TEDSalon NY2014
Laurel Braitman: Depressed dogs, cats with OCD — what animal madness means for us humans
Laurel Braitman: Depresivni psi, opsesivnokompulzivne mačke — što životinjske duševne bolesti znače za ljude?
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Readability: 4.3
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Iza svih onih smiješnih životinjskih videa nekada se kriju zanimljivi problemi nalik ljudskim. Laurel Braitman proučava nečovjekolike životinje koje pokazuju znakove duševnih poremećaja — od kompulzivnih medvjeda, autodestruktivnih štakora do majmuna s neobičnim prijateljima. Braitman se pita što mi možemo naučiti gledajući kako se životinje nose s depresijom, tugom i drugim ljudskim problemima.
Laurel Braitman - Science Historian + Writer
Science historian Laurel Braitman is the author of Animal Madness, a book that takes a close look at our non-human friends and their mental anxieties. Full bio
Science historian Laurel Braitman is the author of Animal Madness, a book that takes a close look at our non-human friends and their mental anxieties. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Oliver was an extremely dashing,
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Oliver je bio poletan,
00:17
handsome, charming and largely unstable male
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zgodan, šarmantan i prilično nestabilan
mužjak
mužjak
00:21
that I completely lost my heart to.
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koji mi je ukrao srce.
00:25
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:28
He was a Bernese mountain dog,
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Bio je on bernski planinski pas,
00:29
and my ex-husband and I adopted him,
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a moj bivši muž i ja posvojili smo ga.
00:32
and about six months in,
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Nakon otprilike šest mjeseci
00:34
we realized that he was a mess.
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shvatili smo da ima problema.
00:37
He had such paralyzing separation anxiety
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Imao je takvu paralizirajuću
separacijsku anksioznost
separacijsku anksioznost
00:39
that we couldn't leave him alone.
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da ga nismo smjeli ostaviti samog.
00:41
Once, he jumped out of our third floor apartment.
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Jednom je skočio s našeg stana
na trećem katu.
na trećem katu.
00:44
He ate fabric. He ate things, recyclables.
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Jeo je tkaninu, stvari, smeće.
00:49
He hunted flies that didn't exist.
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Lovio je nepostojeće muhe.
00:50
He suffered from hallucinations.
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Imao je halucinacije.
00:52
He was diagnosed with a canine compulsive disorder
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Dijagnosticiran mu je
pseći opsesivno-kompulzivni poremećaj,
pseći opsesivno-kompulzivni poremećaj,
00:55
and that's really just the tip of the iceberg.
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a sve je to tek vrh ledene sante.
00:59
But like with humans,
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Ali baš kao i s ljudima,
01:03
sometimes it's six months in
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nekada tek nakon šest mjeseci
01:06
before you realize that
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shvatite da
01:08
the person that you love has some issues.
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osoba koju volite nije baš sva svoja.
01:11
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:12
And most of us do not take the person we're dating
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I većina nas neće osobu s kojom hodamo
01:16
back to the bar where we met them
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vratiti u bar u kojem smo je upoznali,
01:19
or give them back to the friend that introduced us,
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ili ih vratiti prijateljima koji su
nas upoznali,
nas upoznali,
01:23
or sign them back up on Match.com.
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ili im reaktivirati korisnički
račun na Iskrici.
račun na Iskrici.
01:26
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:28
We love them anyway,
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Svejedno ih volimo
01:30
and we stick to it,
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i trpimo.
01:32
and that is what I did with my dog.
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To sam i ja učinila sa svojim psom.
01:36
And I was a — I'd studied biology.
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I bila sam — studirala sam biologiju.
01:40
I have a Ph.D. in history of science
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Imam doktorat znanosti
01:43
from MIT,
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s MIT-a i da ste me
01:44
and had you asked me 10 years ago
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prije deset godina pitali
01:46
if a dog I loved, or just dogs generally,
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ima li pas kojeg ja volim,
ili bilo koji pas,
ili bilo koji pas,
01:48
had emotions, I would have said yes,
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osjećaje, rekla bih da ima,
01:50
but I'm not sure that I would have told you
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ali nisam sigurna bih vam li rekla
01:52
that they can also wind up with an anxiety disorder,
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da i oni mogu oboljeti
od anksioznog poremećaja,
od anksioznog poremećaja,
01:54
a Prozac prescription and a therapist.
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završiti na Prozacu i s terapeutom.
01:58
But then, I fell in love, and I realized that they can,
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Ali onda sam se zaljubila
i shvatila da je to moguće,
i shvatila da je to moguće,
02:02
and actually trying to help my own dog
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a moji pokušaji da mu pomognem
02:05
overcome his panic and his anxiety,
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prebroditi paniku i anksioznost
02:07
it just changed my life.
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promijenili su mi život.
02:10
It cracked open my world.
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Prodrmali su cijeli moj svijet.
02:12
And I spent the last seven years, actually,
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I tako sam zadnjih
7 godina provela proučavajući
7 godina provela proučavajući
02:15
looking into this topic of
mental illness in other animals.
mental illness in other animals.
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problem mentalnih
bolesti i u drugih životinja.
bolesti i u drugih životinja.
02:17
Can they be mentally ill like people,
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Mogu li i one mentalno
02:19
and if so, what does it mean about us?
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oboljeti i ako je tako,
što to znači za nas?
što to znači za nas?
02:22
And what I discovered is that I do believe
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Otkrila sam da uistinu vjerujem da i one
02:24
they can suffer from mental illness,
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mogu oboljeti,
02:26
and actually looking and trying
to identify mental illness in them
to identify mental illness in them
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a promatranje i pokušavanje prepoznavanja
njihovih mentalnih bolesti može
njihovih mentalnih bolesti može
02:31
often helps us be better friends to them
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nam pomoći da im budemo
bolji prijatelji
bolji prijatelji
02:33
and also can help us better understand ourselves.
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i da bolje razumijemo sami sebe.
02:37
So let's talk about diagnosis for a minute.
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Pozabavimo se nakratko dijagnozom.
02:40
Many of us think that we can't know
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Mnogi od nas misle da ne možemo znati
02:43
what another animal is thinking,
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o čemu druga životinja razmišlja.
02:46
and that is true,
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To je istina,
02:47
but any of you in relationships —
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ali svi vi koji ste u vezama —
02:49
at least this is my case —
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barem je kod mene tako —
02:51
just because you ask someone that you're with
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samo zato što pitate svoju bolju
02:53
or your parent or your child how they feel
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polovicu ili roditelja ili dijete kako su,
02:55
doesn't mean that they can tell you.
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ne znači da vam oni to mogu reći.
02:57
They may not have words to explain
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Možda ne mogu riječima opisati
02:59
what it is that they're feeling,
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što točno osjećaju,
03:00
and they may not know.
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a možda i ne znaju.
03:02
It's actually a pretty recent phenomenon
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Ovo je zapravo prilično nov fenomen,
03:04
that we feel that we have to talk to someone
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taj osjećaj koji imamo da moramo
03:06
to understand their emotional distress.
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razgovarati s nekim
da bismo saznali što ih muči.
da bismo saznali što ih muči.
03:08
Before the early 20th century,
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Prije prve polovice 20. stoljeća
03:11
physicians often diagnosed emotional distress
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liječnici su često dijagnosticirali
duševne boli
duševne boli
03:13
in their patients just by observation.
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u pacijenata jednostavnim promatranjem.
03:17
It also turns out that thinking about
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Također, čini se da rasprave o
03:18
mental illness in other animals
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duševnim bolestima u drugih
03:20
isn't actually that much of a stretch.
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životinja i nije tako nategnuto.
03:22
Most mental disorders in the United States
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Najčešće duševne bolesti u SAD-u
03:24
are fear and anxiety disorders,
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su strah i anksiozni poremećaji,
03:27
and when you think about it, fear and anxiety
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a kad malo razmislite o tome,
strah i anksioznost
strah i anksioznost
03:29
are actually really extremely
helpful animal emotions.
helpful animal emotions.
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zapravo su iznimno korisne
životinjske emocije.
životinjske emocije.
03:33
Usually we feel fear and anxiety
in situations that are dangerous,
in situations that are dangerous,
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Obično osjećamo strah i anksioznost
u opasnim situacijama
u opasnim situacijama
03:36
and once we feel them,
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i kad ih jednom osjetimo,
03:37
we then are motivated to move away
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imamo nagon udaljiti se od
03:39
from whatever is dangerous.
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te opasnosti.
03:41
The problem is when we begin to feel fear
and anxiety in situations that don't call for it.
and anxiety in situations that don't call for it.
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Problem se stvara kad osjećamo
strah u situacijama u kojima on nije potreban
strah u situacijama u kojima on nije potreban
03:46
Mood disorders, too, may actually just be
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Poremećaji ponašanja također
mogu biti samo
mogu biti samo
03:49
the unfortunate downside of being a feeling animal,
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loša strana osjećajnosti,
03:53
and obsessive compulsive disorders also
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a opsesivno-kompulzivni poremećaji
su također
su također
03:56
are often manifestations of
a really healthy animal thing
a really healthy animal thing
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često manifestacija zdrave životinjske
potrebe
potrebe
03:59
which is keeping yourself clean and groomed.
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za održavanjem čistoće i uglađenosti.
04:02
This tips into the territory of mental illness
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O duševnoj bolesti možemo govoriti onda
04:04
when you do things like
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kada, primjerice
04:05
compulsively over-wash your hands or paws,
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kompulzivno pretjerujemo u pranju
ruku ili šapa
ruku ili šapa
04:08
or you develop a ritual that's so extreme
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ili kad razvijete toliko ekstreman ritual
04:10
that you can't sit down to a bowl of food
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da ne možete sjesti i jesti
04:12
unless you engage in that ritual.
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ukoliko prije toga ne odradite taj svoj
ritual.
ritual.
04:15
So for humans, we have the
"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual,"
"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual,"
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Mi ljudi imamo Dijagnostički i statistički
priručnik za mentalne poremećaje
priručnik za mentalne poremećaje
04:19
which is basically an atlas
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koji je zapravo atlas
04:21
of the currently agreed-upon mental disorders.
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mentalnih poremećaja o kojima trenutno
postoji suglasnost.
postoji suglasnost.
04:24
In other animals, we have YouTube.
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Za životinje imamo YouTube.
04:27
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:29
This is just one search I did for "OCD dog"
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Ovo je tek jedan rezultat pretraživanja
za "OKP pas",
za "OKP pas",
04:32
but I encourage all of you
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ali svima vam predlažem
04:33
to look at "OCD cat."
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da potražite OKP-mačku.
04:36
You will be shocked by what you see.
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Šokirat ćete se onim što vidite.
04:40
I'm going to show you just a couple examples.
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Pokazat ću vam tek nekoliko primjera.
04:44
This is an example of shadow-chasing.
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Ovo je primjer hvatanja sjene.
04:47
I know, and it's funny and in some ways it's cute.
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Znam, smiješno je i nekako i slatko.
04:50
The issue, though, is that dogs
can develop compulsions like this
can develop compulsions like this
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Problem je u tome što psi mogu razviti
kompulzivnosti poput ove
kompulzivnosti poput ove
04:54
that they then engage in all day.
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kojima se onda bave po cijele dane.
04:56
So they won't go for a walk,
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Pa ne idu u šetnje,
04:58
they won't hang out with their friends,
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ne druže se s prijateljima,
04:59
they won't eat.
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ne jedu.
05:01
They'll develop fixations
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Razviju fiksacije
05:03
like chasing their tails compulsively.
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poput kompulzivnog hvatanja
vlastitog repa.
vlastitog repa.
05:06
Here's an example of a cat named Gizmo.
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Ovo je primjer mačke imena Gizmo.
05:09
He looks like he's on a stakeout
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Izgleda kao da je u zasjedi,
05:12
but he does this for many, many, many hours a day.
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ali to čini puno, puno, puno sati u danu.
05:16
He just sits there and he will paw and paw and paw
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Samo tu sjedi i šapama dira
05:19
at the screen.
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ekran.
05:21
This is another example of what's considered
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Ovo je još jedan primjer
05:23
a stereotypic behavior.
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stereotipnog ponašanja.
05:25
This is a sun bear at the
Oakland Zoo named Ting Ting.
Oakland Zoo named Ting Ting.
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Ovo je Ting Ting, sunčani medvjed u
ZOO-u u Oaklandu.
ZOO-u u Oaklandu.
05:28
And if you just sort of happened upon this scene,
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Ukoliko naletite na ovakvu scenu,
05:29
you might think that Ting Ting
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pomislili biste da se Ting Ting
05:30
is just playing with a stick,
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samo igra štapom,
05:32
but Ting Ting does this all day,
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ali on to radi cijeli dan,
05:34
and if you pay close attention
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a ukoliko obratite pozornost
05:36
and if I showed you guys
the full half-hour of this clip,
the full half-hour of this clip,
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i ukoliko vam ja pokažem cijeli
taj polusatni video,
taj polusatni video,
05:39
you'd see that he does the exact same thing
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vidjeli biste da stalno radi
jednu te istu stvar
jednu te istu stvar
05:41
in the exact same order, and he spins the stick
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istim redoslijedom i štap vrti
05:43
in the exact same way every time.
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na jednak način svaki put.
05:46
Other super common behaviors that you may see,
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Još jedno uobičajeno ponašanje koje
možete uočiti
možete uočiti
05:48
particularly in captive animals,
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osobito kod životinja u zatočeništvu
05:50
are pacing stereotypies or swaying stereotypies,
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jest stereotipno hodanje amo-tamo i
njihanje,
njihanje,
05:55
and actually, humans do this too,
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a to rade i ljudi.
05:56
and in us, we'll sway,
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Mi se njišemo,
05:58
we'll move from side to side.
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ljuljamo.
06:00
Many of us do this, and sometimes
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Mnogi od nas to čine i ponekad to
06:02
it's an effort to soothe ourselves,
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činimo u želji da se umirimo,
06:04
and I think in other animals
that is often the case too.
that is often the case too.
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i mislim da i druge životinje to rade
upravo iz tog razloga.
upravo iz tog razloga.
06:06
But it's not just stereotypic behaviors
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Ali životinje se ne upuštaju samo
06:08
that other animals engage in.
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u stereotipna ponašanja.
06:10
This is Gigi. She's a gorilla that lives
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Ovo je Gigi, ženka gorile koja živi
06:12
at the Franklin Park Zoo in Boston.
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u Bostonu u ZOO Franklin Park.
06:13
She actually has a Harvard psychiatrist,
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Ona čak ima harvardskog psihijatra i
06:16
and she's been treated for a mood disorder
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između ostaloga, tretirana je protiv
06:17
among other things.
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poremećaja ponašanja.
06:19
Many animals develop mood disorders.
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Mnoge životinje razvijaju
poremećaje raspoloženja.
poremećaje raspoloženja.
06:22
Lots of creatures —
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Mnoga stvorenja —
06:23
this horse is just one example —
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ovaj je konj tek jedan
primjer —
primjer —
06:25
develop self-destructive behaviors.
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razvijaju autodestruktivna ponašanja.
06:27
They'll gnaw on things
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Grizu stvari
06:28
or do other things that may also soothe them,
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ili se bave drugim umirujućim
aktivnostima,
aktivnostima,
06:30
even if they're self-destructive,
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pa čak i ako su autodestruktivne,
06:32
which could be considered similar
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koje su slične načinima
06:33
to the ways that some humans cut themselves.
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na koje se ljudi režu.
06:37
Plucking.
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Čupanje.
06:38
Turns out, if you have fur or feathers or skin,
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Ispada da ukoliko imate krzno ili perje
ili pak kožu,
ili pak kožu,
06:42
you can pluck yourself compulsively,
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možete se kompulzivno čupati.
06:44
and some parrots actually have been studied
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Neke su papige istraživane radi
06:46
to better understand trichotillomania,
or compulsive plucking in humans,
or compulsive plucking in humans,
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boljeg razumijevanja trihotilomanije iliti
kompulzivnog čupanja kod ljudi,
kompulzivnog čupanja kod ljudi,
06:49
something that affects
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nečega što trenutno muči
06:51
20 million Americans right now.
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20 milijuna Amerikanaca.
06:53
Lab rats pluck themselves too.
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I laboratorijski štakori se čupkaju.
06:55
In them, it's called barbering.
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Kod njih se to zove "brijanje".
06:57
Canine veterans of conflicts of Iraq and Afghanistan
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Pseći veterani konflikata
u Iraku i Afganistanu
u Iraku i Afganistanu
07:00
are coming back with what's
considered canine PTSD,
considered canine PTSD,
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vraćaju se s tzv. psećim PTSP-om
07:03
and they're having a hard time reentering civilian life
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i suočavaju se s teškoćama reintegracije
u civilni život kad
u civilni život kad
07:06
when they come back from deployments.
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se vrate s ratišta.
07:07
They can be too scared to
approach men with beards
approach men with beards
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Pretjerano se boje prilaženja
bradatog čovjeka
bradatog čovjeka
07:10
or to hop into cars.
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ili uskakanja u automobile.
07:13
I want to be careful and be clear, though.
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Želim da nešto bude jasno.
07:15
I do not think that canine PTSD
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Ne mislim da je pseći PTSP
07:18
is the same as human PTSD.
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isto što i ljudski PTSP.
07:21
But I also do not think that my PTSD
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Ali isto tako, ne mislim da je moj PTSP
07:23
is like your PTSD,
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poput vašeg.
07:24
or that my anxiety or that my sadness is like yours.
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Ili da je moja anksioznost
ili tuga poput vaše.
ili tuga poput vaše.
07:28
We are all different.
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Svi smo različiti.
07:30
We also all have very different susceptibilities.
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Također, nismo jednako osjetljivi.
07:33
So two dogs, raised in the same household,
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Tako da kod dva psa odgojena
u istom domaćinstvu,
u istom domaćinstvu,
07:36
exposed to the very same things,
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izložena istim stvarima,
07:39
one may develop, say, a
debilitating fear of motorcycles,
debilitating fear of motorcycles,
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jedan može razviti, primjerice snažan
strah prema motorima
strah prema motorima
07:43
or a phobia of the beep of the microwave,
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ili fobiju od zvona mikrovalne pećnice,
07:45
and another one is going to be just fine.
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a drugi može biti sasvim zdrav.
07:47
So one thing that people ask me pretty frequently:
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Ljudi me često pitaju:
07:50
Is this just an instance of humans
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jesu li ljudi ti koji
07:52
driving other animals crazy?
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izluđuju životinje?
07:54
Or, is animal mental illness just
a result of mistreatment or abuse?
a result of mistreatment or abuse?
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Ili je životinjska duševna bolest tek
rezultat lošeg tretmana i zlostavljanja?
rezultat lošeg tretmana i zlostavljanja?
07:58
And it turns out we're actually
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I ispada da smo mi zapravo
07:59
so much more complicated than that.
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puno kompliciraniji.
08:03
So one great thing that has happened to me
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Dogodila mi se jedna sjajna stvar.
08:06
is recently I published a book on this,
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Nedavno sam objavila knjigu o ovome
08:09
and every day now that I open my email
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i sada svaki dan kad provjeravam e-mail,
08:13
or when I go to a reading
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ili idem na čitanje
08:14
or even when I go to a cocktail party,
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2112
ili čak i na tulum,
08:16
people tell me their stories
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ljudi mi pričaju svoje priče
08:18
of the animals that they have met.
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o životinjama koje su upoznali.
08:20
And recently, I did a reading in California,
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Nedavno sam imala čitanje u Kaliforniji.
08:23
and a woman raised her hand
after the talk and she said,
after the talk and she said,
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i kada sam završila, j
edna je žena podigla ruku i rekla:
edna je žena podigla ruku i rekla:
08:25
"Dr. Braitman, I think my cat has PTSD."
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493450
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"Dr. Braitman, mislim da moja
mačka ima PTSP."
mačka ima PTSP."
08:29
And I said, "Well, why? Tell me a little bit about it."
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Rekoh: "Zašto? Recite mi malo o tome."
08:32
So, Ping is her cat. She was a rescue,
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3419
Ping je udomljena mačka
08:35
and she used to live with an elderly man,
200
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2722
koja je nekoć živjela sa starijim čovjekom
08:38
and one day the man was vacuuming
201
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2271
i jednog dana on je usisavao,
08:40
and he suffered a heart attack, and he died.
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2825
doživio srčani udar i umro.
08:43
A week later, Ping was discovered in the apartment
203
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2934
Tjedan dana kasnije,
Ping su pronašli u stanu
Ping su pronašli u stanu
08:46
alongside the body of her owner,
204
514661
1994
pored tijela njenog vlasnika,
08:48
and the vacuum had been running the entire time.
205
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3387
a usisavač je radio cijelo vrijeme.
08:52
For many months, up to I think
two years after that incident,
two years after that incident,
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Mjesecima, a i otprilike dvije godine
nakon tog incidenta,
nakon tog incidenta,
08:57
she was so scared she couldn't be in
the house when anyone was cleaning.
the house when anyone was cleaning.
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525350
2610
toliko se bojala da nije mogla biti u kući
kad se u njoj čistilo.
kad se u njoj čistilo.
08:59
She was quite literally a scaredy cat.
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To je doslovno bila plašljiva maca.
09:01
She would hide in the closet.
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Skrivala se u ormar.
09:04
She was un-self-confident and shaky,
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1802
Bila je nesamouvjerena i tresla se,
09:05
but with the loving support of her family,
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2338
ali uz brižnu potporu obitelji,
09:08
a lot of a time, and their patience,
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2396
puno vremena i strpljenja,
09:10
now, three years later,
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1254
sada, tri godine kasnije
09:11
she's actually a happy, confident cat.
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ona je sretna, samouvjerena maca.
09:15
Another story of trauma and
recovery that I came across
recovery that I came across
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2955
Još jedna priča o traumi i oporavku
na koju sam naletjela
na koju sam naletjela
09:18
was actually a few years ago.
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546180
1496
prije nekoliko godina.
09:19
I was in Thailand to do some research.
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Istraživala sam na Tajlandu.
09:21
I met a monkey named Boonlua,
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Upoznala sam majmuna Boonlua.
09:25
and when Boonlua was a baby,
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2272
Kad je Boonlua bio tek beba,
09:27
he was attacked by a pack of dogs,
220
555282
2014
napao ga je čopor pasa
09:29
and they ripped off both of his legs and one arm,
221
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4844
i otkinuli su mu obje noge i jednu ruku.
09:34
and Boonlua dragged himself to a monastery,
222
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Boonlua se odvukao do samostana
09:37
where the monks took him in.
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1551
gdje su ga primili redovnici.
09:38
They called in a veterinarian,
who treated his wounds.
who treated his wounds.
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2611
Pozvali su veterinara
koji mu je zaliječio rane.
koji mu je zaliječio rane.
09:41
Eventually, Boonlua wound up
225
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2215
Na kraju je Boonlua završio u
09:43
at an elephant facility,
226
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1793
centru za slonove
09:45
and the keepers really decided
to take him under their wing,
to take him under their wing,
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i čuvari su odlučili uzeti ga
pod svoje okrilje,
pod svoje okrilje,
09:48
and they figured out what he liked,
228
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1363
shvatili su što voli,
09:49
which, it turned out, was mint Mentos
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577785
2019
a to su bili Mentos bomboni,
09:51
and Rhinoceros beetles and eggs.
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579804
3477
jelenak i jaja.
09:55
But they worried, because he
was social, that he was lonely,
was social, that he was lonely,
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3172
No brinuli su se jer je bio
društven, da bi mogao biti usamljen,
društven, da bi mogao biti usamljen,
09:58
and they didn't want to put
him in with another monkey,
him in with another monkey,
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1767
a nisu ga htjeli staviti s drugim majmunom
10:00
because they thought with just one arm,
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1203
jer su mislili da se s jednom rukom
10:01
he wouldn't be able to defend himself or even play.
234
589423
2795
ne bi mogao ni braniti
ni igrati.
ni igrati.
10:04
And so they gave him a rabbit,
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2486
Stoga su mu dali zeca
10:06
and Boonlua was immediately a different monkey.
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2813
i Boonlua je odmah postao
sasvim drugi majmunčić.
sasvim drugi majmunčić.
10:09
He was extremely happy to be with this rabbit.
237
597517
1982
Jako se volio družiti s ovim zecom.
10:11
They groomed each other,
they become close friends,
they become close friends,
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2280
Međusobno su se timarili
i postali dobri prijatelji,
i postali dobri prijatelji,
10:13
and then the rabbit had bunnies,
239
601779
2703
i onda je zec dobio zečiće
10:16
and Boonlua was even happier than he was before,
240
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2857
i Boonlua je postao još sretniji,
10:19
and it had in a way given him
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2250
i to mu je dalo
10:21
a reason to wake up in the morning,
242
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1845
razlog da se ujutro budi
10:23
and in fact it gave him such a reason to wake up
243
611434
1754
i zapravo mu je to
dalo toliko razloga da se
dalo toliko razloga da se
10:25
that he decided not to sleep.
244
613188
2003
budi da je odlučio ne spavati.
10:27
He became extremely protective of these bunnies,
245
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3619
Postao je krajnje zaštitnički nastrojen
prema zečićima,
prema zečićima,
10:30
and he stopped sleeping,
246
618810
1248
prestao je spavati,
10:32
and he would sort of nod off
247
620058
1441
i znao je zadrijemati dok se
10:33
while trying to take care of them.
248
621499
1891
pokušavao brinuti za njih.
10:35
In fact, he was so protective and so affectionate
249
623390
2443
Bio je toliko zaštitnički nastrojen
i nježan
i nježan
10:37
with these babies that the sanctuary
250
625833
1755
da mu je sklonište na kraju moralo
10:39
eventually had to take them away from him
251
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2362
oduzeti zečiće jer je bio
10:41
because he was so protective, he was worried
252
629950
1935
toliko zaštitnički nastrojen da se
10:43
that their mother might hurt them.
253
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1879
bojao da će im njihova majka nauditi.
10:45
So after they were taken away, the sanctuary staff
254
633764
1844
Nakon što su ih oduzeli, osoblje
10:47
worried that he would fall into a depression,
255
635608
1609
se brinulo da će pasti u depresiju
10:49
and so to avoid that,
256
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1232
i kako bi to izbjegli,
10:50
they gave him another rabbit friend.
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2998
dali su mu drugog zeca.
10:53
(Laughter)
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3357
(Smijeh)
10:56
My official opinion is that
he does not look depressed.
he does not look depressed.
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644804
2705
Moje službeno mišljenje glasi:
ne izgleda depresivno.
ne izgleda depresivno.
10:59
(Laughter)
260
647509
1950
(Smijeh)
11:01
So one thing that I would really like people to feel
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4362
Želim da se ljudi
11:05
is that you really should feel empowered
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3079
uistinu osjećaju
11:08
to make some assumptions
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2473
sposobno praviti pretpostavke
11:11
about the creatures that you know well.
264
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1823
o stvorenjima koje dobro poznaju.
11:13
So when it comes to your dog
265
661196
1800
Bilo da se radi o vašem psu,
11:14
or your cat or maybe your one-armed monkey
266
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2318
mački ili jednorukom majmunu
11:17
that you happen to know,
267
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1428
kojeg poznajete,
11:18
if you think that they are traumatized or depressed,
268
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3795
ukoliko mislite da su traumatizirani
ili depresivni,
ili depresivni,
11:22
you're probably right.
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2126
vjerojatno ste u pravu.
11:24
This is extremely anthropomorphic,
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672663
2808
Ovo je krajnje antropomorfno,
11:27
or the assignation of human characteristics
271
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2993
odnosno pridaju se ljudske osobine
11:30
onto non-human animals or things.
272
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3652
nečovjekolikim životinjama ili stvarima.
11:34
I don't think, though, that that's a problem.
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2141
Ja mislim da to nije problem.
11:36
I don't think that we can not anthropomorphize.
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2092
Mislim da ne možemo ne
antropomorfizirati.
antropomorfizirati.
11:38
It's not as if you can take your
human brain out of your head
human brain out of your head
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2902
Nije da možemo uzeti
svoj ljudski mozak iz glave
svoj ljudski mozak iz glave
11:41
and put it in a jar and then use it
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2104
i pohraniti ga u staklenku i koristiti ga
11:43
to think about another animal thinking.
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2205
da razmišljamo o razmišljanju
druge životinje.
druge životinje.
11:45
We will always be one animal wondering
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2598
Uvijek ćemo biti jedna životinja
koja se pita
koja se pita
11:48
about the emotional experience of another animal.
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2520
o emocionalnim iskustvima
druge životinje.
druge životinje.
11:50
So then the choice becomes, how
do you anthropomorphize well?
do you anthropomorphize well?
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2993
Kako dobro antropomorfizirati?
11:53
Or do you anthropomorphize poorly?
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2260
Ili loše?
11:55
And anthropomorphizing poorly
282
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2284
A loše antropomorfiziranje jako
11:58
is all too common.
283
706215
2165
je često.
12:00
(Laughter)
284
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1632
(Smijeh)
12:02
It may include dressing your corgis
up and throwing them a wedding,
up and throwing them a wedding,
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2604
Može uključivati kostimiranje korgija
za vjenčanje
za vjenčanje
12:04
or getting too close to exotic wildlife because
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2656
ili pretjerano približavanje divljim
životinjama s kojima
životinjama s kojima
12:07
you believe that you had a spiritual connection.
287
715272
1956
mislite da ste duhovno povezani.
12:09
There's all manner of things.
288
717228
1978
Ima svakakvih stvari.
12:11
Anthropomorphizing well, however, I believe is based
289
719206
3906
Vjerujem da se dobro antropomorfiziranje
temelji na
temelji na
12:15
on accepting our animal
similarities with other species
similarities with other species
290
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2718
prihvaćanju naših životinjskih sličnosti s
drugim vrstama
drugim vrstama
12:17
and using them to make assumptions
291
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2807
i njihova upotreba u stvaranju
informiranih pretpostavki o
informiranih pretpostavki o
12:20
that are informed about other
animals' minds and experiences,
animals' minds and experiences,
292
728637
3639
umovima drugih životinja
i njihovim iskustvima.
i njihovim iskustvima.
12:24
and there's actually an entire industry
293
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2546
Postoji cijela industrija
12:26
that is in some ways based
on anthropomorphizing well,
on anthropomorphizing well,
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2970
utemeljena na dobrom antropomorfiziranju,
12:29
and that is the psychopharmaceutical industry.
295
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3161
a to je psihofarmaceutska industrija.
12:32
One in five Americans is currently
taking a psychopharmaceutical drug,
taking a psychopharmaceutical drug,
296
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4520
Svaki peti Amerikanac trenutno koristi
neki psihoaktivni lijek,
neki psihoaktivni lijek,
12:37
from the antidepressants
and antianxiety medications
and antianxiety medications
297
745473
2655
od antidepresiva, lijekova protiv
anksioznosti
anksioznosti
12:40
to the antipsychotics.
298
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1822
pa sve do antipsihotika.
12:41
It turns out that we owe this
299
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1834
Ispada da za cijeli ovaj
12:43
entire psychopharmaceutical arsenal
300
751784
2373
arsenal psihoaktivnih lijekova možemo
12:46
to other animals.
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1732
zahvaliti drugim životinjama.
12:47
These drugs were tested in non-human animals first,
302
755889
2510
Ovi su lijekovi najprije testirani na
nečovjekolikim životinjama,
nečovjekolikim životinjama,
12:50
and not just for toxicity but for behavioral effects.
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3936
i to ne samo na toksičnost
već i na posljedice u ponašanju.
već i na posljedice u ponašanju.
12:54
The very popular antipsychotic Thorazine
304
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3184
Popularan antipsihotik Thorazine
12:57
first relaxed rats before it relaxed people.
305
765519
3746
opuštao je štakore prije no što su
ljudi došli na red.
ljudi došli na red.
13:01
The antianxiety medication Librium
306
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2161
Librium, lijek protiv anksioznosti,
13:03
was given to cats selected for
their meanness in the 1950s
their meanness in the 1950s
307
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3823
u 50-ima je davan mačkama izabranima
po kriteriju "zloće"
po kriteriju "zloće"
13:07
and made them into peaceable felines.
308
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2391
kako bi ih pretvorio u miroljubive mace.
13:09
And even antidepressants
were first tested in rabbits.
were first tested in rabbits.
309
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4560
Čak su i antidepresivi najprije testirani
na zečevima.
na zečevima.
13:14
Today, however, we are not just giving these drugs
310
782200
2904
Kako bilo, u današnje vrijeme ove
lijekove ne dajemo
lijekove ne dajemo
13:17
to other animals as test subjects,
311
785104
2351
drugim životinjama samo radi
testiranja
testiranja
13:19
but they're giving them these drugs as patients,
312
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2491
već i radi njihova liječenja,
13:21
both in ethical and much less ethical ways.
313
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4483
i na etičke i na neetičke načine.
13:26
SeaWorld gives mother orcas
antianxiety medications
antianxiety medications
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3870
SeaWorld daje majkama orkama
lijekove protiv anksioznosti
lijekove protiv anksioznosti
13:30
when their calves are taken away.
315
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2644
kada im odvode mlade.
13:32
Many zoo gorillas have been given antipsychotics
316
800943
2283
Mnogim se gorilama u ZOO-u daju
antipsihotici
antipsihotici
13:35
and antianxiety medications.
317
803226
2066
i lijekovi protiv anksioznosti.
13:37
But dogs like my own Oliver
318
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2873
Ali psima poput mog Olivera
13:40
are given antidepressants and
some antianxiety medications
some antianxiety medications
319
808165
3239
daju se antidepresivi i neki lijekovi
protiv anksioznosti
protiv anksioznosti
13:43
to keep them from jumping out of buildings
320
811404
1736
kako ne bi skakali sa zgrada ili
13:45
or jumping into traffic.
321
813140
2063
u promet.
13:47
Just recently, actually, a study came out in "Science"
322
815203
3199
Nedavno je u časopisu "Science"
izašla studija koja je pokazala
izašla studija koja je pokazala
13:50
that showed that even crawdads
323
818402
1829
da lijekovi protiv anksioznosti
13:52
responded to antianxiety medication.
324
820231
2224
djeluju čak i na slatkovodne rakove.
13:54
It made them braver, less skittish,
325
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2275
Od njih su bili hrabriji, manje ćudljivi i
13:56
and more likely to explore their environment.
326
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5050
skloniji istraživanju okoliša.
14:01
It's hard to know how many
animals are on these drugs,
animals are on these drugs,
327
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2358
Teško je znati koliko je životinja
na ovim lijekovima,
na ovim lijekovima,
14:04
but I can tell you that the
animal pharmaceutical industry
animal pharmaceutical industry
328
832138
3464
ali mogu vam reći da je
životinjska farmaceutska industrija
životinjska farmaceutska industrija
14:07
is immense and growing,
329
835602
1788
ogromna i u porastu,
14:09
from seven billion dollars in 2011
330
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2723
od 7 milijardi dolara u 2011. g.
14:12
to a projected 9.25 billion by the year 2015.
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do projiciranih 9.25 milijardi
do kraja 2015. godine.
do kraja 2015. godine.
14:17
Some animals are on these drugs indefinitely.
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Neke su životinje na ovim lijekovima
na
neodređeno.
na
neodređeno.
14:21
Others, like one bonobo who lives in Milwaukee
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Druge, poput jedne patuljaste čimpanze
iz ZOO-a u Milwaukeeu
iz ZOO-a u Milwaukeeu
14:25
at the zoo there was on them
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bio je na njima sve dok
14:27
until he started to save his Paxil prescription
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nije počeo čuvati svoje
tabletice Paxila
tabletice Paxila
14:29
and then distribute it among the other bonobos.
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i dijeliti ih drugim patuljastim čimpanzama.
14:31
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Smijeh) (Pljesak)
14:36
More than psychopharmaceuticals, though,
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Osim psihofarmaceutika
14:39
there are many, many, many other
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postoje i mnoge, mnoge, mnoge druge
14:42
therapeutic interventions that help other creatures.
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terapeutske intervencije koje pomažu
drugim životinjama.
drugim životinjama.
14:44
And here is a place where I think actually
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Mislim da je baš to ono
14:47
that veterinary medicine can teach something
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čemu veterinarska medicina
14:49
to human medicine,
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može poučiti onu ljudsku,
14:51
which is, if you take your dog, who is, say,
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ukoliko odvedemo psa koji
14:53
compulsively chasing his tail,
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kompulzivno hvata vlastiti rep
14:55
into the veterinary behaviorist,
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kod veterinarskog biheviorista,
14:56
their first action isn't to reach
for the prescription pad;
for the prescription pad;
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oni se neće odmah uhvatiti pisanja recepta,
14:59
it's to ask you about your dog's life.
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nego će pitati o životu vašeg psa.
15:02
They want to know how often your dog gets outside.
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Zanimat će ih koliko često izlazi van.
15:05
They want to know how much
exercise your dog is getting.
exercise your dog is getting.
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Ili koliko vježba.
15:08
They want to know how much social time
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Ili koliko se druži
15:09
with other dogs and other humans.
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s drugim psima i ljudima.
15:12
They want to talk to you
about what sorts of therapies,
about what sorts of therapies,
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Zanimat će ih kakve ste vrste terapija,
15:14
largely behavior therapies,
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uglavnom bihevioralnih terapija,
15:16
you've tried with that animal.
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isprobali na njemu.
15:19
Those are the things that
often tend to help the most,
often tend to help the most,
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2397
To su stvari koje su od najveće pomoći,
15:21
especially when combined with
psychopharmaceuticals.
psychopharmaceuticals.
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pogotovo kada se kombiniraju
sa psihofarmaceuticima.
sa psihofarmaceuticima.
15:24
The thing, though, I believe, that helps the most,
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Ono što ja mislim da najviše pomaže
15:27
particularly with social animals,
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pogotovo društvenim životinjama,
15:29
is time with other social animals.
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jest druženje s drugim
društvenim životinjama.
društvenim životinjama.
15:32
In many ways, I feel like I became a service animal
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3908
Osjećam se kao da sam postala
uslužna životinja
uslužna životinja
15:36
to my own dog,
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2504
vlastitom psu.
15:38
and I have seen parrots do it for people
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4027
Vidjela sam papige koje to rade za ljude
15:42
and people do it for parrots
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i ljude koji to rade za papige.
15:44
and dogs do it for elephants
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Psi za slonove
15:46
and elephants do it for other elephants.
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i slonovi za druge slonove.
15:49
I don't know about you;
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Ne znam za vas, ali meni
15:50
I get a lot of Internet forwards
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često prosljeđuju internetske stranice
15:53
of unlikely animal friendships.
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neobičnih životinjskih prijateljstava.
15:55
I also think it's a huge part of Facebook,
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3287
Mislim da je za to uvelike zaslužan
Facebook,
Facebook,
15:58
the monkey that adopts the cat
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2877
majmun koji usvaja mačku,
16:01
or the great dane who adopted the orphaned fawn,
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4636
doga koja usvaja siroto lane,
16:06
or the cow that makes friends with the pig,
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krava koja se sprijateljila sa svinjom.
16:09
and had you asked me eight,
nine years ago, about these,
nine years ago, about these,
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3936
Da ste me pitali prije osam-devet godina
što mislim o tome,
što mislim o tome,
16:13
I would have told you that they
were hopelessly sentimental
were hopelessly sentimental
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2490
rekla bih vam da su to
pretjerano sentimentalni
pretjerano sentimentalni
16:15
and maybe too anthropomorphic in the wrong way
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3123
i možda čak i na loš način
preantropomorfizirani primjeri,
preantropomorfizirani primjeri,
16:18
and maybe even staged, and what I can tell you now
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a možda čak i iscenirani, a ono što vam sada
mogu reći
mogu reći
16:21
is that there is actually something to this.
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2952
jest da ima nešto u ovome.
16:24
This is legit. In fact, some interesting studies
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3595
Ovo je stvarno.
Štoviše, neke zanimljive studije
Štoviše, neke zanimljive studije
16:28
have pointed to oxytocin levels,
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ističu razine oksitocina.
16:30
which are a kind of bonding hormone
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2596
To je vrsta "vezivnog hormona" koji
16:32
that we release when we're having sex or nursing
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otpuštamo za vrijeme spolne aktivnosti
ili dojenja
ili dojenja
16:35
or around someone that we care for extremely,
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2589
ili u blizini nekoga do koga nam je
iznimno stalo.
iznimno stalo.
16:37
oxytocin levels raising in both humans and dogs
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2492
Razine oksitocina povećavaju se
i kod ljudi i kod
i kod ljudi i kod
16:40
who care about each other
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1394
pasa koji brinu jedno o drugom
16:41
or who enjoy each other's company,
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1660
ili uživaju u njihovu društvu.
16:43
and beyond that, other studies show that oxytocin
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2309
Druge studije pokazuju da se
razine oksitocina
razine oksitocina
16:45
raised even in other pairs of animals,
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2136
povećavaju i u
drugih životinjskih parova.
drugih životinjskih parova.
16:47
so, say, in goats and dogs who were
friends and played with each other,
friends and played with each other,
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Primjerice, kod koza i pasa koji su bili
prijatelji i koji su se zajedno igrali,
prijatelji i koji su se zajedno igrali,
16:51
their levels spiked afterwards.
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4459
nakon toga razine su im naglo porasle.
16:55
I have a friend who really showed me that
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2767
Imam prijatelja koji mi je uistinu pokazao
16:58
mental health is in fact a two-way street.
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2424
da je mentalno zdravlje uistinu
dvosmjerna ulica.
dvosmjerna ulica.
17:00
His name is Lonnie Hodge,
and he's a veteran of Vietnam.
and he's a veteran of Vietnam.
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3999
Ime mu je Lonnie Hodge i on je
vijetnamski veteran.
vijetnamski veteran.
17:04
When he returned, he started working
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2622
Kad se vratio, počeo je raditi
17:07
with survivors of genocide and a lot of people
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2643
s osobama koje su preživjele
genocid i s onima
genocid i s onima
17:10
who had gone through war trauma.
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1528
koji su doživjeli ratne traume.
17:11
And he had PTSD and also a fear of heights,
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2484
Imao je PTSP i strah od visina jer se
17:14
because in Vietnam, he had been
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1899
u Vijetnamu unatraške spuštao
17:16
rappelling backwards out of helicopters
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2245
iz helikoptera,
17:18
over the skids,
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1435
preko skija za slijetanje.
17:19
and he was givena service dog
named Gander, a labradoodle,
named Gander, a labradoodle,
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1027730
3069
Dobio je Gandera, psa pomagača,
križanca pudlice i labradora,
križanca pudlice i labradora,
17:22
to help him with PTSD and his fear of heights.
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3451
da mu pomogne nositi se s PTSP-om i
strahom od visina.
strahom od visina.
17:26
This is them actually on the first day that they met,
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2660
Ovo je s dana njihovog prvog susreta,
17:28
which is amazing, and since then,
404
1036910
2592
što je divno, i od tada su
17:31
they've spent a lot of time together
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1039502
1765
proveli puno vremena skupa
17:33
visiting with other veterans
suffering from similar issues.
suffering from similar issues.
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4250
posjećujući druge veterane koji pate
od sličnih problema.
od sličnih problema.
17:37
But what's so interesting to me about
Lonnie and Gander's relationship
Lonnie and Gander's relationship
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3062
Ono što je meni posebno zanimljivo kod
njihovog odnosa
njihovog odnosa
17:40
is about a few months in,
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1778
jest to što je nakon nekoliko mjeseci
17:42
Gander actually developed a fear of heights,
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3327
Gander razvio strah od visina,
17:45
probably because he was
watching Lonnie so closely.
watching Lonnie so closely.
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4297
vjerojatno zato što je tako pomno
promatrao Lonnija.
promatrao Lonnija.
17:49
What's pretty great about this, though,
is that he's still a fantastic service dog,
is that he's still a fantastic service dog,
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Odlično je to što je on još uvijek
sjajan pas pomagač
sjajan pas pomagač
17:53
because now, when they're both at a great height,
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2535
jer sada kada se oboje nađu
na velikim visinama,
na velikim visinama,
17:55
Lonnie is so concerned with Gander's well-being
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3358
Lonnie je toliko zabrinut za Gandera da
17:59
that he forgets to be scared of the heights himself.
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zaboravi na vlastiti strah.
18:05
Since I've spent so much time with these stories,
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3281
Budući da sam toliko vremena provela
među ovim pričama,
među ovim pričama,
18:08
digging into archives,
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1404
kopajući po arhivima,
18:10
I literally spent years doing this research,
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2454
doslovno sam provela godine na ovom
istraživanju,
istraživanju,
18:12
and it's changed me.
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2300
to me je promijenilo.
18:14
I no longer look at animals at the species level.
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3936
Na životinje više ne gledam kao na vrstu.
18:18
I look at them as individuals,
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Na njih gledam kao na pojedince,
18:20
and I think about them as creatures
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a o njima razmišljam kao o bićima
18:22
with their own individual weather systems
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s njihovim vlastitim vremenskim
sustavima koji upravlja
sustavima koji upravlja
18:25
guiding their behavior and informing
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1712
njihovim ponašanjem i informira
18:26
how they respond to the world.
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o tome kako odgovaraju na svijet.
18:29
And I really believe that this has made me
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Uistinu vjerujem da me je to učinilo
18:32
a more curious and a more empathetic person,
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znatiželjnijom i empatičnijom osobom,
18:34
both to the animals that share my bed
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i prema životinjama koje spavaju u mom
krevetu
krevetu
18:37
and occasionally wind up on my plate,
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2126
i povremeno mi skaču u tanjur,
18:40
but also to the people that I know
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2850
i prema ljudima za koje znam da
18:42
who are suffering from anxiety
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pate od anksioznosti
18:45
and from phobias and all manner of other things,
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2627
i fobija i drugih stvari.
18:48
and I really do believe that
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1975
Uistinu vjerujem da
18:50
even though you can't know exactly
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iako ne možemo znati što se točno
18:52
what's going on in the mind of a pig
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3387
mota glavom svinje ili
18:56
or your pug or your partner,
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2107
mopsa ili vašeg partnera,
18:58
that that shouldn't stop you
from empathizing with them.
from empathizing with them.
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3807
to vas ne bi trebalo omesti
u suosjećanju s njima.
u suosjećanju s njima.
19:02
The best thing that we could do for our loved ones
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Najbolja stvar koju možemo
napraviti za svoje
napraviti za svoje
19:04
is, perhaps, to anthropomorphize them.
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4296
voljene možda je da ih antropomorfiziramo.
19:08
Charles Darwin's father once told him
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Darwinov otac jednom mu je rekao
19:12
that everybody could lose their mind at some point.
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da svatko može izgubiti razum
u određenom trenutku.
u određenom trenutku.
19:17
Thankfully, we can often find them again,
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2831
Srećom, često ga možemo ponovno pronaći,
19:20
but only with each other's help.
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ali samo uz tuđu pomoć.
19:22
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
19:24
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Laurel Braitman - Science Historian + WriterScience historian Laurel Braitman is the author of Animal Madness, a book that takes a close look at our non-human friends and their mental anxieties.
Why you should listen
Laurel Braitman is a science historian who wants to know: Why is your cat so sad? For her book Animal Madness, the TED Fellow delves into the history of mental illness in animals, revealing a world of parrots that pluck themselves, cats with PTSD and donkeys with deep neuroses. Braitman holds a PhD in history and anthropology of science from MIT and works as an affiliate artist at the Headlands Center for the Arts.
More profile about the speakerLaurel Braitman | Speaker | TED.com