
and move into your house
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se nastanili k vam domov
06:13
and talk to the babies for 12 sessions.
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in se dvanajstkrat
pogovarjali z otroki.
pogovarjali z otroki.
06:15
Here's what it looked like in the laboratory.
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Tako je bilo to videti pri nas.
06:17
(Video) Mandarin Speaker: [Mandarin]
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(Video) (V mandarinščini)
06:39
PK: So what have we done to their little brains?
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Kaj smo naredili
tem malim možganom?
tem malim možganom?
06:41
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
06:44
We had to run a control group
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Nadzorna skupina
je morala zagotoviti,
je morala zagotoviti,
06:46
to make sure that just coming into the laboratory
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da si zgolj s prihodom v laboratorij
06:48
didn't improve your Mandarin skills.
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ni izboljšala
znanja mandarinščine.
znanja mandarinščine.
06:50
So a group of babies came in and listened to English.
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Nato je prišla skupina dojenčkov
in poslušala angleščino.
in poslušala angleščino.
06:52
And we can see from the graph
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Na prikazu lahko vidimo,
06:54
that exposure to English didn't improve their Mandarin.
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da izpostavljenost angleščini
ni izboljšala njihove mandarinščine.
ni izboljšala njihove mandarinščine.
06:56
But look at what happened to the babies
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Kaj pa se zgodi dojenčkom,
06:58
exposed to Mandarin for 12 sessions.
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izpostavljenim mandarinščini
v 12 nizih?
v 12 nizih?
07:00
They were as good as the babies in Taiwan
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Postali so tako dobri
kot tajvanski dojenčki,
kot tajvanski dojenčki,
07:02
who'd been listening for 10-and-a-half months.
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ki so svoj jezik poslušali
deset mesecev in pol.
deset mesecev in pol.
07:05
What it demonstrated
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Izkazalo se je,
07:07
is that babies take statistics on a new language.
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da dojenčki ustvarijo
statistiko novega jezika.
statistiko novega jezika.
07:09
Whatever you put in front of them, they'll take statistics on.
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Karkoli jim predstavite,
bodo spremenili v statistiko.
bodo spremenili v statistiko.
07:13
But we wondered what role
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Spraševali smo se,
07:15
the human being played
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kakšnega pomena ima človek
07:17
in this learning exercise.
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pri teh vajah učenja.
07:19
So we ran another group of babies
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Druga skupina dojenčkov
07:21
in which the kids got the same dosage, the same 12 sessions,
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je bila prav tako na 12 nizih,
07:24
but over a television set
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ki pa so potekali
preko tv sprejemnika,
preko tv sprejemnika,
07:26
and another group of babies who had just audio exposure
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tretja skupina pa je
poslušala le zvoke
poslušala le zvoke
07:29
and looked at a teddy bear on the screen.
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in gledala medvedka na ekranu.
07:31
What did we do to their brains?
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Kaj smo naredili
z njihovimi možgani?
z njihovimi možgani?
07:34
What you see here is the audio result --
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Tu vidite rezultat poslušanja,
07:37
no learning whatsoever --
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pri katerem
učenje ne napreduje,
učenje ne napreduje,
07:39
and the video result --
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ter rezultat gledanja in poslušanja,
07:42
no learning whatsoever.
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prav tako brez napredka.
07:44
It takes a human being
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Le človeško
posredovanje jezika
posredovanje jezika
07:46
for babies to take their statistics.
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omogoči dojenčkom
ustvarjanje statistik.
ustvarjanje statistik.
07:48
The social brain is controlling
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Njihovi socialni
možgani odločajo,
možgani odločajo,
07:50
when the babies are taking their statistics.
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kdaj lahko pride do statistike.
07:52
We want to get inside the brain
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Radi bi vstopili v možgane
07:54
and see this thing happening
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in od blizu videli,
kaj se dogaja,
kaj se dogaja,
07:56
as babies are in front of televisions,
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ko so dojenčki
pred TV sprejemnikom
pred TV sprejemnikom
07:58
as opposed to in front of human beings.
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oz. poslušajo druge ljudi.
08:00
Thankfully, we have a new machine,
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Na srečo imamo novo napravo,
08:02
magnetoencephalography,
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imenovano magnetni encefalogram,
08:04
that allows us to do this.
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ki nam to omogoča.
08:06
It looks like a hair dryer from Mars.
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Videti je kot marsovska havba.
08:08
But it's completely safe,
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Je popolnoma varna,
08:10
completely non-invasive and silent.
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neinvazivna in tiha.
08:13
We're looking at millimeter accuracy
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Z milimetrsko natančnostjo
08:15
with regard to spatial
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v prostorskem smislu
08:17
and millisecond accuracy
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in v časovnem do milisekunde točno,
08:19
using 306 SQUIDs --
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preko 306 SQUIDov -
08:21
these are Superconducting
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superprevodnih naprav
08:23
QUantum Interference Devices --
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za kvantno interferenco -
08:25
to pick up the magnetic fields
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lahko opazujemo
magnetna polja,
magnetna polja,
08:27
that change as we do our thinking.
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ki se spreminjajo
glede na misli.
glede na misli.
08:29
We're the first in the world
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Prvi na svetu
08:31
to record babies
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smo posneli dojenčke
08:33
in an MEG machine
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z napravo MEG
08:35
while they are learning.
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med njihovim učenjem.
08:37
So this is little Emma.
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To je mala Emma.
08:39
She's a six-monther.
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Stara je šest mesecev.
08:41
And she's listening to various languages
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Različne jezike posluša
08:43
in the earphones that are in her ears.
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preko slušalk v ušesih.
08:46
You can see, she can move around.
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Kot vidite, se lahko giblje.
08:48
We're tracking her head
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Njeno glavo spremljamo
08:50
with little pellets in a cap,
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preko kroglic v kapici,
08:52
so she's free to move completely unconstrained.
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zato je prosta, da se giblje.
08:55
It's a technical tour de force.
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Priča smo
izjemnemu dosežku.
izjemnemu dosežku.
08:57
What are we seeing?
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Kaj vidimo?
08:59
We're seeing the baby brain.
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Dojenčkove možgane.
09:01
As the baby hears a word in her language
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Ko zasliši besedo
v njenem jeziku,
v njenem jeziku,
09:04
the auditory areas light up,
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se odzovejo območja
za slušno zaznavanje
za slušno zaznavanje
09:06
and then subsequently areas surrounding it
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in za njimi
sosednja območja,
sosednja območja,
09:08
that we think are related to coherence,
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za katera menimo,
da so povezana s koherenco
da so povezana s koherenco
09:11
getting the brain coordinated with its different areas,
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oz. uskladitvijo možganov
med različnimi območji,
med različnimi območji,
09:13
and causality,
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in vzročnostjo,
09:15
one brain area causing another to activate.
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ki povzroči,
da eno področje spodbudi drugo.
da eno področje spodbudi drugo.
09:18
We are embarking
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Začenjamo z veliko
09:20
on a grand and golden age
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in zlato dobo
09:23
of knowledge about child's brain development.
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poznavanja razvoja
otroških možganov.
otroških možganov.
09:26
We're going to be able to see a child's brain
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Lahko jih bomo opazovali
09:28
as they experience an emotion,
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med doživljanjem čustev,
09:30
as they learn to speak and read,
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med učenjem govora in branja,
09:32
as they solve a math problem,
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reševanja matematičnega problema
09:34
as they have an idea.
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ali ko dobijo zamisel.
09:36
And we're going to be able to invent brain-based interventions
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Lahko bomo izvedli
posege na možganih
posege na možganih
09:39
for children who have difficulty learning.
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za otroke, ki imajo učne težave.
09:42
Just as the poets and writers described,
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Kot so že pesniki in pisci opisali,
09:45
we're going to be able to see, I think,
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mislim, da bomo lahko videli
09:47
that wondrous openness,
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čudovito odprtost,
09:49
utter and complete openness,
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popolno in celovito odprtost
09:51
of the mind of a child.
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otroškega uma.
09:54
In investigating the child's brain,
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Preučevanje otroških možganov
09:56
we're going to uncover deep truths
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nas bo privedlo
do globokih resnic
do globokih resnic
09:58
about what it means to be human,
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o pomenu biti človek
10:00
and in the process,
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in tako bomo
morda lahko ohranili
morda lahko ohranili
10:02
we may be able to help keep our own minds open to learning
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naše misli
odprte za učenje
odprte za učenje
10:04
for our entire lives.
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skozi celo življenje.
10:06
Thank you.
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Hvala.
10:08
(Applause)
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(Aplavz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Patricia Kuhl - LanguagePatricia Kuhl studies how we learn language as babies, looking at the ways our brains form around language acquisition.
Why you should listen
Patricia Kuhl is co-director of the Institute for Brain and Learning Sciences at the University of Washington. She's internationally recognized for her research on early language and brain development, and studies that show how young children learn. Kuhl’s work has played a major role in demonstrating how early exposure to language alters the brain. It has implications for critical periods in development, for bilingual education and reading readiness, for developmental disabilities involving language, and for research on computer understanding of speech.
Patricia Kuhl | Speaker | TED.com