Julia Galef: Why you think you're right -- even if you're wrong
جوليا غالف: لماذا تظن أنك محق -- حتى ولو كنت مخطئا
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in the heat of battle.
or a medieval archer
أو رامي سهام في القرون الوسطى
there are some things that are constant.
هناك بعض الأشياء تبقى ثابتة.
from these deeply ingrained reflexes,
ردود أفعال عميقة الجذور،
to protect yourself and your side
نفسك وحماية الجانب الخاص بك
playing a very different role,
لعب دور مختلف كليا،
to attack or defend.
identifying potential obstacles.
يحدد العقبات المحتملة.
that, say, there's a bridge
wants to know what's really there,
يعرف ماذا يوجد هناك،
the soldier and the scout are essential.
والكشاف ضروريان.
of these roles as a mindset --
على أساس أنها عقليات.
process information and ideas
يتعامل مع المعلومات والأفكار
is that having good judgment,
كيف أن التمتع بحكم جيد،
making good decisions,
اتخاذ قرارات جيدة،
to 19th-century France,
التاسع عشر في فرنسا،
piece of paper
تبدو غيرمؤذية تمامًا
political scandals in history.
الفضائح السياسية في التاريخ.
by officers in the French general staff.
في هيئة الأركان العامة الفرنسية.
that someone in their ranks
military secrets to Germany.
quickly converged on this man,
no motive as far as they could tell.
أو أي دافع واضح لفعل هذا
Jewish officer at that rank in the army,
بهذه الرتبة في الجيش
the French Army was highly anti-Semitic.
كان جد معاد للسامية.
to that on the memo
الموجود في المذكرة
professional handwriting experts
in the similarity,
Dreyfus's apartment,
and they didn't find anything.
ولم يجدوا شيئًا.
that Dreyfus was not only guilty,
لم يكن مذنبًا فقط،
he had hidden all of the evidence
قام بإخفاء جميع الأدلة
through his personal history
foreign languages in school,
to conspire with foreign governments
was known for having a good memory,
كان يتمتع بذاكرة جيدة،
has to remember a lot of things.
الكثير من الأشياء.
and Dreyfus was found guilty.
وحكم على درايفوس بالجرم.
into this public square
his insignia from his uniform
the Degradation of Dreyfus.
إذلال درايفوس
to life imprisonment
جزيرة الشيطان،
off the coast of South America.
قبالة سواحل أمريكا الجنوبية.
and there he spent his days alone,
وهنالك أمضى أيامه وحيدًا،
to the French government
so they could discover his innocence.
علهم يكتشفون براءته.
France considered the matter closed.
أن القضية قد أُغلقت.
to me about the Dreyfus Affair
حول قضية درايفوس
were so convinced
that they were setting him up,
كانوا يريدون الإيقاع به،
that's what happened.
that the case against Dreyfus was strong.
القضية ضد درايفوس كانت قوية.
call "motivated reasoning."
العلماء "الإستدلال المدفوع."
our unconscious motivations,
feel like our allies.
نشعر وكأنها حليفتنا.
We want to defend them.
تريد أن ندافع عنها.
or ideas are the enemy,
وكأنها أعداء لنا،
motivated reasoning, "soldier mindset."
"عقلية الجندي."
بسبب الخيانة،
or politics, so you might have noticed
لذا ربما قد لاحظتم
that your team committed a foul,
to find reasons why he's wrong.
أن الحكم قد أخطأ.
committed a foul -- awesome!
ارتكب خطأ -- رائع !
let's not examine it too closely.
an article or a study
that it's not effective,
to find all the reasons
جيدة بما فيه الكفاية
that capital punishment works,
support capital punishment, same thing.
الإعدام، فنفس الشيء.
influenced, unconsciously,
بغير وعي منا،
about our health, our relationships,
about motivated reasoning
الاستدلال المدفوع
objective and fair-minded
of an innocent man.
his story is not over.
فإن قصته لم تنته.
in the French Army,
في الجيش الفرنسي،
he assumed Dreyfus was guilty.
افترض أن درايفوس كان مذنبًا.
he was at least casually anti-Semitic.
فقد كان معاديًا للسامية أيضا.
Picquart began to suspect:
"بيكارت" بدأ في الشك:
فيما يتعلق بدرايفوس؟"
he had discovered evidence
هو أنه قد اكتشف دليلاً
that another officer in the army
ضابط آخر في الجيش
matched the memo,
to his superiors,
they either didn't care
إما لم يهتموا لهذا
to explain his findings,
Picquart, is that there's another spy
هو أنه يوجد جاسوس آخر
Dreyfus's handwriting,
after Dreyfus left.
القبض على درايفوس.
to get Dreyfus exonerated.
من تبرئة درايفوس.
he himself was in prison
can't really be the hero of this story
لا يمكن أن يكون بطل هذه القصة
and that's bad, which I agree with.
وهذا سيء، وأنا أؤيد ذلكز
the fact that Picquart was anti-Semitic
أن "بيكارت" كان معادٍ للسامية
أكثر إثارة للإعجاب،
the same reasons to be biased
نفس الأسباب ليكون متحيزًا
and uphold it trumped all of that.
والتمسك بها أسقطت كل هذا.
for what I call "scout mindset."
"عقلية الكشاف."
one idea win or another lose,
تفوز والأخرى تخسر،
or convenient or pleasant.
أو مثيرة لإعجابه.
I'm personally passionate about.
examining and trying to figure out
في التحليل محاولةً معرفة
and biases and motivations
وتحيزهم واندفاعهم،
and the evidence
is rooted in emotions
they feel pleasure
when they encounter something
إذا صادفوا شيئًا
they think it's virtuous
that someone who changes his mind
they are about any particular topic.
that capital punishment works.
that it doesn't, they can say,
يمكنهم القول،
Doesn't mean I'm bad or stupid."
ولا يعني أني سيء أو غبي."
is what researchers have found --
هي ما وجده الباحثون --
to leave you with about those traits
حول هذه الصفات
not about how smart you are
very much with IQ at all.
مع درجة الذكاء.
coming back to, by Saint-Exupéry.
للكاتب "ساينت إكسبيري".
to collect wood and give orders
for the vast and endless sea."
الواسع اللامتناهي."
our judgment as individuals
is not more instruction in logic
ليس المزيد من الدروس في المنطق
are quite valuable.
to use those principles well
instead of ashamed
have been wrong about something.
مخطئين حول شيء ما.
instead of defensive
بدلاً من أن نكون دفاعيين
that contradicts our beliefs.
مع اعتقاداتنا.
to leave you with is:
as clearly as you possibly can?
بوضوح قدر المستطاع؟
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Julia Galef - WriterJulia Galef investigates how and why people change their minds.
Why you should listen
Julia Galef co-founded the Center for Applied Rationality, a nonprofit organization devoted to helping people improve their reasoning and decision-making, particularly with the aim of addressing global problems. Julia’s background is originally in statistics, and she did social science research at Columbia and Harvard Business Schools for several years before becoming a writer for venues such as Slate, Science, Scientific American and more. For the last six years, Julia has hosted the Rationally Speaking podcast.
Julia Galef | Speaker | TED.com