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Tony Wyss-Coray: How young blood might help reverse aging. Yes, really
Tony Wyss-Coray: Kako bi mlada krv mogla pomoći u obratu starenja. Da, stvarno.
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Tony Wyss-Coray izučava utjecas starenja na ljudsko tijelo i mozak. U ovom govoru koji otvara oči, on dijeli novo istraživanje svog laboratorija na Stanfordu i drugih ekipa koje pokazuje da rješenje za neke manje aspekte starenja možda zapravo leži u nama.
Tony Wyss-Coray - Brain scientist
At his lab at Stanford School of Medicine, Tony Wyss-Coray studies aging -- and potential cures for it. Full bio
At his lab at Stanford School of Medicine, Tony Wyss-Coray studies aging -- and potential cures for it. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
This is a painting from the 16th century
from Lucas Cranach the Elder.
from Lucas Cranach the Elder.
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Ovo je slika iz 16.stoljeća,
Lucas Cranacha starijeg.
Lucas Cranacha starijeg.
00:18
It shows the famous Fountain of Youth.
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Prikazuje poznatu Fontanu mladosti.
00:21
If you drink its water or you bathe in it,
you will get health and youth.
you will get health and youth.
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Ako popijete vodu iz nje ili se okupate
u njoj,dobit ćete zdravlje i mladost.
u njoj,dobit ćete zdravlje i mladost.
00:27
Every culture, every civilization
has dreamed of finding eternal youth.
has dreamed of finding eternal youth.
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Svaka kultura, svaka civilizacija je
sanjala o pronalasku vječne mladosti.
sanjala o pronalasku vječne mladosti.
00:34
There are people like Alexander the Great
or Ponce De León, the explorer,
or Ponce De León, the explorer,
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Postojali su ljudi, poput Aleksandra
Velikog ili Ponce De Leona, istraživača,
Velikog ili Ponce De Leona, istraživača,
00:38
who spent much of their life
chasing the Fountain of Youth.
chasing the Fountain of Youth.
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koji su proveli većinu svog života u
potrazi za Fontanom mladosti.
potrazi za Fontanom mladosti.
00:42
They didn't find it.
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Nisu ju pronašli.
00:45
But what if there was something to it?
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Ali što ako ima nešto u tome?
00:48
What if there was something
to this Fountain of Youth?
to this Fountain of Youth?
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Što ako ima nešto u Fontani
mladosti?
mladosti?
00:51
I will share an absolutely amazing
development in aging research
development in aging research
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Podijelit ću apsolutno nevjerojatan razvoj
u istraživanju starenja
u istraživanju starenja
00:56
that could revolutionize
the way we think about aging
the way we think about aging
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koji bi mogao revolucionirati način na
koji mislimo o starenju
koji mislimo o starenju
01:00
and how we may treat age-related
diseases in the future.
diseases in the future.
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i način na koji bismo u budućnosti
mogli tretirati bolesti povezane sa starenjem.
mogli tretirati bolesti povezane sa starenjem.
01:04
It started with experiments that showed,
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Počelo je s eksperimentima
koji su pokazali,
koji su pokazali,
01:06
in a recent number
of studies about growing,
of studies about growing,
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u nedavnim studijama o starenju,
01:09
that animals -- old mice --
that share a blood supply with young mice
that share a blood supply with young mice
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da se životinje-- stari miševi--
koji dijele zalihu krvi s mladim miševima
koji dijele zalihu krvi s mladim miševima
01:16
can get rejuvenated.
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mogu pomladiti.
01:18
This is similar to what you might see
in humans, in Siamese twins,
in humans, in Siamese twins,
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To je slično onome što možete vidjeti
kod ljudi, kod sijamskih blizanaca,
kod ljudi, kod sijamskih blizanaca,
01:22
and I know this sounds a bit creepy.
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znam da to zvuči pomalo jezivo.
01:25
But what Tom Rando, a stem-cell
researcher, reported in 2007,
researcher, reported in 2007,
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Ali ono što je Tom Rando, istraživač
matičnih stanica, izvijestio 2007.
matičnih stanica, izvijestio 2007.
01:31
was that old muscle from a mouse
can be rejuvenated
can be rejuvenated
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je da stari mišić miša može biti
pomlađen,
pomlađen,
01:34
if it's exposed to young blood
through common circulation.
through common circulation.
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ako se izloži mladoj krvi zajedničkim
optokom.
optokom.
01:39
This was reproduced by Amy Wagers
at Harvard a few years later,
at Harvard a few years later,
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Ovo je ponovno izvela Amy Wagers
na Harvardu, par godina poslije
na Harvardu, par godina poslije
01:44
and others then showed that similar
rejuvenating effects could be observed
rejuvenating effects could be observed
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te su i drugi pokazali slične učinke
pomlađivanja
pomlađivanja
01:49
in the pancreas, the liver and the heart.
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gušterače, jetre i srca.
01:52
But what I'm most excited about,
and several other labs as well,
and several other labs as well,
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Ali ono što mene najviše uzbuđuje,
još neke laboratorije također,
još neke laboratorije također,
01:57
is that this may even apply to the brain.
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je da se ovo može primijeniti čak
i na mozak.
i na mozak.
02:00
So, what we found is that an old mouse
exposed to a young environment
exposed to a young environment
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Dakle, ono što smo otkrili je da stari miš
izložen mladom okolišu,
izložen mladom okolišu,
02:06
in this model called parabiosis,
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u ovom modelu zvanom parabioza,
02:09
shows a younger brain --
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pokazuje mlađi mozak--
02:10
and a brain that functions better.
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i mozak koji bolje funkcionira.
02:13
And I repeat:
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I ponavljam:
02:15
an old mouse that gets young blood
through shared circulation
through shared circulation
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stari miš koji dobiva mladu krv
zajedničkom cirkulacijom
zajedničkom cirkulacijom
02:21
looks younger and functions
younger in its brain.
younger in its brain.
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izgleda mlađe i mozak mu
funkcionira mlađe.
funkcionira mlađe.
02:25
So when we get older --
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Dok starimo--
02:27
we can look at different aspects
of human cognition,
of human cognition,
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možemo gledati različite aspekte
ljudske kognicije,
ljudske kognicije,
02:30
and you can see on this slide here,
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i možete vidjeti na ovom slajdu,
02:32
we can look at reasoning,
verbal ability and so forth.
verbal ability and so forth.
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možemo vidjeti razumijevanje, verbalne
sposobnosti i tako dalje.
sposobnosti i tako dalje.
02:35
And up to around age 50 or 60,
these functions are all intact,
these functions are all intact,
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I do negdje 50. ili 60.godine
ove su funkcije netaknute
ove su funkcije netaknute
02:41
and as I look at the young audience
here in the room, we're all still fine.
here in the room, we're all still fine.
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i dok gledam u mladu publiku u ovoj
prostoriji, mi smo svi još uvijek u redu.
prostoriji, mi smo svi još uvijek u redu.
02:45
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:46
But it's scary to see
how all these curves go south.
how all these curves go south.
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Ali zastrašujuće je vidjeti kako
sve te krivulje padaju.
sve te krivulje padaju.
02:50
And as we get older,
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I kako starimo,
02:52
diseases such as Alzheimer's
and others may develop.
and others may develop.
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bolesti poput Alzheimera i drugih
se mogu razviti.
se mogu razviti.
02:57
We know that with age,
the connections between neurons --
the connections between neurons --
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Znamo da s godinama veze između
neurona--
neurona--
03:00
the way neurons talk to each other,
the synapses -- they start to deteriorate;
the synapses -- they start to deteriorate;
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način na koji neuroni komuniciraju,
sinapse-- počinju propadati;
sinapse-- počinju propadati;
03:05
neurons die, the brain starts to shrink,
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neuroni odumiru, mozak odumire,
03:08
and there's an increased susceptibility
for these neurodegenerative diseases.
for these neurodegenerative diseases.
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povećana je podložnost tim
neurodegenerativnim bolestima.
neurodegenerativnim bolestima.
03:13
One big problem we have -- to try
to understand how this really works
to understand how this really works
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Veliki problem koji imamo -- pokušati
razumjeti kako to doista funkcionira
razumjeti kako to doista funkcionira
03:18
at a very molecular, mechanistic level --
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na molekularnoj, mehaničkoj razini --
03:21
is that we can't study the brains
in detail, in living people.
in detail, in living people.
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je da ne možemo detaljno proučavati
mozak u živučim ljudima.
mozak u živučim ljudima.
03:26
We can do cognitive tests,
we can do imaging --
we can do imaging --
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Možemo vršiti kognitivne testove,
možemo oslikavati mozak--
možemo oslikavati mozak--
03:29
all kinds of sophisticated testing.
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razna sofisticirana testiranja.
03:31
But we usually have to wait
until the person dies
until the person dies
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Ali obično moramo čekati da osoba umre
03:35
to get the brain and look at how it really
changed through age or in a disease.
changed through age or in a disease.
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da dobijemo mozak i uvid u to kako se stvarno
promijenio s godinama ili u bolesti.
promijenio s godinama ili u bolesti.
03:40
This is what neuropathologists
do, for example.
do, for example.
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To rade neuropatolozi, na primjer.
03:44
So, how about we think of the brain
as being part of the larger organism.
as being part of the larger organism.
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Kako bi bilo da zamislimo mozak kao
dio većeg organizma.
dio većeg organizma.
03:50
Could we potentially understand more
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Bismo li mogli razumjeti više
03:52
about what happens in the brain
at the molecular level
at the molecular level
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o tome što se događa u mozgu na
molekularnoj razini,
molekularnoj razini,
03:55
if we see the brain
as part of the entire body?
as part of the entire body?
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kada bismo gledali mozak kao
dio cijelog tijela?
dio cijelog tijela?
03:59
So if the body ages or gets sick,
does that affect the brain?
does that affect the brain?
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Dakle, ako tijelo stari ili se razboli,
utječe li to na mozak?
utječe li to na mozak?
04:03
And vice versa: as the brain gets older,
does that influence the rest of the body?
does that influence the rest of the body?
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I obrnuto: ako mozak stari,
utječe li to na ostatak tijela?
utječe li to na ostatak tijela?
04:09
And what connects all the different
tissues in the body
tissues in the body
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A ono što povezuje sva različita tkiva
u tijelu
u tijelu
04:12
is blood.
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je krv.
04:14
Blood is the tissue that not only carries
cells that transport oxygen, for example,
cells that transport oxygen, for example,
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Krv je tkivo koje, ne samo da prenosi
stanice koje nose kisik, na primjer,
stanice koje nose kisik, na primjer,
04:20
the red blood cells,
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crvene krvne stanice,
04:21
or fights infectious diseases,
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ili koje se bore sa zaraznim bolestima,
04:23
but it also carries messenger molecules,
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nego i prenosi glasničke molekule,
04:27
hormone-like factors
that transport information
that transport information
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faktore slične hormonima koji
prenose informacije
prenose informacije
04:31
from one cell to another,
from one tissue to another,
from one tissue to another,
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iz jedne stanice u drugu, iz jednog
tkiva u drugo,
tkiva u drugo,
04:36
including the brain.
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uključujući i mozak.
04:37
So if we look at how the blood
changes in disease or age,
changes in disease or age,
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Dakle, ako pogledamo kako se krv
mijenja u bolesti ili s godinama
mijenja u bolesti ili s godinama
04:42
can we learn something about the brain?
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možemo li naučiti nešto o mozgu?
04:45
We know that as we get older,
the blood changes as well,
the blood changes as well,
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Znamo da se, dok starimo,naša
krv također mijenja,
krv također mijenja,
04:50
so these hormone-like factors
change as we get older.
change as we get older.
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tako da se ti faktori slični hormonima
mijenjaju dok starimo.
mijenjaju dok starimo.
04:53
And by and large,
factors that we know are required
factors that we know are required
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I većinom, faktori za koje znamo
da su potrebni
da su potrebni
04:57
for the development of tissues,
for the maintenance of tissues --
for the maintenance of tissues --
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za razvoj tkiva, za održavanje tkiva-
05:01
they start to decrease as we get older,
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njihov broj se smanjuje kako starimo,
05:04
while factors involved in repair,
in injury and in inflammation --
in injury and in inflammation --
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dok se broj faktora uključenih u popravke,
kod ozljede ili upale--
kod ozljede ili upale--
05:08
they increase as we get older.
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povećava kako starimo.
05:10
So there's this unbalance of good
and bad factors, if you will.
and bad factors, if you will.
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Dakle, možemo reći da postoji neravnoteža
tih dobrih i loših faktora.
tih dobrih i loših faktora.
05:16
And to illustrate what we can do
potentially with that,
potentially with that,
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I da vam zornije prikažem što
možda možemo napraviti s tim,
možda možemo napraviti s tim,
05:20
I want to talk you through
an experiment that we did.
an experiment that we did.
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želim vas provesti kroz eksperiment
koji smo proveli.
koji smo proveli.
05:22
We had almost 300 blood samples
from healthy human beings
from healthy human beings
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Imali smo gotovo 300 uzoraka krvi
iz zdravih ljudskih bića,
iz zdravih ljudskih bića,
05:26
20 to 89 years of age,
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između 20. i 89. godine,
05:28
and we measured over 100
of these communication factors,
of these communication factors,
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i izmijerili smo preko 100 ovih
komunikacijskih faktora,
komunikacijskih faktora,
05:32
these hormone-like proteins that
transport information between tissues.
transport information between tissues.
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ovih proteina sličnih hormonima koji
prenose informacije među tkivima.
prenose informacije među tkivima.
05:37
And what we noticed first
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I ono što smo prvo primijetili
05:38
is that between the youngest
and the oldest group,
and the oldest group,
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je da se između najmlađe i najstarije
grupe
grupe
05:41
about half the factors
changed significantly.
changed significantly.
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oko polovica faktora
značajno promijenila.
značajno promijenila.
05:45
So our body lives in a very
different environment as we get older,
different environment as we get older,
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Dakle, naše tijelo živi u veoma drukčijem
okolišu dok starimo,
okolišu dok starimo,
05:48
when it comes to these factors.
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kada uzmemo u obzir te faktore.
05:50
And using statistical
or bioinformatics programs,
or bioinformatics programs,
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I koristeći statističke i bioinformatičke
programe,
programe,
05:53
we could try to discover
those factors that best predict age --
those factors that best predict age --
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mogli smo pokušati otkriti te faktore
koji nabolje predviđaju dob--
koji nabolje predviđaju dob--
05:58
in a way, back-calculate
the relative age of a person.
the relative age of a person.
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na neki način, unatrag zbrojimo
relativnu dob osobe.
relativnu dob osobe.
06:02
And the way this looks
is shown in this graph.
is shown in this graph.
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I kako to izgleda prikazano je grafom.
06:05
So, on the one axis you see
the actual age a person lived,
the actual age a person lived,
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Dakle, na jednoj osi vidite stvarnu dob
koju je odoba doživjela,
koju je odoba doživjela,
06:11
the chronological age.
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kronološku dob.
06:12
So, how many years they lived.
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Dakle, koliko su živjeli.
06:14
And then we take these top factors
that I showed you,
that I showed you,
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I onda izdvojimo ove gornje faktore
koje sam vam pokazao
koje sam vam pokazao
06:16
and we calculate their relative age,
their biological age.
their biological age.
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i izračunamo relativnu dob,
biološku dob.
biološku dob.
06:22
And what you see is that
there is a pretty good correlation,
there is a pretty good correlation,
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I ono što zamjećujete je da postoji
dosta dobra korelacija,
dosta dobra korelacija,
06:26
so we can pretty well predict
the relative age of a person.
the relative age of a person.
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tako da možemo predvidjeti
relativnu dob osobe.
relativnu dob osobe.
06:29
But what's really exciting
are the outliers,
are the outliers,
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Ali ono što je doista uzbudljivo su,
iznimke,
iznimke,
06:33
as they so often are in life.
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kao što su često i u životu.
06:35
You can see here, the person
I highlighted with the green dot
I highlighted with the green dot
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Ovdje možete vidjeti, osoba koju sam
naglasio zelenom točkom,
naglasio zelenom točkom,
06:40
is about 70 years of age
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ima oko 70 godina,
06:43
but seems to have a biological age,
if what we're doing here is really true,
if what we're doing here is really true,
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ali izgleda da joj je biološka dob, ako
je ono što činimo stvarno istinito,
je ono što činimo stvarno istinito,
06:48
of only about 45.
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samo 45 godina.
06:50
So is this a person that actually
looks much younger than their age?
looks much younger than their age?
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Je li ovo osoba koja zapravo izgleda
puno mlađe od svojih godina?
puno mlađe od svojih godina?
06:54
But more importantly: Is this a person
who is maybe at a reduced risk
who is maybe at a reduced risk
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Ali još važnije: hoće li ova osoba,
koja možda ima smanjen rizik
koja možda ima smanjen rizik
06:58
to develop an age-related disease
and will have a long life --
and will have a long life --
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razvitka bolesti vezane uz starenje
i proživjeti dug život-
i proživjeti dug život-
07:02
will live to 100 or more?
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živjeti 100 ili više godina?
07:04
On the other hand, the person here,
highlighted with the red dot,
highlighted with the red dot,
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S druge strane, ova osoba,
naglašena crvenom točkom,
naglašena crvenom točkom,
07:08
is not even 40,
but has a biological age of 65.
but has a biological age of 65.
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nema ni 40 godina, ali biološka
dob joj je 65.
dob joj je 65.
07:13
Is this a person at an increased risk
of developing an age-related disease?
of developing an age-related disease?
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Je li ovo osoba povećanog rizika
za razvoj bolesti vezane uz starenje?
za razvoj bolesti vezane uz starenje?
07:18
So in our lab, we're trying
to understand these factors better,
to understand these factors better,
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U našem laboratoriju pokušavamo
bolje razumjeti ove faktore,
bolje razumjeti ove faktore,
07:22
and many other groups
are trying to understand,
are trying to understand,
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i mnoge druge grupe pokušavaju
razumjeti,
razumjeti,
07:24
what are the true aging factors,
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koji su stvarni faktori starenja
07:26
and can we learn something about them
to possibly predict age-related diseases?
to possibly predict age-related diseases?
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i možemo li nešto naučiti o njima
da bismo predvidjeli bolesti starenja?
da bismo predvidjeli bolesti starenja?
07:32
So what I've shown you so far
is simply correlational, right?
is simply correlational, right?
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Ono što sam vam do sada pokazao je
jednostavno u korelaciji, je li tako?
jednostavno u korelaciji, je li tako?
07:36
You can just say,
"Well, these factors change with age,"
"Well, these factors change with age,"
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Možete reći: "Pa, ovi se faktori mijenjaju
s godinama",
s godinama",
07:40
but you don't really know
if they do something about aging.
if they do something about aging.
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ali ne znate zapravo imaju
li veze sa starenjem.
li veze sa starenjem.
07:45
So what I'm going to show you now
is very remarkable
is very remarkable
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Ono što ču vam sada pokazati je
izvanredno
izvanredno
07:48
and it suggests that these factors
can actually modulate the age of a tissue.
can actually modulate the age of a tissue.
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i predlaže da ovi faktori zapravo
mogu modulirati starost tkiva.
mogu modulirati starost tkiva.
07:53
And that's where we come back
to this model called parabiosis.
to this model called parabiosis.
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I tada se vraćamo ovom modelu
zvanom parabioza.
zvanom parabioza.
07:57
So, parabiosis is done in mice
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Dakle, parabioza se vrši na miševima,
07:59
by surgically connecting
the two mice together,
the two mice together,
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tako da dva miša kirurški povežu
08:04
and that leads then
to a shared blood system,
to a shared blood system,
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i to dovodi do dijeljenja krvnog
sustava,
sustava,
08:07
where we can now ask,
"How does the old brain get influenced
"How does the old brain get influenced
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sad se možemo pitati: " Kako mlada krv
utječe na
utječe na
08:11
by exposure to the young blood?"
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stari mozak koji joj je izložen?"
08:14
And for this purpose, we use young mice
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Za ovaj pokus koristimo mlade
miševe,
miševe,
08:16
that are an equivalency
of 20-year-old people,
of 20-year-old people,
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koji se jednaki 20-godišnjim ljudima,
08:19
and old mice that are roughly
65 years old in human years.
65 years old in human years.
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i stare koji imaju otprilike
65 ljudskih godina.
65 ljudskih godina.
08:24
What we found is quite remarkable.
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Ono što smo otkrili je
prilično fascinatno.
prilično fascinatno.
08:27
We find there are more neural stem cells
that make new neurons
that make new neurons
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Otkrili smo da ima više živčanih matičnih
stanica koje proizvode nove neurone
stanica koje proizvode nove neurone
08:31
in these old brains.
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u tim starim mozgovima.
08:33
There's an increased
activity of the synapses,
activity of the synapses,
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Povećana je aktivnost sinapsi,
08:35
the connections between neurons.
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mjesta vezanja između sva neurona.
08:38
There are more genes expressed
that are known to be involved
that are known to be involved
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Više je izraženih gena za koje se
zna da sudjeluju
zna da sudjeluju
08:41
in the formation of new memories.
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u stvaranju novog pamćenja.
08:43
And there's less of this bad inflammation.
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I ima manje upala.
08:47
But we observed that there are no cells
entering the brains of these animals.
entering the brains of these animals.
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Ali uočili smo da nema stanica koje
ulaze u mozak tih životinja.
ulaze u mozak tih životinja.
08:53
So when we connect them,
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Dakle, kada ih povežemo
08:55
there are actually no cells
going into the old brain, in this model.
going into the old brain, in this model.
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zapravo nema stanica koje ulaze u stari
mozak, u ovom modelu.
mozak, u ovom modelu.
09:01
Instead, we've reasoned, then,
that it must be the soluble factors,
that it must be the soluble factors,
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Umjesto toga, zaključili smo da to moraju
biti topljivi faktori,
biti topljivi faktori,
09:05
so we could collect simply the soluble
fraction of blood which is called plasma,
fraction of blood which is called plasma,
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tako da jednostavno možemo prikupiti
topljivi dio krvi zvan plazma
topljivi dio krvi zvan plazma
09:09
and inject either young plasma
or old plasma into these mice,
or old plasma into these mice,
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i ubrizgati, ili mladu plazmu, ili
statu plazmu u te miševe
statu plazmu u te miševe
09:13
and we could reproduce
these rejuvenating effects,
these rejuvenating effects,
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i mogli bismo proizvesti te
pomlađujuće učinke,
pomlađujuće učinke,
09:16
but what we could also do now
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ali ono što također možemo napraviti
09:17
is we could do memory tests with mice.
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je testiranje pamćenja miševa.
09:20
As mice get older, like us humans,
they have memory problems.
they have memory problems.
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Dok miševi stare, kao mi ljudi,
imaju probleme s pamćenjem.
imaju probleme s pamćenjem.
09:24
It's just harder to detect them,
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Samo ih je teže pronaći,
09:26
but I'll show you in a minute
how we do that.
how we do that.
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ali za minutu ću vam pokazati kako.
09:28
But we wanted to take this
one step further,
one step further,
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Ali htjeli smo ovo odnijeti korak
dalje,
dalje,
09:31
one step closer to potentially
being relevant to humans.
being relevant to humans.
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korak bliže mogućem značaju za ljude.
09:35
What I'm showing you now
are unpublished studies,
are unpublished studies,
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Ono što vam sada pokazujem su neobjavljene
studije,
studije,
09:38
where we used human plasma,
young human plasma,
young human plasma,
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u kojima smo koristili ljudsku plazmu,
mladu ljudsku plazmu,
mladu ljudsku plazmu,
09:43
and as a control, saline,
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i kao kontrolu, slanu otopinu,
09:45
and injected it into old mice,
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ubrizgali smo ju u stare miševe
09:47
and asked, can we again
rejuvenate these old mice?
rejuvenate these old mice?
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i pitali, možemo li opet pomladiti
te stare miševe?
te stare miševe?
09:52
Can we make them smarter?
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Možemo li ih opametiti?
09:54
And to do this, we used a test.
It's called a Barnes maze.
It's called a Barnes maze.
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I da bismo to napravili, koristili smo
test. Zove se Barnesov labirint.
test. Zove se Barnesov labirint.
09:57
This is a big table
that has lots of holes in it,
that has lots of holes in it,
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Ovo je veliki stol koji na sebi ima
mnogo rupa
mnogo rupa
10:00
and there are guide marks around it,
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i oko njih su kazala,
10:04
and there's a bright light,
as on this stage here.
as on this stage here.
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svijetli jako svijetlo, kao ovdje na
pozornici.
pozornici.
10:06
The mice hate this and they try to escape,
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Miševi mrze to i pokušavaju
pobjeći
pobjeći
10:09
and find the single hole that you see
pointed at with an arrow,
pointed at with an arrow,
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i pronađu jednu jedinu rupu na koju
pokazuje strelica,
pokazuje strelica,
10:14
where a tube is mounted underneath
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ispod koje je cijev
10:16
where they can escape
and feel comfortable in a dark hole.
and feel comfortable in a dark hole.
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kroz koju mogu pobijeći i osjećati se
ugodno u crnoj rupi.
ugodno u crnoj rupi.
10:19
So we teach them, over several days,
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Mi ih učimo, nekoliko dana,
10:21
to find this space
on these cues in the space,
on these cues in the space,
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da pronađu taj prostor na ovim
preprekama u prostoru,
preprekama u prostoru,
10:24
and you can compare this for humans,
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a to možete usporediti s ljudima
10:27
to finding your car in a parking lot
after a busy day of shopping.
after a busy day of shopping.
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kada traže svoj automobil na parkiralištu
nakon napornog dana kupovine.
nakon napornog dana kupovine.
10:31
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
10:32
Many of us have probably had
some problems with that.
some problems with that.
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Mnogi od nas su vjerojatno imali
problema s tim.
problema s tim.
10:36
So, let's look at an old mouse here.
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Hajmo pogledati ovog starog
miša.
miša.
10:38
This is an old mouse
that has memory problems,
that has memory problems,
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Ovo je stari miš koji ima problema
s pamćenjem,
s pamćenjem,
10:41
as you'll notice in a moment.
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primijetit ćete to za trenutak.
10:43
It just looks into every hole,
but it didn't form this spacial map
but it didn't form this spacial map
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Gleda u svaku rupu, ali nije stvorio
prostornu kartu
prostornu kartu
10:48
that would remind it where it was
in the previous trial or the last day.
in the previous trial or the last day.
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gdje je bila prošloga pokušaja
ili dana.
ili dana.
10:53
In stark contrast, this mouse here
is a sibling of the same age,
is a sibling of the same age,
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U snažnom kontrastu, ovaj je miš
jednako star brat,
jednako star brat,
10:59
but it was treated with young
human plasma for three weeks,
human plasma for three weeks,
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ali bio je tretiran mladom ljudskom
plazmom tri tjedna,
plazmom tri tjedna,
11:04
with small injections every three days.
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malom injekcijom svaka tri dana.
11:07
And as you noticed, it almost
looks around, "Where am I?" --
looks around, "Where am I?" --
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Odmah primjećujete, gotovo gleda
uokolo, "Gdje sam?"--
uokolo, "Gdje sam?"--
11:11
and then walks straight
to that hole and escapes.
to that hole and escapes.
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i onda dohoda ravno do te rupe i
pobjegne.
pobjegne.
11:14
So, it could remember where that hole was.
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Dakle, sjetio se gdje je bila rupa.
11:18
So by all means, this old mouse
seems to be rejuvenated --
seems to be rejuvenated --
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Dakle, ovaj se miš je prema svim
pokazateljima čini pomlađen--
pokazateljima čini pomlađen--
11:22
it functions more like a younger mouse.
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funkcionira više kao mladi miš.
11:24
And it also suggests
that there is something
that there is something
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I to predlaže da također postoji nešto,
11:27
not only in young mouse plasma,
but in young human plasma
but in young human plasma
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ne samo u plazmi mladog miša, nego i
u plazmi mladog čovjeka,
u plazmi mladog čovjeka,
11:32
that has the capacity
to help this old brain.
to help this old brain.
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što ima kapacitet pomoći
ovom starom mozgu.
ovom starom mozgu.
11:36
So to summarize,
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Dakle, da sažmem,
11:38
we find the old mouse, and its brain
in particular, are malleable.
in particular, are malleable.
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smatramo da je stari miš, i pogotovo
njegov mozak, u mogućnosti promjene.
njegov mozak, u mogućnosti promjene.
11:42
They're not set in stone;
we can actually change them.
we can actually change them.
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Nisu zabetonirani; možemo ih mijenjati.
11:45
It can be rejuvenated.
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Može se pomladiti.
11:47
Young blood factors can reverse aging,
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Faktori mlade krvi mogu preokrenuti
proces tarenja
proces tarenja
11:50
and what I didn't show you --
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i ono što vam nisam pokazao--
11:52
in this model, the young mouse actually
suffers from exposure to the old.
suffers from exposure to the old.
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u ovom modelu, mladi miš zapravo
pati od izlaganja starom.
pati od izlaganja starom.
11:57
So there are old-blood factors
that can accelerate aging.
that can accelerate aging.
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Dakle, postoji faktori stare krvi koji
mogu ubrzati starenje.
mogu ubrzati starenje.
12:01
And most importantly,
humans may have similar factors,
humans may have similar factors,
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I najvažnije, ljudi možda imaju slične
faktore,
faktore,
12:06
because we can take young human
blood and have a similar effect.
blood and have a similar effect.
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jer možemo uzeti mladu ljudsku krv
i postići sličan učinal.
i postići sličan učinal.
12:10
Old human blood, I didn't show you,
does not have this effect;
does not have this effect;
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Stara ljudska krv, nisam vam pokazao,
nema taj učinak;
nema taj učinak;
12:14
it does not make the mice younger.
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ne pomlađuje miševe.
12:17
So, is this magic transferable to humans?
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Dakle, je li ta magija primijenjiva
na ljudima?
na ljudima?
12:20
We're running a small
clinical study at Stanford,
clinical study at Stanford,
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Provodimo malu kliničku studiju
na Stanfordu,
na Stanfordu,
12:24
where we treat Alzheimer's patients
with mild disease
with mild disease
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u kojoj tretiramo ljude oboljele od
Alzheimera blagog oblika
Alzheimera blagog oblika
12:28
with a pint of plasma
from young volunteers, 20-year-olds,
from young volunteers, 20-year-olds,
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s malo plazme mladih volontera,
20-godišnjaka,
20-godišnjaka,
12:34
and do this once a week for four weeks,
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činimo to jednom tjedno četiri tjedna
12:37
and then we look
at their brains with imaging.
at their brains with imaging.
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i zatim pogledamo njihove mozgove
oslikavanjem.
oslikavanjem.
12:41
We test them cognitively,
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Kognitivno ih testiramo
12:42
and we ask their caregivers
for daily activities of living.
for daily activities of living.
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i pitamo njihove njegovatelje za
dnevne životne aktivnosti.
dnevne životne aktivnosti.
12:46
What we hope is that there are
some signs of improvement
some signs of improvement
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Ono čemu se nadamo su neki znakovi
poboljšanja
poboljšanja
12:50
from this treatment.
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od tog tretmana.
12:52
And if that's the case,
that could give us hope
that could give us hope
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I ako se to dogodi, to bi nam moglo
dat nadu
dat nadu
12:55
that what I showed you works in mice
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da ono što sam vam pokazao da funkcionira
na miševima,
na miševima,
12:57
might also work in humans.
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možda također funkcionira na ljudima.
13:00
Now, I don't think we will live forever.
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Ne mislim da ćemo živjeti vječno.
13:03
But maybe we discovered
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Ali možda smo otkrili
13:06
that the Fountain of Youth
is actually within us,
is actually within us,
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da je Fontana mladosti zapravo u nama
13:09
and it has just dried out.
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i da je upravo presušila.
13:11
And if we can turn it
back on a little bit,
back on a little bit,
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I ako ju opet možemo malo
uključiti,
uključiti,
13:14
maybe we can find the factors
that are mediating these effects,
that are mediating these effects,
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možda možemo naći faktore koji sudjeluju
u tim učincima,
u tim učincima,
13:19
we can produce these factors synthetically
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možemo sintetički proizvesti te faktore
13:21
and we can treat diseases of aging,
such as Alzheimer's disease
such as Alzheimer's disease
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i možemo tretirati bolesti vezane uz
starenje, poput Alzheimera
starenje, poput Alzheimera
13:25
or other dementias.
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ili drugih demencija.
13:27
Thank you very much.
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Puno vam hvala.
13:28
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Tony Wyss-Coray - Brain scientistAt his lab at Stanford School of Medicine, Tony Wyss-Coray studies aging -- and potential cures for it.
Why you should listen
Professor of neurology at Stanford, Tony Wyss-Coray oversees an eponymous lab which studies immune and injury responses in aging and neurodegeneration.
Wyss-Coray initially studied at the Institute of Clinical Immunology at the University of Bern in Switzerland, but he now lives and works in California. At Stanford since 2002, he's also a health scientist at the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System. Deeply interested in figuring out ways to combat diseases such as Alzheimer's, he serves on the scientific advisory board for the Alzheimer Research Consortium and on the international advisory board for Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine. In 2013, he was given a Transformative Research Award by the director of the National Institutes of Health.
Tony Wyss-Coray | Speaker | TED.com