Tania Simoncelli: Should you be able to patent a human gene?
تانيا سيمونكيلي: كيف أخذت تحدي صناعة براءات الاختراع للحمض النووي، و انتصرت
Tania Simoncelli advises the White House on science and technology policy. Full bio
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as the organization's science advisor.
الأمريكي) كمستشارة المنظمة للعلوم.
just a little bit discouraged.
to my colleague Chris Hansen's office.
مكتب زميلي كريس هانسن.
for more than 30 years,
knowledge and insights.
that I was feeling a little bit stuck.
بأنني عالقة بعض الشيء.
a number of issues
and civil liberties -- super interesting.
- جدا مثيرة للإهتمام.
these issues in a much bigger way,
في هذه القضايا بطريقة أكبر ،
make a difference.
to the chase, and he says,
looking at, what are the top five?"
تحققين فيها ، ما هي أهم خمسة ؟"
for lie detection, and ...
و استخدامه لكشف الكذب و ...
on part of the human body?
من الجسم البشري ؟
and sent Chris three articles.
he came bursting in my office.
about patent law
أنظمة براءات الإختراع
but I wasn't even a lawyer,
لكن لم أكن حتى محامية
before we could file a lawsuit.
الكثير قبل أن نتمكن من رفع دعوى قضائية
exactly what was patented
ما هي براءة الإختراع
dozens of claims,
على عشرات المطالبات
are to so-called "isolated DNA" --
هو ما يسمى بـ "عزل الحمض النووي"
that has been removed from a cell.
من الخلية
the gene in your body,
of the gene requires that it be isolated.
الجينات يتطلب ذلك أن تكون معزولة
to a particular gene that they isolated,
لجين معزول معين فقط
version of that gene.
your gene to your doctor
has the right to stop anyone
من حق حامل براءة الاختراع أن يمنع أي شخص
in research or clinical testing.
في البحوث أو الإختبارات العيادية
was harming patients.
مما يضر بالمرضى
المصاب بمتلازمة long QT
if left untreated,
genes associated with this condition
في جينين مرتبطين بهذا المرض
and they never offered it.
و لم يقدموه أبداً
threatened to sue the lab
هددت أن تقاضي المعمل
and were harming patients.
و كانت ذا ضرر للمرضى
we could challenge them?
through a long line of cases,
are not patent eligible.
إعطاء براءة اختراع فيها
تسجل براءة اختراع في منتجات الطبيعة
elements of the periodic table.
عناصر الجدول الدوري
في قوانين الطبيعة
الطاقة= الكتلة*سرعة الضوء ^2
and must remain free to all
و يجب أن تتاح للاستخدام من قبل الجميع
of all of our proteins,
and a law of nature,
كلاهما
to speak with many different experts --
لنتحدث مع مختلف الخبراء في مختلف المجالات
lawyers, patent lawyers.
محامي براءات اختراع
as a matter of policy,
أننا على حق من الناحية السياسية
as a matter of law.
a gene-patent challenge
بتحدي جينات براءة الاختراع
had been issuing these patents
فيما يخص براءات الاختراع تلك
of patents on human genes.
في جينات الإنسان، حرفياً
entrenched in the status quo,
موقفاً معاديا من الوضع الراهن
around this practice,
في ظل هذه الممارسة
had been introduced
حمل براءات اختراع في الجينات
to overturn these patents.
to shy away from a challenge,
من النوع الذي ينسحب من التحدي
just isn't enough,"
" ليس كافياً أن تكون على صواب"
to take on this fight.
Company A sues Company B
على شكل: الشركة أ تقاضي الشركة ب
obscure technical issue.
in that kind of case,
was much bigger than that.
medical progress,
التقدم الطبي،
to develop a case
your typical patent case --
a gene-patent holder
حامل براءة اختراع في الجينات
of plaintiffs and experts
من المدعين و الخبراء
were harming patients and innovation.
هؤلاء بالمرضي و الابتكار العلمي
to sue in Myriad Genetics,
Myriad Genetics
in Salt Lake City, Utah.
along these genes
على هذه الجينات
at a significantly increased risk
in the United States.
في الولايات المتحدة
that were offering BRCA testing to stop.
لايقاف اختبارات ال BCRA
scientific community.
to include additional mutations
ليشمل طفرات إضافية
by a team of researchers in France.
من قبل فريق باحثين في فرنسا
that during that period,
undergoing testing
that should have been positive.
كان من المفترض أن تكون إيجابية
developed breast cancer at age 40
في عمر الأربعين
most likely didn't run in the family,
didn't need to be tested.
لا يحتاجون إلى الإختبار
with advanced-stage ovarian cancer.
was among the 12 percent
could have been prevented.
of plaintiffs and experts
من المدعين و الخبراء
highly committed plaintiffs:
ملتزمين بشكل كبير
cease and desist letters,
that collectively represented
and medical professionals,
couldn't afford Myriad's test,
ممن لم يستطيعوا تحمل تكلفة اختبار Myriad
a second opinion but could not,
و لم يستطيعوا
we had in preparing the case
أثناء التحضير للقضية
to communicate the science.
was not an invention,
أن ما فعلته Myriad لم يكن اختراعا
were products of nature,
of basic concepts, like:
and why isn't that an invention?
و كيف لا يكون هذا اختراعا؟
with our plaintiffs and experts,
مع المدعين و الخبراء
of explaining these concepts
on the use of metaphors,
على التعبيرات المجازية
the process for mining the gold,
في كيفية تعدين الذهب
of hard work and effort
و العمل الجاد
it's still gold.
على براءة إختراع في ذهب. إنه ما زال ذهب.
for all sorts of things
for when it was in the mountain;
حين كان الذهب في الجبل
out of it for example --
it's still gold.
فهو مازال ذهبا
and we're ready to file our case.
و مستعدون لنشر قضيتنا
in the Southern District of New York,
في المنطقة الشمالية من نيويورك،
to Judge Robert Sweet.
تم تكليف القاضي روبرت سويت بتناول القضية
issued his opinion --
he described the science in the case.
نتجاوز كيف وصف العلم في القضية بشكل بليغ
it was pretty good,
understanding of this issue
how this had happened.
working for him at the time,
في البيولوجيا الجزيئية
for the Federal Circuit.
للدائرة الفيدرالية
submitted a brief on Myriad's side.
سلمت الحكومة خطابا مختصرا لصالح Myriad
to its own patent office,
لمكتب براءات الاختراع الخاص بها
that states that is has
in light of the district court's opinion,
في ظل رأي محكمة المنطقة
is not patent eligible.
ليس براءة اختراع
for the Federal Circuit
very, very pro-patent.
اثنين إلى واحد
biological theory --
a new chemical --
so it came out of the blue.
that isolated DNA is a product of nature.
ال DNA المعزول هو ناتج من الطبيعة
to shake up the biotech industry."
أن أزعزع صناعة التكنولوجيا الحيوية"
by the Supreme Court.
that you want the Court to answer.
of a super-long paragraph,
with lots and lots of clauses,
the shortest question presented ever.
براءة اختراع في الجينات؟
what I thought of these words,
عن رأيي في هذه الكلمات
'Is isolated DNA patentable?'"
أن يأخذ براءة اختراع في الجينات؟"
the very same reaction that I had
to me seven years ago."
argue with that.
about one percent
and it was really, really exciting --
و الذي كان مثيراً جدا جدا
since 2:30 in the morning
on the courthouse steps.
as I walked into the courtroom
at a sea of friendly faces:
deeply personal stories,
of time out of their busy careers
بكثير من أوقاتهم المهنية
briefs in the case.
of the Human Genome Project,
مشروع الجينوم البشري
of DNA himself,
to gene patenting as "lunacy."
منح براءة اختراع في الجينات ب"الحماقة"
represented in this room
to make this day a reality
the Supreme Court justices grapple
and feisty exchanges,
و التبديلات المشاكسة
as our legal team had done
from the Amazon.
from carving a baseball bat from a tree.
بنحت مضرب بيسبول في شجرة
favorite moments,
to be "just nature sitting there."
"ليس إلا طبيعة جالسة أمامنا"
leaving the courtroom that day,
أثناء مغادرتنا قاعة المحكمة في ذلك اليوم
anticipated the outcome:
is a product of nature,
هو أحد نواتج الطبيعة"
it has been isolated.
يجعله مؤهلاً للحصول على براءة اختراع فيه
for the BRCA genes.
at a lower price than Myriad's.
أقل من ذلك الذي كانت تقدمه Myriad
a more comprehensive test
goes far beyond Myriad.
of allowing patents on human genes
من منح براءات الاختراع في الجينات البشرية
to biomedical discovery and innovation.
الإكتشافات و الإبتكارات البيوكيميائية
like Abigail, Kathleen and Eileen
كأبيجال، كاثلين و إلين
على الاختبارات التي احتاجوها
issued its decision,
من إعلان المحكمة عن قرارها
Chris and I went to visit
whether to bring this case.
a small stuffed animal.
حين قبلنا تلك القضية
to take that risk
the right thing.
from the start to finish,
في الطريق
that we bridged,
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Tania Simoncelli - Policy expertTania Simoncelli advises the White House on science and technology policy.
Why you should listen
Tania Simoncelli is Assistant Director for Forensic Science in the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). She came to OSTP from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), where she served as Senior Advisor in the Office of Medical Products and Tobacco, providing guidance and leadership on complex initiatives that required coordination across the centers for drugs, biologics, medical devices and tobacco products. Prior to this role, she served for two years as Special Assistant to FDA Commissioner Margaret Hamburg, where she advised the Commissioner and her staff on a wide range of issues, including nutrition labeling, food safety, genetically modified foods, scientific integrity, drug safety communication, direct-to-consumer genetic testing and personalized medicine.
From 2003-2010, Simoncelli worked as the Science Advisor to the American Civil Liberties Union, where she guided the organization’s responses to cutting-edge developments in science and technology that pose challenges for civil liberties. In this capacity, she spearheaded the development of ACLU’s successful Supreme Court challenge to the patenting of human genes and advised ACLU leadership and staff on a number of other science policy issues. In 2013, Simoncelli was named by the journal Nature as one of “ten people who mattered this year” for her work with the ACLU in overturning gene patents.
Simoncelli is co-author with Sheldon Krimsky of Genetic Justice: DNA Data Banks, Criminal Investigations, and Civil Liberties (Columbia University Press: 2010). She has published articles in a range of scientific, legal and policy journals, including the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics (JLME) and Genewatch Magazine.
Simoncelli holds a BA in Biology & Society from Cornell University and an MS in Energy and Resources from the University of California, Berkeley. She has worked as a researcher, analyst, and consultant for a range of nonprofit environmental and social justice organizations, including the Environmental Defense Fund and the Center for Genetics and Society, and served for five years as a board member of the Council for Responsible Genetics.
Tania Simoncelli | Speaker | TED.com