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Seth Berkley: The troubling reason why vaccines are made too late ... if they're made at all
Seth Berkley: A inquietante razón pola que as vacinas se fan demasiado tarde... se se chegan a facer
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Parece ser que esperamos ao brote dunha catastrófica enfermidade para decidirnos a elaborar unha vacina contra ela. Seth Berkley expón a realidade do mercado e os riscos desproporcionados que están detrás da falta do desenvolvemento de vacinas para as enfermidades máis graves do mundo.
Seth Berkley - Vaccine visionary
Epidemiologist Seth Berkley is leading the charge to make sure vaccines are available to everyone, including those living in the developing world. Full bio
Epidemiologist Seth Berkley is leading the charge to make sure vaccines are available to everyone, including those living in the developing world. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
The child's symptoms begin
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Comezan os síntomas do neno
00:15
with mild fever, headache, muscle pains,
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cunha suave febre, dor de
cabeza, dores musculares
cabeza, dores musculares
seguidos por vómitos e diarrea,
00:18
followed by vomiting and diarrhea,
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00:21
then bleeding from the mouth,
nose and gums.
nose and gums.
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logo sangrado de
boca, nariz e enxivas.
boca, nariz e enxivas.
00:25
Death follows in the form of organ failure
from low blood pressure.
from low blood pressure.
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Morte inminente por fallo multiorgánico
debido a unha baixa presión arterial.
debido a unha baixa presión arterial.
00:31
Sounds familiar?
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Resúltavos familiar?
00:33
If you're thinking this is Ebola,
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Se estades pensando en ébola,
00:36
actually, in this case, it's not.
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o certo é, que neste caso non o é.
00:38
It's an extreme form of dengue fever,
a mosquito-born disease
a mosquito-born disease
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É unha forma extrema de dengue,
enfermidade transmitida por mosquitos
enfermidade transmitida por mosquitos
00:43
which also does not have
an effective therapy or a vaccine,
an effective therapy or a vaccine,
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que de feito non ten
nin terapia nin vacina eficaz,
nin terapia nin vacina eficaz,
00:48
and kills 22,000 people each year.
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e mata 22 000 persoas cada ano.
00:52
That is actually twice
the number of people
the number of people
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O que supón o dobre do número
00:54
that have been killed by Ebola
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de persoas falecidas a causa do ébola
00:56
in the nearly four decades
that we've known about it.
that we've known about it.
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nas case catro décadas
desde o seu descubrimento.
desde o seu descubrimento.
01:00
As for measles, so much
in the news recently,
in the news recently,
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En canto ao sarampelo, moi
presente agora nas noticias,
presente agora nas noticias,
01:04
the death toll is actually tenfold higher.
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o custo en vidas é dez veces superior.
01:09
Yet for the last year,
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No entanto, no último ano,
01:11
it has been Ebola that has stolen
all of the headlines and the fear.
all of the headlines and the fear.
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o ébola ocupou todos
os titulares e propagou o medo.
os titulares e propagou o medo.
01:17
Clearly, there is something
deeply rooted about it,
deeply rooted about it,
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É evidente que hai algo
que nos afecta profundamente,
que nos afecta profundamente,
01:19
something which scares us
and fascinates us
and fascinates us
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algo que nos dá medo e nos fascina
01:22
more than other diseases.
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máis ca outras enfermidades.
01:24
But what is it, exactly?
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Pero que é, exactamente?
01:27
Well, it's hard to acquire Ebola,
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Ben, é difícil contraer ébola,
01:29
but if you do, the risk
of a horrible death is high.
of a horrible death is high.
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pero de facelo, o risco
dunha morte horrible é alto
dunha morte horrible é alto
01:33
Why?
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Por que?
01:34
Because right now, we don't have any
effective therapy or vaccine available.
effective therapy or vaccine available.
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Porque agora mesmo, non temos
ningunha terapia nin vacina dispoñible.
ningunha terapia nin vacina dispoñible.
01:40
And so, that's the clue.
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Esa é a cuestión.
01:43
We may have it someday.
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Pode que a teñamos algún día.
01:45
So we rightfully fear Ebola,
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Polo que, con razón, tememos o ébola;
01:48
because it doesn't kill
as many people as other diseases.
as many people as other diseases.
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non porque mate tanta xente
coma outras enfermidades.
coma outras enfermidades.
01:53
In fact, it's much less transmissible
than viruses such as flu or measles.
than viruses such as flu or measles.
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De feito, é menos contaxioso ca outros
virus como a gripe ou o sarampelo.
virus como a gripe ou o sarampelo.
01:59
We fear Ebola because of the fact
that it kills us and we can't treat it.
that it kills us and we can't treat it.
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Tememos o ébola porque nos mata
e non o podemos tratar.
e non o podemos tratar.
02:05
We fear the certain inevitability
that comes with Ebola.
that comes with Ebola.
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Tememos o inevitable que vén co ébola.
02:08
Ebola has this inevitability
that seems to defy modern medical science.
that seems to defy modern medical science.
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O ébola ten ese lado inevitable
que parece desafiar a medicina moderna.
que parece desafiar a medicina moderna.
02:14
But wait a second, why is that?
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Pero, a que se debe?
02:16
We've known about Ebola since 1976.
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Coñecemos o ébola desde 1976.
02:20
We've known what it's capable of.
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Sabemos de que é capaz.
02:22
We've had ample opportunity to study it
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Tivemos moitas oportunidades de estudalo
02:24
in the 24 outbreaks that have occurred.
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nos 24 brotes que se produciron.
02:27
And in fact, we've actually had
vaccine candidates available now
vaccine candidates available now
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E de feito, temos
posibles vacinas dispoñibles
posibles vacinas dispoñibles
02:31
for more than a decade.
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desde hai máis dunha década.
02:33
Why is that those vaccines
are just going into clinical trials now?
are just going into clinical trials now?
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Por que os ensaios
clínicos se fan só agora?
clínicos se fan só agora?
02:38
This goes to the fundamental
problem we have
problem we have
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Isto demostra o problema
fundamental que temos
fundamental que temos
02:41
with vaccine development
for infectious diseases.
for infectious diseases.
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co desenvolvemento de vacinas
para enfermidades infecciosas.
para enfermidades infecciosas.
02:45
It goes something like this:
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O asunto é algo así:
02:47
The people most at risk for these diseases
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As persoas máis en risco
de contraer estas enfermidades
de contraer estas enfermidades
02:50
are also the ones least able
to pay for vaccines.
to pay for vaccines.
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son tamén as que menos capacidade
teñen de mercar estas vacinas.
teñen de mercar estas vacinas.
02:55
This leaves little in the way
of market incentives
of market incentives
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O que se traduce en
pouco interese no mercado
pouco interese no mercado
02:59
for manufacturers to develop vaccines,
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para os fabricantes de vacinas,
03:02
unless there are large numbers of people
who are at risk in wealthy countries.
who are at risk in wealthy countries.
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a menos que exista suficiente
demanda en países ricos.
demanda en países ricos.
03:07
It's simply too commercially risky.
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É un risco comercial demasiado alto.
03:11
As for Ebola, there is absolutely
no market at all,
no market at all,
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No caso do ébola,
non hai mercado en absoluto,
non hai mercado en absoluto,
03:15
so the only reason we have two vaccines
in late-stage clinical trials now,
in late-stage clinical trials now,
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a única razón pola que temos dúas vacinas
nas últimas fases de ensaio clínico,
nas últimas fases de ensaio clínico,
03:21
is actually because
of a somewhat misguided fear.
of a somewhat misguided fear.
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ten que ver cun certo medo infundado.
03:24
Ebola was relatively ignored
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O ébola foi relativamente ignorado
03:27
until September 11
and the anthrax attacks,
and the anthrax attacks,
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ata o 11-S e os ataques con ántrax;
03:32
when all of a sudden,
people perceived Ebola
people perceived Ebola
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de súpeto, o ébola
foi percibido pola poboación
foi percibido pola poboación
03:34
as, potentially, a bioterrorism weapon.
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como unha potencial arma bioterrorista.
03:37
Why is it that the Ebola vaccine
wasn't fully developed at this point?
wasn't fully developed at this point?
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Por que non se deseñou
a vacina do ébola nese momento?
a vacina do ébola nese momento?
03:42
Well, partially, because
it was really difficult --
it was really difficult --
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Ben, porque era moi difícil
03:44
or thought to be difficult --
to weaponize the virus,
to weaponize the virus,
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--ou iso se pensaba -- converter
un virus en arma,
un virus en arma,
03:47
but mainly because
of the financial risk in developing it.
of the financial risk in developing it.
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pero sobre todo,
polo risco financeiro que suporía.
polo risco financeiro que suporía.
03:53
And this is really the point.
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E é esta a cuestión.
03:55
The sad reality is, we develop vaccines
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A triste realidade é que
desenvolvemos vacinas
desenvolvemos vacinas
03:58
not based upon the risk
the pathogen poses to people,
the pathogen poses to people,
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non tendo en conta o risco
que o patóxeno supón,
que o patóxeno supón,
04:02
but on how economically risky it is
to develop these vaccines.
to develop these vaccines.
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senón tendo en conta o risco económico
asociado ao seu deseño.
asociado ao seu deseño.
04:06
Vaccine development
is expensive and complicated.
is expensive and complicated.
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O desenvolvemento de vacinas
é custoso e complexo.
é custoso e complexo.
04:09
It can cost hundreds
of millions of dollars
of millions of dollars
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Pode custar centos de millóns de dólares
04:11
to take even a well-known antigen
and turn it into a viable vaccine.
and turn it into a viable vaccine.
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só coller un antíxeno coñecido
e convertelo nunha vacina viable.
e convertelo nunha vacina viable.
04:17
Fortunately for diseases like Ebola,
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Por fortuna, para enfermidades
como o ébola,
como o ébola,
04:19
there are things we can do
to remove some of these barriers.
to remove some of these barriers.
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podemos facer cousas para botar
abaixo algunhas destas barreiras,
abaixo algunhas destas barreiras,
04:23
The first is to recognize
when there's a complete market failure.
when there's a complete market failure.
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A primeira é recoñecer cando
hai unha falla total no mercado.
hai unha falla total no mercado.
04:27
In that case, if we want vaccines,
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Neste caso, se queremos vacinas,
04:30
we have to provide incentives
or some type of subsidy.
or some type of subsidy.
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temos que ofrecer incentivos
ou algún tipo de subvención.
ou algún tipo de subvención.
04:36
We also need to do a better job
at being able to figure out
at being able to figure out
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Tamén temos que mellorar a forma
de identificar de maneira máis eficaz
de identificar de maneira máis eficaz
04:40
which are the diseases
that most threaten us.
that most threaten us.
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cales son as enfermidades máis perigosas.
04:43
By creating capabilities within countries,
we then create the ability
we then create the ability
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Proporcionando recursos aos países
afectados, ofréceselles a posibilidade
afectados, ofréceselles a posibilidade
04:48
for those countries to create
epidemiological and laboratory networks
epidemiological and laboratory networks
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de crear as súas propias redes
epidemiolóxicas e de laboratorios
epidemiolóxicas e de laboratorios
04:52
which are capable of collecting
and categorizing these pathogens.
and categorizing these pathogens.
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capaces de recompilar e
categorizar estes patóxenos.
categorizar estes patóxenos.
04:58
The data from that then can be used
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Estes datos podes ser usados despois
05:00
to understand the geographic
and genetic diversity,
and genetic diversity,
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para entender a diversidade
xeográfica e xenética,
xeográfica e xenética,
05:03
which then can be used
to help us understand
to help us understand
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que pode axudarnos a coñecer
05:06
how these are being changed
immunologically,
immunologically,
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qué cambios inmunolóxicos implican
05:10
and what type of reactions they promote.
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e qué tipo de reaccións promoven.
05:13
So these are the things that can be done,
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Pódense tomar algunhas destas medidas,
05:15
but to do this, if we want to deal
with a complete market failure,
with a complete market failure,
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pero para facelo, se queremos
abordar a total falla do mercado,
abordar a total falla do mercado,
05:19
we have to change the way
we view and prevent infectious diseases.
we view and prevent infectious diseases.
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temos que cambiar o xeito de ver
e prever as enfermidades infecciosas.
e prever as enfermidades infecciosas.
05:24
We have to stop waiting
until we see evidence
until we see evidence
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Temos que deixar
de esperar ata vermos probas
de esperar ata vermos probas
05:28
of a disease becoming a global threat
before we consider it as one.
before we consider it as one.
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dunha enfermidade que vai supoñer
unha ameaza global, para actuar.
unha ameaza global, para actuar.
05:34
So, for Ebola,
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Entón, no caso do ébola,
05:36
the paranoid fear
of an infectious disease,
of an infectious disease,
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o medo paranoico
a unha enfermidade infecciosa,
a unha enfermidade infecciosa,
05:40
followed by a few cases
transported to wealthy countries,
transported to wealthy countries,
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seguido por uns poucos casos
de infectados nos países ricos,
de infectados nos países ricos,
05:45
led the global community to come together,
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fixo posible unha colaboración global,
05:48
and with the work
of dedicated vaccine companies,
of dedicated vaccine companies,
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e grazas ao traballo de empresas
produtoras de vacinas,
produtoras de vacinas,
05:51
we now have these:
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agora temos isto:
05:54
Two Ebola vaccines in efficacy trials
in the Ebola countries --
in the Ebola countries --
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dúas vacinas contra o ébola probadas
en ensaios clínicos en países con ébola --
en ensaios clínicos en países con ébola --
06:00
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
06:06
and a pipeline of vaccines
that are following behind.
that are following behind.
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e seguidas doutras en camiño.
06:10
Every year, we spend billions of dollars,
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Cada ano gastamos
miles de millóns de dólares,
miles de millóns de dólares,
06:13
keeping a fleet of nuclear submarines
permanently patrolling the oceans
permanently patrolling the oceans
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en manter unha frota de submarinos
nucleares vixiando os océanos
nucleares vixiando os océanos
06:18
to protect us from a threat
that almost certainly will never happen.
that almost certainly will never happen.
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para protexernos de ameazas que
case con certeza non acontecerán.
case con certeza non acontecerán.
06:23
And yet, we spend virtually nothing
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E no entanto, non gastamos case nada
06:26
to prevent something as tangible
and evolutionarily certain
and evolutionarily certain
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en previr algo tan palpable
e evolutivamente inevitable
e evolutivamente inevitable
06:31
as epidemic infectious diseases.
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como as enfermidades
infecciosas epidémicas.
infecciosas epidémicas.
06:35
And make no mistake about it --
it's not a question of "if," but "when."
it's not a question of "if," but "when."
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E non nos equivoquemos --non é cuestión
de "se ocorrerá", senón de "cando".
de "se ocorrerá", senón de "cando".
06:38
These bugs are going to continue to evolve
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Estes bechos van seguir evolucionando
06:41
and they're going to threaten the world.
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e van pór en perigo o mundo.
06:44
And vaccines are our best defense.
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E as vacinas son a nosa mellor defensa.
06:47
So if we want to be able to prevent
epidemics like Ebola,
epidemics like Ebola,
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Así que se queremos ser quen
de previr epidemias como o ébola,
de previr epidemias como o ébola,
06:51
we need to take on the risk
of investing in vaccine development
of investing in vaccine development
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temos que arriscarnos a
investir en desenvolver vacinas
investir en desenvolver vacinas
06:55
and in stockpile creation.
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e en acumular reservas.
06:58
And we need to view this, then,
as the ultimate deterrent --
as the ultimate deterrent --
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E necesitamos ver isto, entón,
como a medida disuasoria definitiva,
como a medida disuasoria definitiva,
07:02
something we make sure is available,
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algo que sabemos que está dispoñible,
07:05
but at the same time,
praying we never have to use it.
praying we never have to use it.
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pero ao mesmo tempo,
rezamos para nunca ter que usar.
rezamos para nunca ter que usar.
07:09
Thank you.
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Grazas.
07:10
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Seth Berkley - Vaccine visionaryEpidemiologist Seth Berkley is leading the charge to make sure vaccines are available to everyone, including those living in the developing world.
Why you should listen
Seth Berkley is an epidemiologist and the CEO of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, the global health organization protecting lives by improving access to vaccines in developing countries. Seth joined Gavi in 2011 in a period of rapid acceleration of Gavi’s programs. Now, with more than half a billion children immunized, he is leading Gavi’s efforts to reach a further 300 million children in the next five years and build sustainability into country immunization programs. Prior to Gavi, he spearheaded the development of vaccines for HIV as founder and CEO of the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative.
Seth Berkley | Speaker | TED.com