TED2017
Kristen Marhaver: Why I still have hope for coral reefs
Kristen Marhaver: Zašto još uvek gajim nadu za koralne grebene
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Koralni grebeni u Pacifiku izumiru alarmantnom brzinom, naročito zbog izbeljivanja izazvanim povišenim temperaturama vode. Ali nije suviše kasno da se nešto preduzme, kaže članica programa TED Fellows, Kristen Marhaver. Ona ukazuje na Karibe - kada im se da vreme, stabilne temperature i zaštita, tamošnji korali pokazuju sposobnost da se oporave od traume. Marhaver nas podseća zašto moramo nastaviti da radimo na zaštiti dragocenih korala koji su preostali. „Korali su uvek strpljivo čekali", kaže ona, „kao i mi sada."
Kristen Marhaver - Coral reef biologist
TED Senior Fellow Kristen Marhaver is a marine biologist studying the ecology, behavior and reproduction of reef corals. Full bio
TED Senior Fellow Kristen Marhaver is a marine biologist studying the ecology, behavior and reproduction of reef corals. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
The first time I cried underwater
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Prvi put sam plakala pod vodom
00:15
was in 2008,
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2008. godine,
00:16
the island of Curaçao,
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kod ostrva Kurasao,
00:18
way down in the southern Caribbean.
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duboko u južnim Karibima.
00:20
It's beautiful there.
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Lepo je tamo.
00:22
I was studying these corals for my PhD,
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Proučavala sam ove korale
za svoj doktorat,
za svoj doktorat,
i nakon mnogo dana ronjenja
na istom grebenu,
na istom grebenu,
00:25
and after days and days
of diving on the same reef,
of diving on the same reef,
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00:27
I had gotten to know them as individuals.
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upoznala sam ih pojedinačno.
00:29
I had made friends with coral colonies --
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Sprijateljila sam se
sa kolonijama korala -
sa kolonijama korala -
00:32
totally a normal thing to do.
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sasvim normalna stvar.
00:35
Then, Hurricane Omar smashed them apart
and ripped off their skin,
and ripped off their skin,
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Onda ih je uragan Omar rasturio
i pokidao im kožu,
i pokidao im kožu,
ostavljajući male komade oštećenog tkiva
koji će se teško zaceliti
koji će se teško zaceliti
00:39
leaving little bits of wounded tissue
that would have a hard time healing,
that would have a hard time healing,
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i velike delove mrtvog skeleta
koje će alge obrasti.
koje će alge obrasti.
00:44
and big patches of dead skeleton
that would get overgrown by algae.
that would get overgrown by algae.
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Kada sam prvi put videla ovu štetu
koja se protezala celom dužinom grebena,
koja se protezala celom dužinom grebena,
00:48
When I saw this damage for the first time,
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00:50
stretching all the way down the reef,
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potonula sam na pesak
u svojoj ronilačkoj opremi
u svojoj ronilačkoj opremi
00:52
I sunk onto the sand in my scuba gear
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i plakala sam.
00:54
and I cried.
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00:55
If a coral could die that fast,
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Ako koral može da umre tako brzo,
00:57
how could a reef ever survive?
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kako greben može uopšte da preživi?
I zašto sam ja preuzimala na sebe
da pokušavam da se borim za njih?
da pokušavam da se borim za njih?
01:00
And why was I making it my job
to try to fight for them?
to try to fight for them?
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01:03
I never heard another scientist
tell that kind of story
tell that kind of story
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Nikada nisam čula da je
neki drugi naučnik ispričao takvu priču -
neki drugi naučnik ispričao takvu priču -
01:06
until last year.
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do prošle godine.
01:08
A scientist in Guam wrote,
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Naučnik u Gvamu je napisao:
01:10
"I cried right into my mask,"
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„Plakala sam pravo u masku,"
01:12
seeing the damage on the reefs.
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videvši štetu na grebenima.
01:15
Then a scientist in Australia wrote,
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Potom je naučnik u Australiji napisao:
01:17
"I showed my students
the results of our coral surveys,
the results of our coral surveys,
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„Pokazao sam svojim studentima
rezultate naših analiza korala
rezultate naših analiza korala
01:20
and we wept."
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i plakali smo."
01:22
Crying about corals
is having a moment, guys.
is having a moment, guys.
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Plakanje zbog korala je u modi.
01:25
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
I to je zato što grebeni u Pacifiku
01:26
And that's because reefs in the Pacific
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gube korale brže nego
što smo ikada ranije videli.
što smo ikada ranije videli.
01:28
are losing corals faster
than we've ever seen before.
than we've ever seen before.
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01:31
Because of climate change,
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Zbog klimatskih promena,
01:33
the water is so hot for so long
in the summers,
in the summers,
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voda je letima toliko topla, toliko dugo
da ove životinje ne mogu
normalno da funkcionišu.
normalno da funkcionišu.
01:35
that these animals
can't function normally.
can't function normally.
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01:38
They're spitting out the colored algae
that lives in their skin,
that lives in their skin,
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One ispljuvavaju šarene alge
koje žive u njihovoj koži
koje žive u njihovoj koži
01:41
and the clear bleached tissue
that's left usually starves to death
that's left usually starves to death
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i bezbojno izbeljeno tkivo koje ostaje
obično umre od gladi
obično umre od gladi
01:46
and then rots away.
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i onda istruli.
01:49
Then the skeletons are overgrown by algae.
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Onda alge obrastu skelete.
01:51
This is happening
over an unbelievable scale.
over an unbelievable scale.
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Ovo se dešava u neverovatnom obimu.
01:54
The Northern Great Barrier Reef
lost two-thirds of its corals last year
lost two-thirds of its corals last year
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Severni Veliki koralni greben je izgubio
dve trećine svojih korala prošle godine
dve trećine svojih korala prošle godine
01:58
over a distance of hundreds of miles,
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u dužini od stotina kilometara,
02:01
then bleached again this year,
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onda je ponovo izbeleo ove godine
02:02
and the bleaching stretched further south.
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i izbeljivanje se proširilo dalje na jug.
02:06
Reefs in the Pacific
are in a nosedive right now,
are in a nosedive right now,
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Grebeni u Pacifiku su sada u sunovratu
i niko ne zna koliko će loše postati,
02:08
and no one knows
how bad it's going to get,
how bad it's going to get,
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02:10
except ...
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osim...
02:12
over in the Caribbean where I work,
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U Karibima, gde radim,
02:14
we've already been through the nosedive.
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već smo prošli kroz taj sunovrat.
02:16
Reefs there have suffered
through centuries of intense human abuse.
through centuries of intense human abuse.
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Tamošnji grebeni trpe vekove
intenzivnog ljudskog zlostavljanja.
intenzivnog ljudskog zlostavljanja.
02:20
We kind of already know
how the story goes.
how the story goes.
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Otprilike već znamo tu priču.
02:23
And we might be able to help predict
what happens next.
what happens next.
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I možda ćemo moći da pomognemo
da predvidimo šta se sledeće dešava.
da predvidimo šta se sledeće dešava.
02:27
Let's consult a graph.
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Konsultujmo grafikon.
02:32
Since the invention of scuba,
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Otkada je ronilačka oprema izumljena,
02:34
scientists have measured
the amount of coral on the seafloor,
the amount of coral on the seafloor,
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naučnici mere količinu korala
na morskom dnu
na morskom dnu
02:37
and how it's changed through time.
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i kako se ona menja kroz vreme.
02:39
And after centuries
of ratcheting human pressure,
of ratcheting human pressure,
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I nakon vekova rastućeg ljudskog uticaja,
02:41
Caribbean reefs met one of three fates.
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karipske grebene je zadesila
jedna od tri sudbine.
jedna od tri sudbine.
02:44
Some reefs lost their corals very quickly.
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Neki grebeni su izgubili
svoje korale veoma brzo.
svoje korale veoma brzo.
02:49
Some reefs lost their corals more slowly,
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Neki grebeni su izgubili
svoje korale sporije,
svoje korale sporije,
ali su na kraju završili na istom mestu.
02:52
but kind of ended up in the same place.
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02:55
OK, so far this is not going very well.
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Okej, do sada ovo nije veoma dobro.
02:58
But some reefs in the Caribbean --
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Ali neki grebeni u Karibima -
03:00
the ones best protected
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oni najbolje zaštićeni
03:02
and the ones a little
further from humans --
further from humans --
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i oni malo udaljeniji od ljudi -
03:05
they managed to hold onto their corals.
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su uspeli da zadrže svoje korale.
03:09
Give us a challenge.
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Dajte nam izazov.
03:12
And, we almost never saw a reef hit zero.
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I skoro nikada nismo videli
da greben skroz propadne.
da greben skroz propadne.
03:16
The second time I cried underwater
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Drugi put sam plakala pod vodom
03:18
was on the north shore of Curaçao, 2011.
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na severnoj obali Kurasaa 2011. godine.
Bio je najmirniji dan u godini,
03:22
It was the calmest day of the year,
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ali tamo je uvek prilično nezgodno roniti.
03:23
but it's always pretty
sketchy diving there.
sketchy diving there.
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03:26
My boyfriend and I swam against the waves.
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Moj momak i ja smo plivali uz talase.
03:28
I watched my compass
so we could find our way back out,
so we could find our way back out,
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Gledala sam svoj kompas
da bismo mogli da nađemo put nazad,
da bismo mogli da nađemo put nazad,
03:31
and he watched for sharks,
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a on je pazio na ajkule
i nakon 20 minuta plivanja
koji su izgledali kao jedan sat,
koji su izgledali kao jedan sat,
03:32
and after 20 minutes of swimming
that felt like an hour,
that felt like an hour,
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03:35
we finally dropped down to the reef,
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konačno smo se spustili do grebena,
03:37
and I was so shocked,
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i bila sam toliko iznenađena
03:39
and I was so happy
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i bila sam toliko srećna
03:40
that my eyes filled with tears.
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da su mi se oči ispunile suzama.
03:43
There were corals 1,000 years old
lined up one after another.
lined up one after another.
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Korali stari hiljadu godina
su se nizali jedan za drugim.
su se nizali jedan za drugim.
03:49
They had survived the entire history
of European colonialism in the Caribbean,
of European colonialism in the Caribbean,
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Preživeli su čitavu istoriju
evropske kolonizacije Kariba
evropske kolonizacije Kariba
03:53
and for centuries before that.
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i vekove pre toga.
03:57
I never knew what a coral could do
when it was given a chance to thrive.
when it was given a chance to thrive.
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Nisam znala šta koral može da uradi
ako mu se da prilika da napreduje.
ako mu se da prilika da napreduje.
04:02
The truth is that even
as we lose so many corals,
as we lose so many corals,
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Istina je da, iako gubimo
toliko puno korala,
toliko puno korala,
iako prolazimo
kroz masovno izumiranje korala,
kroz masovno izumiranje korala,
04:06
even as we go through
this massive coral die-off,
this massive coral die-off,
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neki grebeni će preživeti.
04:09
some reefs will survive.
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Neki će biti na ivici nestanka,
04:11
Some will be ragged on the edge,
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neki će biti lepi.
04:13
some will be beautiful.
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04:16
And by protecting shorelines
and giving us food to eat
and giving us food to eat
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Štiteći obale, dajući nam hranu
i podržavajući turizam,
04:18
and supporting tourism,
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i dalje će vredeti
milijarde dolara godišnje.
milijarde dolara godišnje.
04:20
they will still be worth
billions and billions of dollars a year.
billions and billions of dollars a year.
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04:24
The best time to protect a reef
was 50 years ago,
was 50 years ago,
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Najbolje vreme za zaštitu grebena
je bilo pre 50 godina,
je bilo pre 50 godina,
04:26
but the second-best time is right now.
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ali drugo najbolje vreme je upravo sada.
Iako prolazimo kroz slučajeve izbeljivanja
04:31
Even as we go through bleaching events,
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04:33
more frequent and in more places,
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sve češće i na više mesta,
neki korali će moći da se oporave.
04:35
some corals will be able to recover.
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04:38
We had a bleaching event
in 2010 in the Caribbean
in 2010 in the Caribbean
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Imali smo slučaj izbeljivanja
2010. u Karibima
2010. u Karibima
koji je skinuo velike delove kože
sa kamenih korala sličnim ovima.
sa kamenih korala sličnim ovima.
04:41
that took off big patches of skin
on boulder corals like these.
on boulder corals like these.
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04:46
This coral lost half of its skin.
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Ovaj koral je izgubio pola svoje kože.
04:48
But if you look at the side
of this coral a few years later,
of this coral a few years later,
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Ali ako pogledate stranu ovog korala
nekoliko godina kasnije,
nekoliko godina kasnije,
04:53
this coral is actually healthy again.
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ovaj koral je u stvari opet zdrav.
04:55
It's doing what a healthy coral does.
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Radi ono što zdrav koral radi.
04:57
It's making copies of its polyps,
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Pravi kopije svojih polipa,
bori se protiv algi
05:00
it's fighting back the algae
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i ponovo zauzima svoju teritoriju.
05:01
and it's reclaiming its territory.
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Ako nekoliko polipa preživi,
koral može ponovo izrasti;
koral može ponovo izrasti;
05:04
If a few polyps survive,
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05:05
a coral can regrow;
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05:06
it just needs time and protection
and a reasonable temperature.
and a reasonable temperature.
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samo mu je potrebno vreme,
zaštita i pogodna temperatura.
zaštita i pogodna temperatura.
Neki korali mogu ponovo izrasti
za 10 godina -
za 10 godina -
05:11
Some corals can regrow in 10 years --
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05:13
others take a lot longer.
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drugima treba mnogo više.
05:14
But the more stresses
we take off them locally --
we take off them locally --
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Ali što više stresova ih oslobodimo
na lokalnom nivou -
na lokalnom nivou -
05:17
things like overfishing,
sewage pollution, fertilizer pollution,
sewage pollution, fertilizer pollution,
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stvari kao što su prekomerni ribolov,
zagađenje kanalizacijom i đubrivima,
zagađenje kanalizacijom i đubrivima,
iskopavanje morskog dna
i izgradnja duž obale -
i izgradnja duž obale -
05:21
dredging, coastal construction --
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05:24
the better they can hang on
as we stabilize the climate,
as we stabilize the climate,
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utoliko bolje mogu da izdrže
ako stabilizujemo klimu
ako stabilizujemo klimu
05:27
and the faster they can regrow.
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i mogu da brže ponovo izrastu.
05:29
And as we go through the long,
tough and necessary process
tough and necessary process
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I dok prolazimo kroz dug,
težak i neophodan proces
težak i neophodan proces
05:33
of stabilizing the climate
of planet Earth,
of planet Earth,
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stabilizacije klime na planeti Zemlji,
05:36
some new corals will still be born.
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neki novi korali će se ipak roditi.
05:39
This is what I study in my research.
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Ovo ja proučavam u svom istraživanju.
05:41
We try to understand
how corals make babies,
how corals make babies,
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Pokušavamo da razumemo
kako korali prave bebe
kako korali prave bebe
05:44
and how those babies
find their way to the reef,
find their way to the reef,
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i kako te bebe pronalaze put do grebena
05:46
and we invent new methods
to help them survive
to help them survive
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i pronalazimo nove načine
da im pomognemo da prežive
da im pomognemo da prežive
05:49
those early, fragile life stages.
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te rane, krhke faze života.
05:52
One of my favorite
coral babies of all time
coral babies of all time
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Jedna od mojih omiljenih
koralnih beba svih vremena
koralnih beba svih vremena
05:55
showed up right after Hurricane Omar.
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se pojavila odmah nakon uragana Omar.
05:57
It's the same species
I was studying before the storm,
I was studying before the storm,
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Iste je vrste kao ona
koju sam proučavala pre oluje,
koju sam proučavala pre oluje,
ali skoro nikada ne vidite
bebe ove vrste -
bebe ove vrste -
05:59
but you almost never see
babies of this species --
babies of this species --
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to je veoma retko.
06:02
it's really rare.
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06:03
This is actually an endangered species.
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Ovo je u stvari ugrožena vrsta.
06:06
In this photo, this little baby coral,
this little circle of polyps,
this little circle of polyps,
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Na ovoj fotografiji, ova mala beba koral,
ovaj mali krug polipa,
ovaj mali krug polipa,
je nekoliko godina star.
06:09
is a few years old.
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06:11
Like its cousins that bleach,
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Kao njeni rođaci koji se izbeljuju,
bori se protiv algi.
bori se protiv algi.
06:13
it's fighting back the algae.
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06:15
And like its cousins on the north shore,
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I kao njeni rođaci na severnoj obali,
planira da živi hiljadu godina.
06:17
it's aiming to live for 1,000 years.
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06:21
What's happening in the world
and in the ocean
and in the ocean
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Dešavanja u svetu i okeanu
06:24
has changed our time horizon.
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su promenila naš vremenski horizont.
06:26
We can be incredibly pessimistic
on the short term,
on the short term,
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Kratkoročno možemo biti
neverovatno pesimistični
neverovatno pesimistični
06:29
and mourn what we lost
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i oplakivati šta smo izgubili
06:31
and what we really took for granted.
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i šta smo zaista uzimali zdravo za gotovo.
06:34
But we can still be optimistic
on the long term,
on the long term,
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Ali još uvek možemo biti
optimistični na duge staze
optimistični na duge staze
i još uvek možemo biti ambiciozni
oko onoga za šta se borimo
oko onoga za šta se borimo
06:36
and we can still be ambitious
about what we fight for
about what we fight for
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06:39
and what we expect from our governments,
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i šta očekujemo od svojih vlada,
06:42
from our planet.
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od naše planete.
06:44
Corals have been living on planet Earth
for hundreds of millions of years.
for hundreds of millions of years.
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Korali žive na planeti Zemlji
stotinama miliona godina.
stotinama miliona godina.
06:48
They survived the extinction
of the dinosaurs.
of the dinosaurs.
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Preživeli su istrebljenje dinosaurusa.
06:50
They're badasses.
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Opasni su momci.
06:52
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
06:53
An individual coral can go through
tremendous trauma and fully recover
tremendous trauma and fully recover
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Pojedinačni koral može da prođe
kroz ogromnu traumu
kroz ogromnu traumu
i da se u potpunosti oporavi
06:58
if it's given a chance
and it's given protection.
and it's given protection.
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ako mu se da šansa i ako mu se da zaštita.
07:02
Corals have always
been playing the long game,
been playing the long game,
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Korali su uvek strpljivo čekali,
07:05
and now so are we.
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kao i mi sada.
07:07
Thanks very much.
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Hvala puno.
07:08
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kristen Marhaver - Coral reef biologistTED Senior Fellow Kristen Marhaver is a marine biologist studying the ecology, behavior and reproduction of reef corals.
Why you should listen
Dr. Kristen Marhaver's work combines classic scientific methods with new technologies to help threatened coral species survive their early life stages. She was the first person to rear juveniles of the endangered Caribbean Pillar Coral. Now she's now developing bacterial tools to improve coral survival at all life stages.
Marhaver's research has been covered by NPR, BBC, The Atlantic and Popular Science, among hundreds of outlets. She's earned five fellowships and grants from the US National Science Foundation and multiple awards for science communication. Marhaver is a TED Senior Fellow, a WINGS Fellow, and a World Economic Forum Young Scientist.
Outside the lab, Marhaver advocates for stronger ocean conservation and smarter science communication. Her talks and articles have been featured by Google, Wired UK, Mission Blue and by ocean and scuba festivals around the world.
A scuba diver from the age of 15, Marhaver is a graduate of Georgia Institute of Technology and the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Her lab is based at the CARMABI Research Station on the island of Curaçao.
Kristen Marhaver | Speaker | TED.com