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Tony Wyss-Coray: How young blood might help reverse aging. Yes, really
托尼•魏斯-科瑞: 年轻的血液如何能逆转年龄？真的可以
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托尼•魏斯-科瑞研究衰老对人类身体和大脑有怎样的影响。在这场令人大开眼界的演讲中，他展示了他的斯坦福实验室以及其他团队的最新研究成果，也许治疗某些衰老问题的灵药就在我们的身体里。
Tony Wyss-Coray - Brain scientist
At his lab at Stanford School of Medicine, Tony Wyss-Coray studies aging -- and potential cures for it. Full bio
At his lab at Stanford School of Medicine, Tony Wyss-Coray studies aging -- and potential cures for it. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
This is a painting from the 16th century
from Lucas Cranach the Elder.
from Lucas Cranach the Elder.
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这是一幅16世纪的画作，
作者是老卢卡斯•克拉纳赫，
作者是老卢卡斯•克拉纳赫，
00:18
It shows the famous Fountain of Youth.
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描绘的是著名的青春之泉。
00:21
If you drink its water or you bathe in it,
you will get health and youth.
you will get health and youth.
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如果你喝下泉水或者在里面洗澡，
你就会变得健康又年轻。
你就会变得健康又年轻。
00:27
Every culture, every civilization
has dreamed of finding eternal youth.
has dreamed of finding eternal youth.
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每一种文化，每一个文明，
都梦想着找到永恒的青春。
都梦想着找到永恒的青春。
00:34
There are people like Alexander the Great
or Ponce De León, the explorer,
or Ponce De León, the explorer,
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于是就有了这样的人，
比如亚历山大大帝和探险家庞塞•德莱昂，
比如亚历山大大帝和探险家庞塞•德莱昂，
00:38
who spent much of their life
chasing the Fountain of Youth.
chasing the Fountain of Youth.
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他们花费了一生中的许多时间
来寻找青春之泉，
来寻找青春之泉，
00:42
They didn't find it.
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但是没有找到。
00:45
But what if there was something to it?
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可是，如果真的有呢？
如果真的有这种青春之泉呢？
00:48
What if there was something
to this Fountain of Youth?
to this Fountain of Youth?
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00:51
I will share an absolutely amazing
development in aging research
development in aging research
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接下来我将与大家分享有关
衰老的研究领域的非凡进展，
衰老的研究领域的非凡进展，
我们现在对衰老的看法，
00:56
that could revolutionize
the way we think about aging
the way we think about aging
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以及未来我们如何治疗与衰老有关的疾病，
都可能因此而出现革命性的变化。
都可能因此而出现革命性的变化。
01:00
and how we may treat age-related
diseases in the future.
diseases in the future.
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01:04
It started with experiments that showed,
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首先，实验表明——
这些是大量近期的有关生长的研究——
01:06
in a recent number
of studies about growing,
of studies about growing,
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01:09
that animals -- old mice --
that share a blood supply with young mice
that share a blood supply with young mice
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动物——老年老鼠——
与年轻老鼠的血液相通时，
与年轻老鼠的血液相通时，
会变得年轻。
01:16
can get rejuvenated.
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01:18
This is similar to what you might see
in humans, in Siamese twins,
in humans, in Siamese twins,
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在人类身上，比如连体双胞胎中，
也可以看到相似的结果。
也可以看到相似的结果。
当然我知道听起来有点吓人，
01:22
and I know this sounds a bit creepy.
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01:25
But what Tom Rando, a stem-cell
researcher, reported in 2007,
researcher, reported in 2007,
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但是，干细胞研究者汤姆•兰道
在2007年发表的报告表明，
在2007年发表的报告表明，
老鼠身上的陈年肌肉可以变得年轻，
01:31
was that old muscle from a mouse
can be rejuvenated
can be rejuvenated
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只要将其置于年轻血液之中，
仅仅通过普通的血液循环即可实现。
仅仅通过普通的血液循环即可实现。
01:34
if it's exposed to young blood
through common circulation.
through common circulation.
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01:39
This was reproduced by Amy Wagers
at Harvard a few years later,
at Harvard a few years later,
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几年之后，哈佛大学的艾米•魏杰斯
成功重现了这一实验结果，
成功重现了这一实验结果，
而其他人的实验表明，
01:44
and others then showed that similar
rejuvenating effects could be observed
rejuvenating effects could be observed
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在胰、肝和心脏
也可以观察到类似的年轻化效果。
也可以观察到类似的年轻化效果。
01:49
in the pancreas, the liver and the heart.
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01:52
But what I'm most excited about,
and several other labs as well,
and several other labs as well,
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但最让我，还有其它几个实验室
感到兴奋的地方在于，
感到兴奋的地方在于，
这一效果甚至可能应用于大脑。
01:57
is that this may even apply to the brain.
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02:00
So, what we found is that an old mouse
exposed to a young environment
exposed to a young environment
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因此，我们发现，
将老年老鼠置于年轻环境之中，
将老年老鼠置于年轻环境之中，
这一模型被称为连体共生，
02:06
in this model called parabiosis,
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它的大脑变得年轻了——
02:09
shows a younger brain --
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功能也变得更好。
02:10
and a brain that functions better.
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02:13
And I repeat:
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我再重复一遍：
一只老年老鼠，
通过共通的血液循环得到年轻血液，
通过共通的血液循环得到年轻血液，
02:15
an old mouse that gets young blood
through shared circulation
through shared circulation
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其大脑显得更加年轻，
功能也更年轻化。
功能也更年轻化。
02:21
looks younger and functions
younger in its brain.
younger in its brain.
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02:25
So when we get older --
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当我们逐渐变老时——
我们可以看看人类认知能力的
不同方面，
不同方面，
02:27
we can look at different aspects
of human cognition,
of human cognition,
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从这张幻灯片上，
02:30
and you can see on this slide here,
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大家可以看到推理、语言能力等等。
02:32
we can look at reasoning,
verbal ability and so forth.
verbal ability and so forth.
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02:35
And up to around age 50 or 60,
these functions are all intact,
these functions are all intact,
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一直到大约50或60岁，
这些功能都没有受损，
这些功能都没有受损，
我看了下坐在这里的年轻观众，
大家都没有问题。
大家都没有问题。
02:41
and as I look at the young audience
here in the room, we're all still fine.
here in the room, we're all still fine.
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（笑声）
02:45
(Laughter)
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02:46
But it's scary to see
how all these curves go south.
how all these curves go south.
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但是看到这些曲线
开始下降还是挺吓人的。
开始下降还是挺吓人的。
当我们变老时，
02:50
And as we get older,
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02:52
diseases such as Alzheimer's
and others may develop.
and others may develop.
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会开始出现像阿尔茨海默症（老年痴呆）
这样的疾病。
这样的疾病。
02:57
We know that with age,
the connections between neurons --
the connections between neurons --
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我们知道，随着年龄增加，
神经元之间的联系——
神经元之间的联系——
神经元之间进行对话的突触——
开始退化；
开始退化；
03:00
the way neurons talk to each other,
the synapses -- they start to deteriorate;
the synapses -- they start to deteriorate;
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神经元开始衰亡，
大脑逐渐萎缩，
大脑逐渐萎缩，
03:05
neurons die, the brain starts to shrink,
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人们也就越来越容易患上
这些神经退化疾病。
这些神经退化疾病。
03:08
and there's an increased susceptibility
for these neurodegenerative diseases.
for these neurodegenerative diseases.
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03:13
One big problem we have -- to try
to understand how this really works
to understand how this really works
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我们面临的一大问题是——
想要在分子和功能机制层面上
想要在分子和功能机制层面上
搞清楚这个过程是如何发生的——
03:18
at a very molecular, mechanistic level --
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但我们还无法研究
活体人类大脑活动的细节问题。
活体人类大脑活动的细节问题。
03:21
is that we can't study the brains
in detail, in living people.
in detail, in living people.
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03:26
We can do cognitive tests,
we can do imaging --
we can do imaging --
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我们可以进行认知测试，
可以做成像——
可以做成像——
各种复杂测试。
03:29
all kinds of sophisticated testing.
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但通常我们得等到人死亡之后，
03:31
But we usually have to wait
until the person dies
until the person dies
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才能看到大脑，才能了解因为年龄或疾病，
它到底发生了什么变化。
它到底发生了什么变化。
03:35
to get the brain and look at how it really
changed through age or in a disease.
changed through age or in a disease.
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03:40
This is what neuropathologists
do, for example.
do, for example.
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这就是神经病理学家的工作。
03:44
So, how about we think of the brain
as being part of the larger organism.
as being part of the larger organism.
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那么，我们不妨把大脑当做
有机体的一部分。
有机体的一部分。
我们是否可能有更深入的了解，
03:50
Could we potentially understand more
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从分子层面了解，
大脑内部是怎样运转的，
大脑内部是怎样运转的，
03:52
about what happens in the brain
at the molecular level
at the molecular level
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如果我们把大脑看作整个身体的一部分？
03:55
if we see the brain
as part of the entire body?
as part of the entire body?
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03:59
So if the body ages or gets sick,
does that affect the brain?
does that affect the brain?
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那么如果身体变老或生病了，
会影响到大脑吗？
会影响到大脑吗？
而且反过来：如果大脑变老了，
会影响到身体其它部分吗？
会影响到身体其它部分吗？
04:03
And vice versa: as the brain gets older,
does that influence the rest of the body?
does that influence the rest of the body?
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04:09
And what connects all the different
tissues in the body
tissues in the body
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而将身体各个不同组织联系到一起的就是：
血液。
04:12
is blood.
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04:14
Blood is the tissue that not only carries
cells that transport oxygen, for example,
cells that transport oxygen, for example,
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血液是一种组织，
它不只含有携带氧气的细胞，
它不只含有携带氧气的细胞，
比如说，红细胞，
04:20
the red blood cells,
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或对抗感染性疾病的细胞，
04:21
or fights infectious diseases,
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它还含有信使分子，
04:23
but it also carries messenger molecules,
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这些类激素的因子，
能够在细胞之间传递信息，
能够在细胞之间传递信息，
04:27
hormone-like factors
that transport information
that transport information
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还能在身体组织之间传递信息，
04:31
from one cell to another,
from one tissue to another,
from one tissue to another,
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其中也包括大脑。
04:36
including the brain.
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那么如果我们看到了血液
因为疾病或年龄而发生了怎样的变化，
因为疾病或年龄而发生了怎样的变化，
04:37
So if we look at how the blood
changes in disease or age,
changes in disease or age,
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我们是否也可以以此来
获得大脑的信息呢？
获得大脑的信息呢？
04:42
can we learn something about the brain?
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04:45
We know that as we get older,
the blood changes as well,
the blood changes as well,
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我们知道，随着我们逐渐变老，
血液也在同样变化，
血液也在同样变化，
所以这类激素因子
也随着变老而变化。
也随着变老而变化。
04:50
so these hormone-like factors
change as we get older.
change as we get older.
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从总体上来说，这些因子，
04:53
And by and large,
factors that we know are required
factors that we know are required
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我们已知是组织发育所需的，
维持其功能的因子——
维持其功能的因子——
04:57
for the development of tissues,
for the maintenance of tissues --
for the maintenance of tissues --
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随着我们变老，它们开始变少，
05:01
they start to decrease as we get older,
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而与修复、伤害和炎症有关的
那些因子——
那些因子——
05:04
while factors involved in repair,
in injury and in inflammation --
in injury and in inflammation --
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它们随着身体的衰老却在增加。
05:08
they increase as we get older.
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所以存在着这种好坏因素不平衡的局面。
05:10
So there's this unbalance of good
and bad factors, if you will.
and bad factors, if you will.
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05:16
And to illustrate what we can do
potentially with that,
potentially with that,
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关于针对这种情况我们能做些什么，
我想说一说我们所做的一个实验。
05:20
I want to talk you through
an experiment that we did.
an experiment that we did.
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我们有近300份健康人类的血液样本，
05:22
We had almost 300 blood samples
from healthy human beings
from healthy human beings
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年龄范围在20-89岁，
05:26
20 to 89 years of age,
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我们测量了超过100种的这些通信因子，
05:28
and we measured over 100
of these communication factors,
of these communication factors,
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这些可以在组织间
传递信息的激素样蛋白质。
传递信息的激素样蛋白质。
05:32
these hormone-like proteins that
transport information between tissues.
transport information between tissues.
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05:37
And what we noticed first
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我们首先注意到的是，
05:38
is that between the youngest
and the oldest group,
and the oldest group,
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将最年轻和最老的组相比，
这些因子中有大约一半存在显著变化。
05:41
about half the factors
changed significantly.
changed significantly.
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所以，随着我们变老，
我们身体所处的环境也发生了极大的改变，
我们身体所处的环境也发生了极大的改变，
05:45
So our body lives in a very
different environment as we get older,
different environment as we get older,
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从这些因子的角度来说。
05:48
when it comes to these factors.
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使用统计和生物信息程序分析后，
05:50
And using statistical
or bioinformatics programs,
or bioinformatics programs,
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我们想找出对预测年龄
最有效的那些因子——
最有效的那些因子——
05:53
we could try to discover
those factors that best predict age --
those factors that best predict age --
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05:58
in a way, back-calculate
the relative age of a person.
the relative age of a person.
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想用这种方法来反推一个人的相对年龄。
06:02
And the way this looks
is shown in this graph.
is shown in this graph.
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这张图中显示的就是这个方法。
06:05
So, on the one axis you see
the actual age a person lived,
the actual age a person lived,
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可以看到一条轴表示的是一个人的年龄，
实际实龄，
06:11
the chronological age.
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也就是生活了多少年。
06:12
So, how many years they lived.
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然后我们选取了
给大家展示过的这些主要因子，
给大家展示过的这些主要因子，
06:14
And then we take these top factors
that I showed you,
that I showed you,
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06:16
and we calculate their relative age,
their biological age.
their biological age.
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来计算他们的相对年龄，
生理年龄。
生理年龄。
06:22
And what you see is that
there is a pretty good correlation,
there is a pretty good correlation,
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大家可以看到，其中有明显的相关性，
所以我们可以相当准确地
预测一个人的相对年龄。
预测一个人的相对年龄。
06:26
so we can pretty well predict
the relative age of a person.
the relative age of a person.
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但真正令人激动的是
这些规律之外的数据点，
这些规律之外的数据点，
06:29
But what's really exciting
are the outliers,
are the outliers,
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它们在生命进程中是很常见的。
06:33
as they so often are in life.
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06:35
You can see here, the person
I highlighted with the green dot
I highlighted with the green dot
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可以看这儿，我用绿点标出的这个人
大约70岁，
06:40
is about 70 years of age
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但看来他的生理年龄，
如果我们得到的结果非常可靠的话，
如果我们得到的结果非常可靠的话，
06:43
but seems to have a biological age,
if what we're doing here is really true,
if what we're doing here is really true,
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才45岁。
06:48
of only about 45.
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那么这个人真的是看起来
比实际年龄年轻不少吗？
比实际年龄年轻不少吗？
06:50
So is this a person that actually
looks much younger than their age?
looks much younger than their age?
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06:54
But more importantly: Is this a person
who is maybe at a reduced risk
who is maybe at a reduced risk
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但更为重要的问题是：
这个人出现与衰老相关的疾病的
风险是否会更低——
风险是否会更低——
06:58
to develop an age-related disease
and will have a long life --
and will have a long life --
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他会活过100岁，甚至更长寿吗？
07:02
will live to 100 or more?
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07:04
On the other hand, the person here,
highlighted with the red dot,
highlighted with the red dot,
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另一个例子，这个以红点标出的人，
还没到40岁，
但是生理年龄为65岁。
但是生理年龄为65岁。
07:08
is not even 40,
but has a biological age of 65.
but has a biological age of 65.
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这个人出现与衰老相关的疾病的
风险是否会更高？
风险是否会更高？
07:13
Is this a person at an increased risk
of developing an age-related disease?
of developing an age-related disease?
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所以我们在实验中努力地去
更充分地了解这些因子，
更充分地了解这些因子，
07:18
So in our lab, we're trying
to understand these factors better,
to understand these factors better,
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07:22
and many other groups
are trying to understand,
are trying to understand,
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还有许多其它团队也在努力去了解，
哪些才是真正的衰老因子，
07:24
what are the true aging factors,
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我们是否可以从中发现某些信息，
从而有可能预测衰老相关的疾病？
从而有可能预测衰老相关的疾病？
07:26
and can we learn something about them
to possibly predict age-related diseases?
to possibly predict age-related diseases?
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07:32
So what I've shown you so far
is simply correlational, right?
is simply correlational, right?
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所以到现在我所展示的这些
完全是相关联的，对吧？
完全是相关联的，对吧？
有人就会说：
“这些因子的确会随年龄变化，”
“这些因子的确会随年龄变化，”
07:36
You can just say,
"Well, these factors change with age,"
"Well, these factors change with age,"
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但你并不知道
它们是否会影响衰老过程。
它们是否会影响衰老过程。
07:40
but you don't really know
if they do something about aging.
if they do something about aging.
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07:45
So what I'm going to show you now
is very remarkable
is very remarkable
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那么，我即将展示的内容
会非常不同寻常，
会非常不同寻常，
它表明这些因子实际上
可以调节组织的年龄。
可以调节组织的年龄。
07:48
and it suggests that these factors
can actually modulate the age of a tissue.
can actually modulate the age of a tissue.
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07:53
And that's where we come back
to this model called parabiosis.
to this model called parabiosis.
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这就回到了这个模型，
它叫做连体共生。
它叫做连体共生。
我们已经实现了老鼠的连体共生，
07:57
So, parabiosis is done in mice
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就是通过手术将两只老鼠
进行生理上的连通，
进行生理上的连通，
07:59
by surgically connecting
the two mice together,
the two mice together,
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使它们的血液循环互通，
08:04
and that leads then
to a shared blood system,
to a shared blood system,
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这样我们就可以问，
“将老年大脑置于年轻血液之中，
“将老年大脑置于年轻血液之中，
08:07
where we can now ask,
"How does the old brain get influenced
"How does the old brain get influenced
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它会受到怎样的影响？”
08:11
by exposure to the young blood?"
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08:14
And for this purpose, we use young mice
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为了解答这个问题，
我们使用了相当于人类20岁的年轻老鼠，
08:16
that are an equivalency
of 20-year-old people,
of 20-year-old people,
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和大约相当于人类65岁的老年老鼠。
08:19
and old mice that are roughly
65 years old in human years.
65 years old in human years.
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08:24
What we found is quite remarkable.
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我们的发现相当令人吃惊。
我们发现了更多的神经干细胞，
08:27
We find there are more neural stem cells
that make new neurons
that make new neurons
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在老年大脑中产生了新的神经元。
08:31
in these old brains.
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08:33
There's an increased
activity of the synapses,
activity of the synapses,
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突触的活动也增加了，
08:35
the connections between neurons.
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神经元通过突触相互联系。
也有了更多的基因表达，
08:38
There are more genes expressed
that are known to be involved
that are known to be involved
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我们知道它们与新记忆的形成有关。
08:41
in the formation of new memories.
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08:43
And there's less of this bad inflammation.
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严重炎症的问题也变少了。
08:47
But we observed that there are no cells
entering the brains of these animals.
entering the brains of these animals.
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但我们观察到并没有细胞
进入这些动物的大脑，
进入这些动物的大脑，
当我们将两只动物连在一起时，
08:53
So when we connect them,
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在这个模型中，
实际并没有细胞进入老年大脑。
实际并没有细胞进入老年大脑。
08:55
there are actually no cells
going into the old brain, in this model.
going into the old brain, in this model.
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09:01
Instead, we've reasoned, then,
that it must be the soluble factors,
that it must be the soluble factors,
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于是，我们推论出，
一定是可溶的因子在作用，
一定是可溶的因子在作用，
所以我们只需采集血液中的可溶部分，
就是血浆，
就是血浆，
09:05
so we could collect simply the soluble
fraction of blood which is called plasma,
fraction of blood which is called plasma,
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将年轻或年老的血浆注射入这些小鼠，
09:09
and inject either young plasma
or old plasma into these mice,
or old plasma into these mice,
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我们就可以重现这些年轻化效果，
09:13
and we could reproduce
these rejuvenating effects,
these rejuvenating effects,
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而且我们现在还可以做的是，
09:16
but what we could also do now
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我们可以对小鼠进行记忆测试。
09:17
is we could do memory tests with mice.
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小鼠变老时，和人类一样，
会出现记忆问题，
会出现记忆问题，
09:20
As mice get older, like us humans,
they have memory problems.
they have memory problems.
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09:24
It's just harder to detect them,
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只是很难检验出来，
不过我稍后会展示我们是怎么做的。
09:26
but I'll show you in a minute
how we do that.
how we do that.
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我们希望能够再前进一步，
09:28
But we wanted to take this
one step further,
one step further,
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希望成果能够实质上与人类联系起来，
希望离这一目标更近。
希望离这一目标更近。
09:31
one step closer to potentially
being relevant to humans.
being relevant to humans.
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我现在展示的是一些未发表的研究，
09:35
What I'm showing you now
are unpublished studies,
are unpublished studies,
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其中我们使用了人类血浆，
年轻人的血浆，
年轻人的血浆，
09:38
where we used human plasma,
young human plasma,
young human plasma,
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而对照组使用生理盐水，
09:43
and as a control, saline,
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然后注射入老年老鼠体内，
09:45
and injected it into old mice,
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我们能再次让这些老鼠变年轻吗？
09:47
and asked, can we again
rejuvenate these old mice?
rejuvenate these old mice?
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我们能让它们变聪明吗？
09:52
Can we make them smarter?
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09:54
And to do this, we used a test.
It's called a Barnes maze.
It's called a Barnes maze.
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为了回答这些问题，
我们进行了巴恩斯迷宫测试。
我们进行了巴恩斯迷宫测试。
这是一张大桌子，
上面有许多孔，
上面有许多孔，
09:57
This is a big table
that has lots of holes in it,
that has lots of holes in it,
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周围是指示标记，
10:00
and there are guide marks around it,
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有束强光照在桌上，
就像这个舞台一样。
就像这个舞台一样。
10:04
and there's a bright light,
as on this stage here.
as on this stage here.
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老鼠讨厌强光，于是想办法逃走，
10:06
The mice hate this and they try to escape,
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然后找到这一个孔，
大家可以看到有个箭头指到这里，
大家可以看到有个箭头指到这里，
10:09
and find the single hole that you see
pointed at with an arrow,
pointed at with an arrow,
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在后面连接有一根管道，
10:14
where a tube is mounted underneath
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老鼠可以逃进这里，
它们喜欢呆在黑暗的洞里。
它们喜欢呆在黑暗的洞里。
10:16
where they can escape
and feel comfortable in a dark hole.
and feel comfortable in a dark hole.
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10:19
So we teach them, over several days,
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于是我们花了几天时间训练它们，
来根据这片区域里的这些线索，
找到这个地方。
找到这个地方。
10:21
to find this space
on these cues in the space,
on these cues in the space,
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大家可以用这个对比人类的行为，
10:24
and you can compare this for humans,
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就像你从购物中心出来，
想要在停车场里找到自己的车一样。
想要在停车场里找到自己的车一样。
10:27
to finding your car in a parking lot
after a busy day of shopping.
after a busy day of shopping.
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（笑声）
10:31
(Laughter)
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我们中有许多人
很可能在这方面都有些问题。
很可能在这方面都有些问题。
10:32
Many of us have probably had
some problems with that.
some problems with that.
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让我们来看一看这只老年老鼠。
10:36
So, let's look at an old mouse here.
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10:38
This is an old mouse
that has memory problems,
that has memory problems,
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这只老年老鼠有记忆问题，
大家一会儿就能注意到。
10:41
as you'll notice in a moment.
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10:43
It just looks into every hole,
but it didn't form this spacial map
but it didn't form this spacial map
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它只是每个孔都看一看，
但无法形成空间地图，
但无法形成空间地图，
否则它就会知道这个孔之前试过，
或前一天试过。
或前一天试过。
10:48
that would remind it where it was
in the previous trial or the last day.
in the previous trial or the last day.
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10:53
In stark contrast, this mouse here
is a sibling of the same age,
is a sibling of the same age,
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形成鲜明对比的是这一只老鼠，
它和前一只是同一胎所生，
它和前一只是同一胎所生，
但是注射了年轻人类血浆，
10:59
but it was treated with young
human plasma for three weeks,
human plasma for three weeks,
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每三天进行少量注射，共三个星期。
11:04
with small injections every three days.
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11:07
And as you noticed, it almost
looks around, "Where am I?" --
looks around, "Where am I?" --
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大家可以注意到，它几乎就是四处看看，
“我在哪儿呢？”——
“我在哪儿呢？”——
然后直接就奔向那个孔，逃走了。
11:11
and then walks straight
to that hole and escapes.
to that hole and escapes.
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所以，它能记住那个孔在哪里。
11:14
So, it could remember where that hole was.
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11:18
So by all means, this old mouse
seems to be rejuvenated --
seems to be rejuvenated --
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所以可以肯定地说，
这只老年老鼠看来是变年轻了——
这只老年老鼠看来是变年轻了——
它的身体机能更像年轻老鼠。
11:22
it functions more like a younger mouse.
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而且还表明，
不仅是在年轻老鼠的血浆里，
不仅是在年轻老鼠的血浆里，
11:24
And it also suggests
that there is something
that there is something
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在年轻人类的血浆里，
11:27
not only in young mouse plasma,
but in young human plasma
but in young human plasma
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也有这种能够改善衰老的大脑功能的能力。
11:32
that has the capacity
to help this old brain.
to help this old brain.
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11:36
So to summarize,
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总结一下，
我们发现这只老年老鼠，
准确地说是它的大脑，是可以改变的。
准确地说是它的大脑，是可以改变的。
11:38
we find the old mouse, and its brain
in particular, are malleable.
in particular, are malleable.
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它并非一成不变，
我们真的可以改变它。
我们真的可以改变它。
11:42
They're not set in stone;
we can actually change them.
we can actually change them.
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它可以变得年轻。
11:45
It can be rejuvenated.
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11:47
Young blood factors can reverse aging,
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年轻血液中的因子可以逆转年龄，
而我所没有展示的是——
11:50
and what I didn't show you --
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在此模型中，
年轻老鼠实际上也是置于年老环境之中。
年轻老鼠实际上也是置于年老环境之中。
11:52
in this model, the young mouse actually
suffers from exposure to the old.
suffers from exposure to the old.
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所以就存在可以加速衰老的
老年血液因子，
老年血液因子，
11:57
So there are old-blood factors
that can accelerate aging.
that can accelerate aging.
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12:01
And most importantly,
humans may have similar factors,
humans may have similar factors,
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而最重要的是，
人类可能有同样的因子，
人类可能有同样的因子，
因为我们可以采集年轻人的血液，
观察到类似的效应。
观察到类似的效应。
12:06
because we can take young human
blood and have a similar effect.
blood and have a similar effect.
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12:10
Old human blood, I didn't show you,
does not have this effect;
does not have this effect;
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老年人的血液，我没有展示，
没有这种效应；
没有这种效应；
它无法让老鼠变得年轻。
12:14
it does not make the mice younger.
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12:17
So, is this magic transferable to humans?
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那么，这种神奇效果可以移植到人类身上吗？
我们在斯坦福进行了
一个小型的临床研究，
一个小型的临床研究，
12:20
We're running a small
clinical study at Stanford,
clinical study at Stanford,
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我们找到一些病症较轻的
阿尔茨海默症病人，
阿尔茨海默症病人，
12:24
where we treat Alzheimer's patients
with mild disease
with mild disease
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为他们输入20岁年轻志愿者的血浆，
12:28
with a pint of plasma
from young volunteers, 20-year-olds,
from young volunteers, 20-year-olds,
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每周一次，每次一品脱（473毫升），
连续四周，
连续四周，
12:34
and do this once a week for four weeks,
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然后我们观察他们的大脑成像。
12:37
and then we look
at their brains with imaging.
at their brains with imaging.
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12:41
We test them cognitively,
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我们进行认知测试，
并向护理员了解他们的日常活动，
12:42
and we ask their caregivers
for daily activities of living.
for daily activities of living.
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我们希望见到的是，
通过此项治疗能够出现
通过此项治疗能够出现
12:46
What we hope is that there are
some signs of improvement
some signs of improvement
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某些改善的迹象。
12:50
from this treatment.
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12:52
And if that's the case,
that could give us hope
that could give us hope
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如果真的是这样的话，
我们就看到了希望，
我们就看到了希望，
我展示给大家的对老鼠进行的研究，
12:55
that what I showed you works in mice
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对人类也会有效果。
12:57
might also work in humans.
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13:00
Now, I don't think we will live forever.
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我不认为我们可以长生不老，
13:03
But maybe we discovered
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但也许我们发现了
青春之泉其实就在我们的身体里，
13:06
that the Fountain of Youth
is actually within us,
is actually within us,
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只是干涸了而已。
13:09
and it has just dried out.
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13:11
And if we can turn it
back on a little bit,
back on a little bit,
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如果我们可以让它再涌出一点点，
也许我们就可以找到
能减缓这些（衰老）效应的因子，
能减缓这些（衰老）效应的因子，
13:14
maybe we can find the factors
that are mediating these effects,
that are mediating these effects,
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我们就可以合成这些因子，
13:19
we can produce these factors synthetically
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来治疗衰老疾病，
诸如阿尔茨海默症，
诸如阿尔茨海默症，
13:21
and we can treat diseases of aging,
such as Alzheimer's disease
such as Alzheimer's disease
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或其它痴呆症。
13:25
or other dementias.
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13:27
Thank you very much.
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谢谢大家。
（掌声）
13:28
(Applause)
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Translated by Tian Ye
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Tony Wyss-Coray - Brain scientistAt his lab at Stanford School of Medicine, Tony Wyss-Coray studies aging -- and potential cures for it.
Why you should listen
Professor of neurology at Stanford, Tony Wyss-Coray oversees an eponymous lab which studies immune and injury responses in aging and neurodegeneration.
Wyss-Coray initially studied at the Institute of Clinical Immunology at the University of Bern in Switzerland, but he now lives and works in California. At Stanford since 2002, he's also a health scientist at the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System. Deeply interested in figuring out ways to combat diseases such as Alzheimer's, he serves on the scientific advisory board for the Alzheimer Research Consortium and on the international advisory board for Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine. In 2013, he was given a Transformative Research Award by the director of the National Institutes of Health.
Tony Wyss-Coray | Speaker | TED.com