TED2017
Kristen Marhaver: Why I still have hope for coral reefs
Kristen Marhaver: Zašto još uvijek gajim nadu za koraljne grebene
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Koraljni grebeni u Tihom oceanu izumiru alarmantnom brzinom, naročito zbog izbjeljivanja izazvanog porastom temperatura mora. No, nije prekasno da se nešto poduzme, kaže članica programa TED Fellows, Kristen Maharver. Ona ukazuje na Karibe -- ako im se da vrijeme, stabilna temperatura i zaštita, tamošnji koralji pokazuju sposobnost oporavka od traume. Marhaver nas podsjeća zašto moramo nastaviti raditi na zaštiti dragocjenih koralja koji su još preostali. "Koralji su uvijek igrali na duge staze", kaže, "kao i mi sada."
Kristen Marhaver - Coral reef biologist
TED Senior Fellow Kristen Marhaver is a marine biologist studying the ecology, behavior and reproduction of reef corals. Full bio
TED Senior Fellow Kristen Marhaver is a marine biologist studying the ecology, behavior and reproduction of reef corals. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
The first time I cried underwater
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Prvi puta sam plakala pod vodom
00:15
was in 2008,
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2008. godine,
00:16
the island of Curaçao,
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kod otoka Curaçao,
00:18
way down in the southern Caribbean.
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duboko u južnim Karibima.
00:20
It's beautiful there.
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Predivno je tamo.
00:22
I was studying these corals for my PhD,
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Proučavala sam te koralje
za svoj doktorat
za svoj doktorat
00:25
and after days and days
of diving on the same reef,
of diving on the same reef,
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i nakon mnogo dana ronjenja
na istom grebenu,
na istom grebenu,
00:27
I had gotten to know them as individuals.
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upoznala sam ih pojedinačno.
00:29
I had made friends with coral colonies --
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Sprijateljila sam se s kolonijama koralja,
00:32
totally a normal thing to do.
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što je sasvim normalna stvar.
00:35
Then, Hurricane Omar smashed them apart
and ripped off their skin,
and ripped off their skin,
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A onda ih je uragan Omar raskomadao
i pokidao im kožu,
i pokidao im kožu,
00:39
leaving little bits of wounded tissue
that would have a hard time healing,
that would have a hard time healing,
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ostavljajući male komade oštećenog tkiva
koji će teško zacijeliti
koji će teško zacijeliti
00:44
and big patches of dead skeleton
that would get overgrown by algae.
that would get overgrown by algae.
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te velike dijelove mrtvog kostura
koji će zarasti algama.
koji će zarasti algama.
00:48
When I saw this damage for the first time,
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Kada sam prvi puta vidjela tu štetu
koja se protezala duž cijelog grebena,
00:50
stretching all the way down the reef,
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spustila sam se na pijesak
u svojoj opremi
u svojoj opremi
00:52
I sunk onto the sand in my scuba gear
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00:54
and I cried.
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i zaplakala.
00:55
If a coral could die that fast,
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Ako koralj može tako brzo umrijeti,
00:57
how could a reef ever survive?
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kako uopće greben može preživjeti?
01:00
And why was I making it my job
to try to fight for them?
to try to fight for them?
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I zašto sam borbu za njih
preuzela na sebe?
preuzela na sebe?
Nikada nisam čula da je neki
drugi znanstvenik ispričao sličnu priču
drugi znanstvenik ispričao sličnu priču
01:03
I never heard another scientist
tell that kind of story
tell that kind of story
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01:06
until last year.
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sve do prošle godine.
01:08
A scientist in Guam wrote,
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Znanstvenik u Guamu je napisao:
01:10
"I cried right into my mask,"
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"Plakala sam ravno u masku,
01:12
seeing the damage on the reefs.
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vidjevši štetu na grebenima."
Zatim je znanstvenik u Australiji napisao:
01:15
Then a scientist in Australia wrote,
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01:17
"I showed my students
the results of our coral surveys,
the results of our coral surveys,
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"Pokazao sam svojim studentima
rezultate naših analiza koralja
rezultate naših analiza koralja
01:20
and we wept."
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i plakali smo."
01:22
Crying about corals
is having a moment, guys.
is having a moment, guys.
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Plakanje zbog koralja je popularno.
01:25
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
A to je zato što grebeni u Tihom oceanu
01:26
And that's because reefs in the Pacific
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gube koralje brže
nego što smo ikada prije vidjeli.
nego što smo ikada prije vidjeli.
01:28
are losing corals faster
than we've ever seen before.
than we've ever seen before.
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01:31
Because of climate change,
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Zbog klimatskih promjena,
mora su ljeti toliko dugo topla,
01:33
the water is so hot for so long
in the summers,
in the summers,
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01:35
that these animals
can't function normally.
can't function normally.
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da ove životinje ne mogu
normalno funkcionirati.
normalno funkcionirati.
01:38
They're spitting out the colored algae
that lives in their skin,
that lives in their skin,
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One izbacuju šarene alge
koje žive u njihovoj koži,
koje žive u njihovoj koži,
01:41
and the clear bleached tissue
that's left usually starves to death
that's left usually starves to death
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a bezbojno izbjeljeno tkivo koje ostane
obično umre od gladi
obično umre od gladi
01:46
and then rots away.
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i onda istruli.
01:49
Then the skeletons are overgrown by algae.
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Zatim kosturi budu obrasli algama.
01:51
This is happening
over an unbelievable scale.
over an unbelievable scale.
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Ovo se dešava u
nevjerojatnim razmjerima.
nevjerojatnim razmjerima.
01:54
The Northern Great Barrier Reef
lost two-thirds of its corals last year
lost two-thirds of its corals last year
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Sjeverni dio Velikog koraljnog grebena
izgubio je lani dvije trećine koralja
izgubio je lani dvije trećine koralja
01:58
over a distance of hundreds of miles,
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u dužini od stotine kilometara,
02:01
then bleached again this year,
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onda je ponovo izbjelio ove godine
02:02
and the bleaching stretched further south.
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i izbjeljivanje se proširilo dalje na jug.
02:06
Reefs in the Pacific
are in a nosedive right now,
are in a nosedive right now,
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Grebeni u Tihom oceanu
sada su u propadanju
sada su u propadanju
i nitko ne zna koliko loše će to još biti,
02:08
and no one knows
how bad it's going to get,
how bad it's going to get,
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02:10
except ...
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osim...
02:12
over in the Caribbean where I work,
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u Karibima, gdje radim,
02:14
we've already been through the nosedive.
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već smo prošli kroz taj proces.
02:16
Reefs there have suffered
through centuries of intense human abuse.
through centuries of intense human abuse.
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Tamošnji grebeni stoljećima su trpjeli
intenzivno ljudsko iskorištavanje.
intenzivno ljudsko iskorištavanje.
02:20
We kind of already know
how the story goes.
how the story goes.
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Mi već otprilike znamo kako to ide.
02:23
And we might be able to help predict
what happens next.
what happens next.
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I možda ćemo moći pomoći
u predviđanju onoga što slijedi.
u predviđanju onoga što slijedi.
02:27
Let's consult a graph.
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Pogledajmo grafikon.
Otkad postoji ronilačka oprema
02:32
Since the invention of scuba,
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02:34
scientists have measured
the amount of coral on the seafloor,
the amount of coral on the seafloor,
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znanstvenici mjere
količinu koralja na morskom dnu
količinu koralja na morskom dnu
02:37
and how it's changed through time.
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i kako se ona mijenja kroz vrijeme.
02:39
And after centuries
of ratcheting human pressure,
of ratcheting human pressure,
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I nakon stoljeća ljudskog utjecaja,
02:41
Caribbean reefs met one of three fates.
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karipske grebene je zadesila
jedna od tri sudbine.
jedna od tri sudbine.
02:44
Some reefs lost their corals very quickly.
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Neki grebeni su izgubili
svoje koralje vrlo brzo.
svoje koralje vrlo brzo.
02:49
Some reefs lost their corals more slowly,
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Neki grebeni su izgubili
svoje koralje sporije,
svoje koralje sporije,
02:52
but kind of ended up in the same place.
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ali su na kraju završili isto.
02:55
OK, so far this is not going very well.
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Ok, sve ovo do sada ne zvuči baš dobro.
02:58
But some reefs in the Caribbean --
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Ali neki grebeni u Karibima,
03:00
the ones best protected
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oni najbolje zaštićeni
03:02
and the ones a little
further from humans --
further from humans --
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i oni malo udaljeniji od ljudi,
03:05
they managed to hold onto their corals.
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uspjeli su zadržati svoje koralje.
03:09
Give us a challenge.
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Dajte nam izazov.
03:12
And, we almost never saw a reef hit zero.
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I skoro nikada nismo vidjeli
da je greben sasvim propao.
da je greben sasvim propao.
03:16
The second time I cried underwater
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Drugi put sam plakala pod vodom
03:18
was on the north shore of Curaçao, 2011.
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na sjevernoj obali Curaçaoa 2011. godine.
Bio je najmirniji dan u godini,
03:22
It was the calmest day of the year,
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ali tamo je uvijek
prilično nezgodno roniti.
prilično nezgodno roniti.
03:23
but it's always pretty
sketchy diving there.
sketchy diving there.
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03:26
My boyfriend and I swam against the waves.
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Moj dečko i ja plivali smo uz valove,
gledala sam svoj kompas
kako bismo mogli naći put za natrag,
kako bismo mogli naći put za natrag,
03:28
I watched my compass
so we could find our way back out,
so we could find our way back out,
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03:31
and he watched for sharks,
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a on je pazio na morske pse
03:32
and after 20 minutes of swimming
that felt like an hour,
that felt like an hour,
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i nakon 20 minuta plivanja
koje su izgledale kao jedan sat,
koje su izgledale kao jedan sat,
03:35
we finally dropped down to the reef,
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konačno smo se spustili do grebena,
03:37
and I was so shocked,
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i bila sam toliko iznenađena
03:39
and I was so happy
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i toliko sretna,
03:40
that my eyes filled with tears.
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da su mi se oči ispunile suzama.
03:43
There were corals 1,000 years old
lined up one after another.
lined up one after another.
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Koralji stari tisuću godina
nizali su se jedan za drugim.
nizali su se jedan za drugim.
03:49
They had survived the entire history
of European colonialism in the Caribbean,
of European colonialism in the Caribbean,
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Preživjeli su čitavu povijest
europske kolonizacije Kariba
europske kolonizacije Kariba
03:53
and for centuries before that.
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i još stoljeća prije toga.
03:57
I never knew what a coral could do
when it was given a chance to thrive.
when it was given a chance to thrive.
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Nikada nisam znala što koralj može,
ako mu se da prilika da napreduje.
ako mu se da prilika da napreduje.
04:02
The truth is that even
as we lose so many corals,
as we lose so many corals,
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Istina je da, iako gubimo
toliko puno koralja,
toliko puno koralja,
04:06
even as we go through
this massive coral die-off,
this massive coral die-off,
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iako prolazimo kroz
masovno izumiranje koralja,
masovno izumiranje koralja,
04:09
some reefs will survive.
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neki grebeni će preživjeti.
Neki će biti oštećeni na rubovima,
04:11
Some will be ragged on the edge,
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neki će biti predivni.
04:13
some will be beautiful.
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04:16
And by protecting shorelines
and giving us food to eat
and giving us food to eat
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Štiteći obale, dajući nam hranu
04:18
and supporting tourism,
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i podupirući turizam,
04:20
they will still be worth
billions and billions of dollars a year.
billions and billions of dollars a year.
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i dalje će vrijediti
milijarde dolara godišnje.
milijarde dolara godišnje.
Najbolje vrijeme za zaštitu grebena
bilo je prije 50 godina,
bilo je prije 50 godina,
04:24
The best time to protect a reef
was 50 years ago,
was 50 years ago,
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04:26
but the second-best time is right now.
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no, drugo najbolje vrijeme je upravo sada.
Iako prolazimo
kroz slučajeve izbjeljivanja
kroz slučajeve izbjeljivanja
04:31
Even as we go through bleaching events,
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04:33
more frequent and in more places,
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sve češće i na sve više područja,
04:35
some corals will be able to recover.
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neki koralji će se moći oporaviti.
04:38
We had a bleaching event
in 2010 in the Caribbean
in 2010 in the Caribbean
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Imali smo slučaj izbjeljivanja
2010. na Karibima,
2010. na Karibima,
04:41
that took off big patches of skin
on boulder corals like these.
on boulder corals like these.
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koji je skinuo velike dijelove kože
s kamenih koralja poput ovih.
s kamenih koralja poput ovih.
04:46
This coral lost half of its skin.
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Ovaj koralj je izgubio pola svoje kože.
04:48
But if you look at the side
of this coral a few years later,
of this coral a few years later,
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No, ako pogledate stranu ovog koralja
nekoliko godina kasnije,
nekoliko godina kasnije,
04:53
this coral is actually healthy again.
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ovaj koralj je, u stvari, opet zdrav.
04:55
It's doing what a healthy coral does.
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Čini ono što i svaki zdravi koralj,
04:57
It's making copies of its polyps,
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stvara kopije svojih polipa,
05:00
it's fighting back the algae
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bori se protiv algi
05:01
and it's reclaiming its territory.
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i ponovo zauzima svoj teritorij.
05:04
If a few polyps survive,
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Ako par polipa preživi,
koralj može opet izrasti;
05:05
a coral can regrow;
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05:06
it just needs time and protection
and a reasonable temperature.
and a reasonable temperature.
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samo mu je potrebno vrijeme,
zaštita i umjerena temperatura.
zaštita i umjerena temperatura.
Neki koralji mogu se
obnoviti za 10 godina,
obnoviti za 10 godina,
05:11
Some corals can regrow in 10 years --
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drugima treba mnogo više.
05:13
others take a lot longer.
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05:14
But the more stresses
we take off them locally --
we take off them locally --
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Što ih više stresa oslobodimo lokalno,
05:17
things like overfishing,
sewage pollution, fertilizer pollution,
sewage pollution, fertilizer pollution,
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poput prekomjernog izlova ribe,
zagađenja kanalizacijom i gnojivima,
zagađenja kanalizacijom i gnojivima,
05:21
dredging, coastal construction --
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iskapanja morskog dna
i gradnje duž obale,
i gradnje duž obale,
05:24
the better they can hang on
as we stabilize the climate,
as we stabilize the climate,
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toliko bolje će izdržati
ako stabiliziramo klimu
ako stabiliziramo klimu
05:27
and the faster they can regrow.
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te će se brže obnoviti.
05:29
And as we go through the long,
tough and necessary process
tough and necessary process
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I dok prolazimo kroz dug,
težak i neophodan proces
težak i neophodan proces
05:33
of stabilizing the climate
of planet Earth,
of planet Earth,
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stabiliziranja klime na Zemlji,
05:36
some new corals will still be born.
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izrast će i neki novi koralji.
05:39
This is what I study in my research.
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To proučavam u svom istraživanju.
05:41
We try to understand
how corals make babies,
how corals make babies,
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Pokušavamo razumjeti
kako se koralji razmnožavaju
kako se koralji razmnožavaju
05:44
and how those babies
find their way to the reef,
find their way to the reef,
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i kako ti potomci pronalaze put do grebena
te stvaramo nove načine
kako bi preživjeli
kako bi preživjeli
05:46
and we invent new methods
to help them survive
to help them survive
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te rane, krhke faze života.
05:49
those early, fragile life stages.
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05:52
One of my favorite
coral babies of all time
coral babies of all time
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Jedan od mojih omiljenih
malih koralja svih vremena
malih koralja svih vremena
05:55
showed up right after Hurricane Omar.
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pojavio se odmah nakon uragana Omar.
05:57
It's the same species
I was studying before the storm,
I was studying before the storm,
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Iste je vrste kao onaj
kojeg sam proučavala prije oluje,
kojeg sam proučavala prije oluje,
05:59
but you almost never see
babies of this species --
babies of this species --
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ali skoro nikada ne vidite
potomke ove vrste,
potomke ove vrste,
06:02
it's really rare.
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to je zaista rijetko.
06:03
This is actually an endangered species.
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I radi se o ugroženoj vrsti.
06:06
In this photo, this little baby coral,
this little circle of polyps,
this little circle of polyps,
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Na ovoj fotografiji, ovaj mali koralj,
ovaj mali krug polipa,
ovaj mali krug polipa,
06:09
is a few years old.
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star je nekoliko godina.
Kao i njegovi rođaci koji blijede,
06:11
Like its cousins that bleach,
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06:13
it's fighting back the algae.
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bori se protiv algi.
06:15
And like its cousins on the north shore,
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Kao i njegovi rođaci na sjevernoj obali,
06:17
it's aiming to live for 1,000 years.
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planira živjeti tisuću godina.
06:21
What's happening in the world
and in the ocean
and in the ocean
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Ono što se događa u svijetu i u oceanu
06:24
has changed our time horizon.
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promijenilo je naš vremenski horizont.
06:26
We can be incredibly pessimistic
on the short term,
on the short term,
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Kratkoročno možemo biti
nevjerojatno pesimistični,
nevjerojatno pesimistični,
i oplakivati što smo izgubili
06:29
and mourn what we lost
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06:31
and what we really took for granted.
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i što smo zaista uzimali zdravo za gotovo.
06:34
But we can still be optimistic
on the long term,
on the long term,
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Ali dugoročno još uvijek možemo
biti optimistični
biti optimistični
06:36
and we can still be ambitious
about what we fight for
about what we fight for
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i ambiciozni za ono za što se borimo
06:39
and what we expect from our governments,
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i što očekujemo od svojih vlada,
06:42
from our planet.
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od našeg planeta.
06:44
Corals have been living on planet Earth
for hundreds of millions of years.
for hundreds of millions of years.
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Koralji žive na planetu Zemlji
stotinama milijuna godina.
stotinama milijuna godina.
06:48
They survived the extinction
of the dinosaurs.
of the dinosaurs.
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Preživjeli su izumiranje dinosaura.
06:50
They're badasses.
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Oni su tek opasni.
06:52
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
06:53
An individual coral can go through
tremendous trauma and fully recover
tremendous trauma and fully recover
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Pojedinačni koralj može proći
ogromnu traumu i potpuno se oporaviti
ogromnu traumu i potpuno se oporaviti
06:58
if it's given a chance
and it's given protection.
and it's given protection.
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ako mu se da prilika i prikladna zaštita.
07:02
Corals have always
been playing the long game,
been playing the long game,
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Koralji su uvijek igrali na duge staze,
07:05
and now so are we.
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a sada i mi činimo isto.
07:07
Thanks very much.
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Velika vam hvala.
07:08
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kristen Marhaver - Coral reef biologistTED Senior Fellow Kristen Marhaver is a marine biologist studying the ecology, behavior and reproduction of reef corals.
Why you should listen
Dr. Kristen Marhaver's work combines classic scientific methods with new technologies to help threatened coral species survive their early life stages. She was the first person to rear juveniles of the endangered Caribbean Pillar Coral. Now she's now developing bacterial tools to improve coral survival at all life stages.
Marhaver's research has been covered by NPR, BBC, The Atlantic and Popular Science, among hundreds of outlets. She's earned five fellowships and grants from the US National Science Foundation and multiple awards for science communication. Marhaver is a TED Senior Fellow, a WINGS Fellow, and a World Economic Forum Young Scientist.
Outside the lab, Marhaver advocates for stronger ocean conservation and smarter science communication. Her talks and articles have been featured by Google, Wired UK, Mission Blue and by ocean and scuba festivals around the world.
A scuba diver from the age of 15, Marhaver is a graduate of Georgia Institute of Technology and the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Her lab is based at the CARMABI Research Station on the island of Curaçao.
Kristen Marhaver | Speaker | TED.com