Mission Blue II
Kristen Marhaver: How we're growing baby corals to rebuild reefs
Kristen Marhaver: Kako uzgajamo mlade koralje za obnovu grebena
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Kristen Marhaver proučava koralje, sićušna stvorenja veličine zrna maka koja, kroz razdoblje od nekoliko stotina godina, stvaraju prelijepe oceanske strukture duge stotinama milja koje pomažu pri očuvanju života u vodi. Kako sama priznaje, lako je biti tužan zbog stanja koraljnih grebena; trenutno su aktualni zbog brzine kojom blijede, umiru i pretvaraju se u mulj. Ali dobra je vijest ta da učimo sve više i više o ovim zapanjujućim morskim beskralježnjacima — uključujući i kako im pomoći (i pomoći njima da pomognu nama). Ovaj biolog i sudionik programa TED Fellow pruža kratak uvid u predivan i tajanstven život ovih marljivih i krhkih stvorenja.
Kristen Marhaver - Coral reef biologist
TED Senior Fellow Kristen Marhaver is a marine biologist studying the ecology, behavior and reproduction of reef corals. Full bio
TED Senior Fellow Kristen Marhaver is a marine biologist studying the ecology, behavior and reproduction of reef corals. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
What was the most
difficult job you ever did?
difficult job you ever did?
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Koji je najteži posao
koji ste ikad radili?
koji ste ikad radili?
00:15
Was it working in the sun?
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Je li to bio rad na suncu?
00:17
Was it working to provide food
for a family or a community?
for a family or a community?
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Je li to bio rad za pružanje hrane
obitelji ili zajednici?
obitelji ili zajednici?
00:21
Was it working days and nights
trying to protect lives and property?
trying to protect lives and property?
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Je li to bio rad danju i noću
štiteći živote i imovinu?
štiteći živote i imovinu?
00:25
Was it working alone
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Samostalan rad
00:26
or working on a project
that wasn't guaranteed to succeed,
that wasn't guaranteed to succeed,
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ili rad na projektu kojemu
nije bio zajamčen uspjeh,
nije bio zajamčen uspjeh,
00:30
but that might improve
human health or save a life?
human health or save a life?
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ali bi mogao unaprijediti
ljudsko zdravlje ili spasiti život?
ljudsko zdravlje ili spasiti život?
00:33
Was it working to build something,
create something, make a work of art?
create something, make a work of art?
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Je li to bio rad na izgradnji nečega,
stvaranju nečega, umjetničkog djela?
stvaranju nečega, umjetničkog djela?
00:38
Was it work for which you were never sure
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Je li to bio posao za koji
niste bili sigurni
niste bili sigurni
00:41
you were fully understood or appreciated?
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da ste bili potpuno shvaćeni
ili da se vaš rad cijenio?
ili da se vaš rad cijenio?
00:45
The people in our communities
who do these jobs
who do these jobs
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Ljudi u našim zajednicama
koji rade ove stvari
koji rade ove stvari
00:47
deserve our attention, our love
and our deepest support.
and our deepest support.
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zaslužuju našu pažnju, našu ljubav
i našu punu podršku.
i našu punu podršku.
00:51
But people aren't the only ones
in our communities
in our communities
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Ali nisu samo ljudi
u našim zajednicama
u našim zajednicama
00:53
who do these difficult jobs.
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oni koji imaju tako teške zadatke.
00:56
These jobs are also done
by the plants, the animals
by the plants, the animals
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Te zadatke imaju ptice, životinje
00:58
and the ecosystems on our planet,
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i ekosustavi na našem planetu,
01:01
including the ecosystems I study:
the tropical coral reefs.
the tropical coral reefs.
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uključujući i ekosustave koje ja
proučavam: tropske koraljne grebene.
proučavam: tropske koraljne grebene.
01:05
Coral reefs are farmers.
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Koraljni grebeni su farmeri.
01:07
They provide food, income
and food security
and food security
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Pružaju nam hranu, prihode
i osiguravaju hranu
i osiguravaju hranu
01:10
for hundreds of millions
of people around the world.
of people around the world.
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stotinama milijuna ljudi
diljem svijeta.
diljem svijeta.
01:13
Coral reefs are security guards.
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Koraljni grebeni su zaštitari.
01:16
The structures that they build
protect our shorelines
protect our shorelines
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Strukture koje oni grade
štite naše obale
štite naše obale
01:18
from storm surge and waves,
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od udara oluja i valova,
01:20
and the biological systems
that they house filter the water
that they house filter the water
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biološki sustavi koje imaju
filtriraju vodu
filtriraju vodu
01:24
and make it safer for us to work and play.
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i omogućuju nam siguran rad i igru.
01:27
Coral reefs are chemists.
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Koraljni grebeni su kemičari.
01:30
The molecules that we're discovering
on coral reefs are increasingly important
on coral reefs are increasingly important
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Molekule koje otkrivamo na koraljnim
grebenima postaju sve značajnije
grebenima postaju sve značajnije
01:33
in the search for new antibiotics
and new cancer drugs.
and new cancer drugs.
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u potrazi za novim antibioticima
i novim lijekovima za rak.
i novim lijekovima za rak.
01:37
And coral reefs are artists.
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I koraljni grebeni su umjetnici.
01:39
The structures that they build
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Strukture koje grade
01:41
are some of the most
beautiful things on planet Earth.
beautiful things on planet Earth.
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su jedne od najljepših na Zemlji.
01:43
And this beauty is the foundation
of the tourism industry
of the tourism industry
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Ova ljepota je temelj industriji turizma
01:46
in many countries with few
or little other natural resources.
or little other natural resources.
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u brojnim zemljama s nedovoljno
drugih resursa.
drugih resursa.
01:51
So for all of these reasons,
all of these ecosystem services,
all of these ecosystem services,
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Zbog svih ovih razloga,
svih ovih uloga za ekosustav,
svih ovih uloga za ekosustav,
01:55
economists estimate the value
of the world's coral reefs
of the world's coral reefs
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ekonomisti procjenjuju vrijednost
koraljnih grebena
koraljnih grebena
01:57
in the hundreds of billions
of dollars per year.
of dollars per year.
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u stotinama milijardi dolara godišnje.
02:01
And yet despite all that hard work
being done for us
being done for us
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Ali unatoč svemu što se čini za nas
02:04
and all that wealth that we gain,
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i bogatstva koje stječemo,
02:06
we have done almost everything
we possibly could to destroy that.
we possibly could to destroy that.
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činimo gotovo sve što možemo
kako bismo to uništili.
kako bismo to uništili.
02:11
We have taken the fish out of the oceans
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Iz oceana smo izlovili ribu
02:13
and we have added in fertilizer, sewage,
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i dodali gnojivo, kanalizaciju,
02:15
diseases, oil, pollution, sediments.
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bolesti, naftu, zagađenje, sedimente.
02:19
We have trampled the reefs physically
with our boats, our fins, our bulldozers,
with our boats, our fins, our bulldozers,
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Fizički smo pregazili grebene brodovima,
propelerima, buldožerima,
propelerima, buldožerima,
02:23
and we have changed the chemistry
of the entire sea,
of the entire sea,
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i promijenili smo kemiju čitavog mora,
02:26
warmed the waters and made storms worse.
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ugrijali vode i učinili oluje gorima.
02:28
And these would all be bad on their own,
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Ove promjene bi bile loše same po sebi,
02:30
but these threats magnify each other
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ali one povećavaju jedna drugu
02:32
and compound one another
and make each other worse.
and make each other worse.
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međusobno se spajaju
i jedna drugu čini gorom.
i jedna drugu čini gorom.
02:35
I'll give you an example.
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Dat ću vam primjer.
02:37
Where I live and work, in Curaçao,
a tropical storm went by a few years ago.
a tropical storm went by a few years ago.
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Mjesto gdje živim i radim, Curaçao, prije
par godina poharala je tropska oluja.
par godina poharala je tropska oluja.
02:41
And on the eastern end of the island,
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Na istočnom kraju otoka,
02:43
where the reefs are intact and thriving,
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gdje su grebeni netaknuti i gdje bujaju,
02:45
you could barely tell
a tropical storm had passed.
a tropical storm had passed.
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jedva se može reći da je
tropska oluja prošla.
tropska oluja prošla.
02:48
But in town, where corals had died
from overfishing, from pollution,
from overfishing, from pollution,
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Ali u gradu, gdje su koralji izumrli zbog
pretjeranog izlova ribe, zbog zagađenja,
pretjeranog izlova ribe, zbog zagađenja,
02:53
the tropical storm picked up
the dead corals
the dead corals
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tropska oluja je podigla
mrtve koralje
mrtve koralje
02:55
and used them as bludgeons
to kill the corals that were left.
to kill the corals that were left.
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i koristila ih kao toljage pri
uništavanju preostalih koralja.
uništavanju preostalih koralja.
02:59
This is a coral that I studied
during my PhD --
during my PhD --
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Ovo je koralj koji sam proučavala
za svoj doktorat,
za svoj doktorat,
03:01
I got to know it quite well.
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dobro sam ga upoznala.
03:03
And after this storm
took off half of its tissue,
took off half of its tissue,
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Nakon što je ova oluja
skinula polovicu njegova tkiva,
skinula polovicu njegova tkiva,
03:06
it became infested with algae,
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postao je preplavljen algama,
03:08
the algae overgrew the tissue
and that coral died.
and that coral died.
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alge su obrasle tkivo
i koralj je umro.
i koralj je umro.
03:11
This magnification of threats,
this compounding of factors
this compounding of factors
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Povećanje prijetnji,
ovo spajanje faktora
ovo spajanje faktora
03:15
is what Jeremy Jackson describes
as the "slippery slope to slime."
as the "slippery slope to slime."
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je što Jeremy Jackson opisuje
kao “sklizak teren do mulja.”
kao “sklizak teren do mulja.”
03:20
It's hardly even a metaphor
because many of our reefs now
because many of our reefs now
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Teško da je to uopće metafora
jer mnogi su grebeni sada
jer mnogi su grebeni sada
03:24
are literally bacteria
and algae and slime.
and algae and slime.
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doslovno bakterije, alge i mulj.
03:28
Now, this is the part of the talk
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Ovo je dio govora
03:30
where you may expect me
to launch into my plea
to launch into my plea
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u kojemu mnogi od vas očekuju
da ću početi moliti
da ću početi moliti
03:33
for us to all save the coral reefs.
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da svi spasimo koraljne grebene.
03:36
But I have a confession to make:
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Ali moram nešto priznati:
03:39
that phrase drives me nuts.
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taj me izraz izluđuje.
03:42
Whether I see it in a tweet,
in a news headline
in a news headline
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Bilo da ga vidim kao tweet,
u novinskom naslovu
u novinskom naslovu
03:46
or the glossy pages
of a conservation brochure,
of a conservation brochure,
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ili na stranicama brošure o
očuvanju okoliša,
očuvanju okoliša,
03:49
that phrase bothers me,
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taj mi izraz smeta,
03:51
because we as conservationists
have been sounding the alarms
have been sounding the alarms
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jer mi kao konzervatori
na sva zvona upozoravamo
na sva zvona upozoravamo
03:54
about the death
of coral reefs for decades.
of coral reefs for decades.
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na smrt koraljnih grebena
već desetljećima.
već desetljećima.
03:56
And yet, almost everyone I meet,
no matter how educated,
no matter how educated,
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No i dalje, gotovo svi koje sam upoznala,
bez obzira koliko obrazovani bili,
bez obzira koliko obrazovani bili,
04:01
is not sure what a coral is
or where they come from.
or where they come from.
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nisu sigurni što je koralj
ili kako koralji nastaju.
ili kako koralji nastaju.
04:05
How would we get someone to care
about the world's coral reefs
about the world's coral reefs
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Kako da se netko brine o
koraljnim grebenima svijeta
koraljnim grebenima svijeta
04:08
when it's an abstract thing
they can barely understand?
they can barely understand?
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kad je za njih to apstraktna stvar
koju jedva razumiju?
koju jedva razumiju?
04:13
If they don't understand
what a coral is or where it comes from,
what a coral is or where it comes from,
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Ako ne razumiju što je koralj
ili kako nastaje,
ili kako nastaje,
04:16
or how funny or interesting
or beautiful it is,
or beautiful it is,
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ili kako je smiješan,
zanimljiv ili lijep,
zanimljiv ili lijep,
04:19
why would we expect them
to care about saving them?
to care about saving them?
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zašto bi očekivali da im bude
stalo do spašavanja?
stalo do spašavanja?
04:22
So let's change that.
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Promijenimo to.
04:23
What is a coral
and where does it come from?
and where does it come from?
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Što je koralj
i kako nastaje?
i kako nastaje?
04:27
Corals are born
in a number of different ways,
in a number of different ways,
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Koralji nastaju na
nekoliko različitih načina,
nekoliko različitih načina,
04:29
but most often by mass spawning:
all of the individuals of a single species
all of the individuals of a single species
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ali najčešće mrijestom:
sve jedinke neke vrste
sve jedinke neke vrste
04:33
on one night a year,
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jedne noći godišnje,
04:35
releasing all the eggs
they've made that year
they've made that year
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otpuštaju sva jajašca
koja su razvijali te godine
koja su razvijali te godine
04:37
into the water column,
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u stupac vode,
04:39
packaged into bundles with sperm cells.
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pakirana u paketiće sa spermijima.
04:41
And those bundles go to the surface
of the ocean and break apart.
of the ocean and break apart.
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Ti paketići putuju do površine
oceana i rastavljaju se.
oceana i rastavljaju se.
04:45
And hopefully -- hopefully --
at the surface of the ocean,
at the surface of the ocean,
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Ako ima nade,
na površini oceana će se spojiti
na površini oceana će se spojiti
04:47
they meet the eggs and sperm
from other corals.
from other corals.
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s jajašcima i spermijima
drugih koralja.
drugih koralja.
04:50
And that is why you need
lots of corals on a coral reef --
lots of corals on a coral reef --
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Zato je potrebno na koraljnom
grebenu imati mnogo koralja -
grebenu imati mnogo koralja -
04:53
so that all of their eggs can
meet their match at the surface.
meet their match at the surface.
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tako da se njihova jajašca mogu
spariti na površini.
spariti na površini.
04:57
When they're fertilized, they do
what any other animal egg does:
what any other animal egg does:
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Kad su oplođena, čine ono što
čini svako jaje druge životinje:
čini svako jaje druge životinje:
05:00
divides in half again and again and again.
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dijeli se na pola iznova i iznova.
05:03
Taking these photos
under the microscope every year
under the microscope every year
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Snimajući ove fotografije
mikroskopom svake godine
mikroskopom svake godine
05:05
is one of my favorite and most
magical moments of the year.
magical moments of the year.
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jedan je od najčarobnijih
trenutaka godine.
trenutaka godine.
05:08
At the end of all this cell division,
they turn into a swimming larva --
they turn into a swimming larva --
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Nakon svih dioba, prevore se
u plivajuće ličinke –
u plivajuće ličinke –
05:12
a little tiny blob of fat
the size of a poppy seed,
the size of a poppy seed,
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sićušni grumen masti
veličine zrna maka,
veličine zrna maka,
05:16
but with all of the sensory
systems that we have.
systems that we have.
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ali sa svim osjetilima
koja mi imamo.
koja mi imamo.
05:19
They can sense color and light,
textures, chemicals, pH.
textures, chemicals, pH.
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Osjećaju svjetlost, razlikuju boje,
teksture, kemikalije, pH.
teksture, kemikalije, pH.
05:24
They can even feel pressure waves;
they can hear sound.
they can hear sound.
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Osjećaju čak i tlak, čuju.
05:28
And they use those talents
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I koriste te sposobnosti
05:29
to search the bottom of the reef
for a place to attach
for a place to attach
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u potrazi za staništem
na dnu grebena
na dnu grebena
05:32
and live the rest of their lives.
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i trajnim mjestom za život.
05:34
So imagine finding a place
where you would live the rest of your life
where you would live the rest of your life
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Zamislite da ste tražili gdje ćete
provesti ostatak svog života
provesti ostatak svog života
05:37
when you were just two days old.
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kad ste imali samo dva dana.
05:39
They attach in the place
they find most suitable,
they find most suitable,
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Vežu se na mjesto
koje im je najpogodnije,
koje im je najpogodnije,
05:42
they build a skeleton
underneath themselves,
underneath themselves,
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stvaraju skelet ispod sebe,
05:44
they build a mouth and tentacles,
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razvijaju usta i krakove,
05:46
and then they begin the difficult work
of building the world's coral reefs.
of building the world's coral reefs.
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i zatim počinju s teškim zadatkom
izgradnje koraljnog grebena.
izgradnje koraljnog grebena.
05:51
One coral polyp will divide itself
again and again and again,
again and again and again,
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Jedan polip koralja će se iznova i
iznova dijeliti,
iznova dijeliti,
05:54
leaving a limestone skeleton
underneath itself
underneath itself
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ostavljajući skelet od vapnenca
ispod sebe
ispod sebe
05:57
and growing up toward the sun.
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i rastući prema suncu.
05:59
Given hundreds of years and many species,
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Nakon stotina godina i brojnih vrsta,
06:02
what you get is a massive
limestone structure
limestone structure
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ostaje masivna vapnenačka struktura
06:05
that can be seen from space in many cases,
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koja se u mnogo slučajeva može
vidjeti iz svemira,
vidjeti iz svemira,
06:07
covered by a thin skin
of these hardworking animals.
of these hardworking animals.
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prekrivena tankim slojem ovih
marljivih životinja.
marljivih životinja.
06:11
Now, there are only a few hundred species
of corals on the planet, maybe 1,000.
of corals on the planet, maybe 1,000.
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Postoji svega nekoliko stotina vrsta
koralja na svijetu, možda oko tisuću.
koralja na svijetu, možda oko tisuću.
06:16
But these systems house millions
and millions of other species,
and millions of other species,
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Ali ovi su sustavi dom
milijunima drugih vrsta,
milijunima drugih vrsta,
06:21
and that diversity is what
stabilizes the systems,
stabilizes the systems,
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a ta je raznolikost ono što
daje ravnotežu sustavima,
daje ravnotežu sustavima,
06:23
and it's where we're finding
our new medicines.
our new medicines.
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i mjesto je gdje nalazimo
nove lijekove.
nove lijekove.
06:25
It's how we find new sources of food.
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Kako pronalazimo nove izvore hrane.
06:29
I'm lucky enough to work
on the island of Curaçao,
on the island of Curaçao,
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Dovoljno sam sretna što radim
na otoku Curaçao,
na otoku Curaçao,
06:32
where we still have reefs
that look like this.
that look like this.
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gdje još imamo grebene
koji izgledaju ovako.
koji izgledaju ovako.
06:34
But, indeed, much of the Caribbean
and much of our world
and much of our world
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Ali, većina Kariba i ostatka svijeta
06:38
is much more like this.
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izgleda više ovako.
06:40
Scientists have studied
in increasing detail
in increasing detail
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Znanstvenici sve detaljnije proučavaju
06:43
the loss of the world's coral reefs,
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nestanak koraljnih grebena,
06:45
and they have documented
with increasing certainty the causes.
with increasing certainty the causes.
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i dokumentirali su,
sa sve većom sigurnošću, koji su uzroci.
sa sve većom sigurnošću, koji su uzroci.
06:49
But in my research, I'm not
interested in looking backward.
interested in looking backward.
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Međutim, u svom istraživanju,
ne zanima me gledanje unatrag.
ne zanima me gledanje unatrag.
06:52
My colleagues and I in Curaçao
are interested in looking forward
are interested in looking forward
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Moje kolege i mene u Curaçau
zanima gledanje naprijed
zanima gledanje naprijed
06:55
at what might be.
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što bi se moglo dogoditi.
06:56
And we have the tiniest reason
to be optimistic.
to be optimistic.
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I imamo najsitnije razloge zašto
biti optimističan.
biti optimističan.
07:00
Because even in some of these reefs
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Čak in na grebenima
07:02
that we probably could have
written off long ago,
written off long ago,
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koje smo vjerojatno mogli
otpisati jako davno,
otpisati jako davno,
07:06
we sometimes see baby corals
arrive and survive anyway.
arrive and survive anyway.
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ponekad vidimo mlade koralje koji
pristižu na svijet i opstaju unatoč svemu.
pristižu na svijet i opstaju unatoč svemu.
07:11
And we're starting to think
that baby corals may have the ability
that baby corals may have the ability
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Počinjemo pretpostavljati da mladi
koralji možda imaju mogućnost
koralji možda imaju mogućnost
07:14
to adjust to some of the conditions
that the adults couldn't.
that the adults couldn't.
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prolagodbe uvijetima kojima se stariji
nisu mogli prilagoditi.
nisu mogli prilagoditi.
07:18
They may be able to adjust
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Možda se mogu prilagoditi
07:20
ever so slightly more readily
to this human planet.
to this human planet.
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tek toliko malo bolje ovom planetu.
07:24
So in the research I do
with my colleagues in Curaçao,
with my colleagues in Curaçao,
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U istraživanju na kojem radim
sa svojim kolegama u Curaçau
sa svojim kolegama u Curaçau
07:28
we try to figure out
what a baby coral needs
what a baby coral needs
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pokušavamo shvatiti što je
mladim koraljima potrebno
mladim koraljima potrebno
07:31
in that critical early stage,
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u najranijem stadiju,
07:33
what it's looking for
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što traže
07:34
and how we can try to help it
through that process.
through that process.
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i kako im možemo pomoći u tome.
07:36
I'm going to show you three examples
of the work we've done
of the work we've done
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Pokazat ću vam tri primjera
što smo učinili
što smo učinili
07:39
to try to answer those questions.
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kako bismo odgovorili na ta pitanja.
07:42
A few years ago we took a 3D printer
and we made coral choice surveys --
and we made coral choice surveys --
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Prije nekoliko godina uzeli smo 3D printer
i napravili istraživanje izbora –
i napravili istraživanje izbora –
07:47
different colors and different textures,
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455374
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različitih boja i različitih tekstura,
07:49
and we simply asked the coral
where they preferred to settle.
where they preferred to settle.
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i jednostavno pitali koralj gdje
bi se najradije nastanili.
bi se najradije nastanili.
07:52
And we found that corals,
even without the biology involved,
even without the biology involved,
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Otkrili smo da koralji, čak i bez
prisustva života,
prisustva života,
07:55
still prefer white and pink,
the colors of a healthy reef.
the colors of a healthy reef.
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i dalje preferiraju bijelu i rozu,
boje zdravog grebena.
boje zdravog grebena.
07:58
And they prefer crevices
and grooves and holes,
and grooves and holes,
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Preferiraju pukotine, žlijebove i rupe,
08:01
where they will be safe
from being trampled
from being trampled
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2024
gdje će biti sigurni od gaženja
08:03
or eaten by a predator.
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ili napada grabežljivaca.
08:05
So we can use this knowledge,
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Možemo koristiti ovo znanje,
08:06
we can go back and say
we need to restore those factors --
we need to restore those factors --
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možemo reći da moramo
vratiti ove čimbenike –
vratiti ove čimbenike –
08:09
that pink, that white, those crevices,
those hard surfaces --
those hard surfaces --
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tu rozu, tu bijelu, one pukotine,
čvrste površine –
čvrste površine –
08:13
in our conservation projects.
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u naše projekte čuvanja okoliša.
08:14
We can also use that knowledge
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Također možemo iskoristiti znanje
08:16
if we're going to put something
underwater, like a sea wall or a pier.
underwater, like a sea wall or a pier.
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ako ćemo graditi neki lukobran ili mol.
08:19
We can choose to use the materials
and colors and textures
and colors and textures
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Možemo koristiti te materijale,
boje i teksture
boje i teksture
08:22
that might bias the system
back toward those corals.
back toward those corals.
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koje mogu ponovo učiniti okoliš
prigodnim za rast koralja.
prigodnim za rast koralja.
08:27
Now in addition to the surfaces,
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1977
Uz površine,
08:29
we also study the chemical
and microbial signals
and microbial signals
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proučavamo i kemijske i
mikrobiološke signale
mikrobiološke signale
08:32
that attract corals to reefs.
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koji privlače koralje grebenima.
08:34
Starting about six years ago,
I began culturing bacteria
I began culturing bacteria
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Prije 6 godina sam počela
kultivirati bakterije
kultivirati bakterije
08:36
from surfaces where corals had settled.
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s površina na kojima su se
koralji nastanili.
koralji nastanili.
08:39
And I tried those one by one by one,
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I isprobala sam jednu po jednu,
08:41
looking for the bacteria that would
convince corals to settle and attach.
convince corals to settle and attach.
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tražeći bakteriju koja bi uvjerila
koralje da se nasele i pričvrste.
koralje da se nasele i pričvrste.
08:46
And we now have many
bacterial strains in our freezer
bacterial strains in our freezer
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Sad imamo brojne bakterijske
vrste u zamrzivaču
vrste u zamrzivaču
08:49
that will reliably cause corals
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koje pouzdano potiču koralje
08:51
to go through that settlement
and attachment process.
and attachment process.
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na naseljavanje i pričvršćivanje.
08:54
So as we speak,
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Ovog trenutka,
08:55
my colleagues in Curaçao
are testing those bacteria
are testing those bacteria
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moje kolege u Curaçau
testiraju te bakterije
testiraju te bakterije
08:58
to see if they'll help us raise
more coral settlers in the lab,
more coral settlers in the lab,
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kako bi vidjeli mogu li nam pomoći
u uzgoju koralja u laboratoriju,
u uzgoju koralja u laboratoriju,
09:01
and to see if those coral settlers
will survive better
will survive better
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i hoće li ti koralji bolje preživjeti
09:04
when we put them back underwater.
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kad ih vratimo u vodu.
09:06
Now in addition to these tools,
we also try to uncover the mysteries
we also try to uncover the mysteries
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Uz te alate,
također pokušavamo otkriti tajne
također pokušavamo otkriti tajne
09:09
of species that are under-studied.
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vrsta koje nisu dovoljno izučene.
09:12
This is one of my favorite corals,
and always has been:
and always has been:
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Ovo je jedan od mojih najdražih koralja,
i uvijek je bio:
i uvijek je bio:
09:16
dendrogyra cylindrus, the pillar coral.
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Dendrogyra cylindrus
09:19
I love it because it makes
this ridiculous shape,
this ridiculous shape,
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Volim ga jer ima ovaj smiješan oblik,
09:22
because its tentacles
are fat and look fuzzy
are fat and look fuzzy
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jer su mu krakovi debeli i mekani
09:25
and because it's rare.
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i jer je rijedak.
09:26
Finding one of these on a reef is a treat.
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Zadovoljstvo ga je naći na grebenu.
09:29
In fact, it's so rare,
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Toliko je rijedak,
09:30
that last year it was listed
as a threatened species
as a threatened species
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da je prošle godine proglašen
ranjivom vrstom
ranjivom vrstom
09:33
on the endangered species list.
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1855
na listi ugroženih vrsta.
09:35
And this was in part because
in over 30 years of research surveys,
in over 30 years of research surveys,
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Jedan od razloga za to je taj
što u 30 godina istraživanja
što u 30 godina istraživanja
09:38
scientists had never found
a baby pillar coral.
a baby pillar coral.
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znanstvenici nikad nisu našli
mladog koralja.
mladog koralja.
09:42
We weren't even sure
if they could still reproduce,
if they could still reproduce,
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Uopće nismo bili sigurni
mogu li se razmnožavati,
mogu li se razmnožavati,
09:45
or if they were still reproducing.
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1999
ili razmnožavaju li se još uvijek.
09:47
So four years ago, we started
following these at night
following these at night
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Prije četiri godine,
počeli smo ih pratiti noću
počeli smo ih pratiti noću
09:50
and watching to see if we could
figure out when they spawn in Curaçao.
figure out when they spawn in Curaçao.
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u nadi da ćemo saznati
kad se mrijeste u Curaçau.
kad se mrijeste u Curaçau.
09:55
We got some good tips
from our colleagues in Florida,
from our colleagues in Florida,
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Dobili smo dobre savjete
od kolega s Floride,
od kolega s Floride,
09:58
who had seen one in 2007, one in 2008,
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koji su vidjeli mlado 2007. i 2008.,
10:02
and eventually we figured out
when they spawn in Curaçao
when they spawn in Curaçao
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konačno smo saznali
kad se mrijeste u Curaçau
kad se mrijeste u Curaçau
10:05
and we caught it.
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i vidjeli smo ga.
10:06
Here's a female on the left
with some eggs in her tissue,
with some eggs in her tissue,
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Lijevo je ženka s jajašcima u tkivu,
10:09
about to release them into the seawater.
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1920
uskoro će ih ispustiti u vodu.
10:11
And here's a male
on the right, releasing sperm.
on the right, releasing sperm.
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2637
Ovdje je mužjak desno,
otpušta spermu,
otpušta spermu,
10:14
We collected this, we got it
back to the lab, we got it to fertilize
back to the lab, we got it to fertilize
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Skupili smo to, odnijeli natrag
u laboratorij, omogućili oplodnju,
u laboratorij, omogućili oplodnju,
10:18
and we got baby pillar corals
swimming in our lab.
swimming in our lab.
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i mladi koralji plivaju
u našem laboratoriju.
u našem laboratoriju.
10:22
Thanks to the work
of our scientific aunts and uncles,
of our scientific aunts and uncles,
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2540
Zahvaljujući radu
naših znanstvenih ujaka i tetki,
naših znanstvenih ujaka i tetki,
10:25
and thanks to the 10 years of practice
we've had in Curaçao
we've had in Curaçao
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zahvaljujući desetogodišnjoj praksi
koju smo imali u Curaçau
koju smo imali u Curaçau
10:27
at raising other coral species,
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2193
u uzgajanju drugih vrsta koralja,
10:30
we got some of those larvae
to go through the rest of the process
to go through the rest of the process
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uspjeli smo u tome da neke
od ličinki prođu ostatak procesa,
od ličinki prođu ostatak procesa,
10:34
and settle and attach,
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nastane se i pričvrste,
10:35
and turn into metamorphosed corals.
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2711
i pretvore u metamorfozirane koralje.
10:38
So this is the first pillar coral baby
that anyone ever saw.
that anyone ever saw.
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4744
Ovo je prvo mlado tog koralja
koje je itko ikada vidio.
koje je itko ikada vidio.
10:43
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
10:49
And I have to say --
if you think baby pandas are cute,
if you think baby pandas are cute,
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I moram reći – ako mislite da
su mlade pande slatke,
su mlade pande slatke,
10:52
this is cuter.
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ovo je slađe.
10:53
(Laughter)
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1983
(Smijeh)
10:56
So we're starting to figure out
the secrets to this process,
the secrets to this process,
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Počinjemo shvaćati tajne ovog procesa,
10:59
the secrets of coral reproduction
and how we might help them.
and how we might help them.
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3348
tajne razmnožavanja koralja
i kako im možemo pomoći.
i kako im možemo pomoći.
11:03
And this is true all around the world;
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Ovo je istina diljem svijeta;
11:04
scientists are figuring out new ways
to handle their embryos,
to handle their embryos,
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znanstvenici nalaze nove načine
rada s embrijima
rada s embrijima
11:07
to get them to settle,
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1158
kako bi se nastanili,
11:09
maybe even figuring out the methods
to preserve them at low temperatures,
to preserve them at low temperatures,
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4534
možda čak i pronalazak načina za
prezervaciju na niskim temperaturama,
prezervaciju na niskim temperaturama,
11:13
so that we can preserve
their genetic diversity
their genetic diversity
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kako bismo sačuvali njihovu
genetsku raznolikost
genetsku raznolikost
11:16
and work with them more often.
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1882
i radili s njima češće.
11:18
But this is still so low-tech.
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2873
Ali ovo je i dalje
neusavršena tehnologija.
neusavršena tehnologija.
11:22
We are limited by the space on our bench,
the number of hands in the lab
the number of hands in the lab
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Ograničeni smo količinom prostora na
stolu, brojem ruku u laboratoriju
stolu, brojem ruku u laboratoriju
11:27
and the number of coffees
we can drink in any given hour.
we can drink in any given hour.
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4170
i brojem kava koje možemo popiti.
11:32
Now, compare that to our other crises
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2493
Usporedimo to s drugim krizama
11:34
and our other areas
of concern as a society.
of concern as a society.
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3213
i drugim područjima
od interesa za naše društvo
od interesa za naše društvo
11:38
We have advanced medical technology,
we have defense technology,
we have defense technology,
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3652
Imamo naprednu tehnologiju u medicini,
tehnologiju za obranu,
tehnologiju za obranu,
11:41
we have scientific technology,
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1597
znanstvenu tehnologiju,
11:43
we even have advanced technology for art.
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2426
imamo čak i naprednu
tehnologiju za umjetnost.
tehnologiju za umjetnost.
11:46
But our technology
for conservation is behind.
for conservation is behind.
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Ail tehnologija za konzervaciju zaostaje.
11:53
Think back to the most
difficult job you ever did.
difficult job you ever did.
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Sjetite se najtežeg posla
kojeg ste ikada radili.
kojeg ste ikada radili.
11:56
Many of you would say
it was being a parent.
it was being a parent.
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3235
Mnogi će od vas
spomenuti roditeljstvo.
spomenuti roditeljstvo.
12:00
My mother described being a parent
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1657
Moja je majka opisala roditeljstvo
12:01
as something that makes your life
far more amazing and far more difficult
far more amazing and far more difficult
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4211
kao nešto što tvoj život čini daleko više
nevjerojatnim i daleko težim
nevjerojatnim i daleko težim
12:06
than you could've ever possibly imagined.
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nego što bi uopće mogao pomisliti.
12:08
I've been trying to help corals
become parents for over 10 years now.
become parents for over 10 years now.
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Pokušavam pomoći koraljima da postanu
roditelji već više od 10 godina.
roditelji već više od 10 godina.
12:13
And watching the wonder of life
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I gledajući čudo života
12:15
has certainly filled me with amazement
to the core of my soul.
to the core of my soul.
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4027
zasigurno me ispunilo zadivljenošću
do srži moje duše.
do srži moje duše.
12:19
But I've also seen how difficult
it is for them to become parents.
it is for them to become parents.
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3482
Ali također sam vidjela koliko
im je teško postati roditeljima.
im je teško postati roditeljima.
12:24
The pillar corals spawned
again two weeks ago,
again two weeks ago,
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Koralji su se mrijestili ponovo
prije tjedan dana,
prije tjedan dana,
12:26
and we collected their eggs
and brought them back to the lab.
and brought them back to the lab.
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2889
prikupili smo jajašca i
donijeli ih natrag u laboratorij.
donijeli ih natrag u laboratorij.
12:29
And here you see one embryo dividing,
246
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2058
Ovdje vidite jedan embrij u diobi,
12:31
alongside 14 eggs that didn't fertilize
247
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2874
pored 14 jajašaca koja nisu oplođena
12:34
and will blow up.
248
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1660
i koja će se napuhati.
12:36
They'll be infected with bacteria,
they will explode
they will explode
249
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2735
Postat će inficirani bakterijama
eksplodirat će
eksplodirat će
12:39
and those bacteria will threaten
the life of this one embryo
the life of this one embryo
250
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3742
i te će bakterije ugroziti život
ovog jednog embrija
ovog jednog embrija
12:43
that has a chance.
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2130
koji ima šansu.
12:45
We don't know if it was our handling
methods that went wrong
methods that went wrong
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Ne znamo jesu li zakazale naše
metode rukovanja
metode rukovanja
12:48
and we don't know
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i ne znamo
12:50
if it was just this coral on this reef,
always suffering from low fertility.
always suffering from low fertility.
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pati li samo ovaj koralj na ovom
grebenu od niske plodnosti.
grebenu od niske plodnosti.
12:55
Whatever the cause,
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Koji god uzrok bio,
12:56
we have much more work to do
before we can use baby corals
before we can use baby corals
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imamo još mnogo posla prije nego
ćemo moći koristiti mlade koralje
ćemo moći koristiti mlade koralje
13:01
to grow or fix or, yes,
maybe save coral reefs.
maybe save coral reefs.
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kako bismo uzgajali, popravili ili, da,
možda spasili koraljne grebene.
možda spasili koraljne grebene.
13:07
So never mind that they're worth
hundreds of billions of dollars.
hundreds of billions of dollars.
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Zanemarimo da su vrijedni
stotine milijardi dolara,
stotine milijardi dolara,
13:10
Coral reefs are hardworking animals
and plants and microbes and fungi.
and plants and microbes and fungi.
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Koralji su marljive životinje,
i biljke, i mikrobi, i alge.
i biljke, i mikrobi, i alge.
13:15
They're providing us with art
and food and medicine.
and food and medicine.
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Pružaju nam umjetnost, hranu, lijekove.
13:20
And we almost took out
an entire generation of corals.
an entire generation of corals.
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A mi smo gotovo uništili
cijelu generaciju koralja.
cijelu generaciju koralja.
13:23
But a few made it anyway,
despite our best efforts,
despite our best efforts,
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Ali nekolicina je svejedno uspjela,
unatoč našim pokušajima,
unatoč našim pokušajima,
13:28
and now it's time for us to thank them
for the work they did
for the work they did
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i sada je vrijeme da im zahvalimo
na njihovom trudu
na njihovom trudu
13:31
and give them every chance they have
to raise the coral reefs of the future,
to raise the coral reefs of the future,
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i da im damo svaku šansu
da podignu koraljne grebene budućnosti
da podignu koraljne grebene budućnosti
13:36
their coral babies.
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svoje mlade koralje.
13:37
Thank you so much.
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Hvala vam puno.
13:38
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kristen Marhaver - Coral reef biologistTED Senior Fellow Kristen Marhaver is a marine biologist studying the ecology, behavior and reproduction of reef corals.
Why you should listen
Dr. Kristen Marhaver's work combines classic scientific methods with new technologies to help threatened coral species survive their early life stages. She was the first person to rear juveniles of the endangered Caribbean Pillar Coral. Now she's now developing bacterial tools to improve coral survival at all life stages.
Marhaver's research has been covered by NPR, BBC, The Atlantic and Popular Science, among hundreds of outlets. She's earned five fellowships and grants from the US National Science Foundation and multiple awards for science communication. Marhaver is a TED Senior Fellow, a WINGS Fellow, and a World Economic Forum Young Scientist.
Outside the lab, Marhaver advocates for stronger ocean conservation and smarter science communication. Her talks and articles have been featured by Google, Wired UK, Mission Blue and by ocean and scuba festivals around the world.
A scuba diver from the age of 15, Marhaver is a graduate of Georgia Institute of Technology and the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Her lab is based at the CARMABI Research Station on the island of Curaçao.
Kristen Marhaver | Speaker | TED.com