TEDGlobal 2010
Heribert Watzke: The brain in your gut
Heribert Watzke: Mozak u vašoj utrobi
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Jeste li znali da imate funkcionalne neurone u svojim crijevima -- otprilike njih sto milijuna? Znanstvenik koji se bavi hranom, Heribert Watzke govori nam o “skrivenom mozgu” u našoj utrobi i o iznenađujućim stvarima koje zbog njega osjećamo.
Heribert Watzke - Food scientist
Heribert Watzke studies the brain in our gut -- and works to develop new kinds of food that will satisfy our bodies and minds. Full bio
Heribert Watzke studies the brain in our gut -- and works to develop new kinds of food that will satisfy our bodies and minds. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
This technology
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Ova je tehnologija
00:18
made a very important impact on us.
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jako utjecala na nas.
00:20
It changed the way our history developed.
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Promijenila je način na koji se naša povijest razvijala.
00:24
But it's a technology so pervasive,
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Ali to je tako sveprisutna
00:26
so invisible,
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i tajna tehnologija
00:28
that we, for a long time,
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da smo dugo vremena
00:30
forgot to take it into account
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zaboravili računati na nju
00:33
when we talked about
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kada smo govorili
00:35
human evolution.
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o ljudskoj evoluciji.
00:37
But we see the results of this technology, still.
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Ipak vidimo rezultate te tehnologije.
00:40
So let's make a little test.
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Načinimo mali test.
00:42
So everyone of you turns to their neighbor please.
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Neka se svatko od vas okrene prema svom susjedu.
00:46
Turn and face your neighbors.
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Okrenite se prema svom susjedu.
00:48
Please, also on the balcony.
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Molim vas, i vi na balkonu.
00:51
Smile. Smile. Open the mouths.
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Nasmiješite se. Nasmiješite se. Otvorite usta.
00:53
Smile, friendly.
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Prijateljski se nasmiješite.
00:55
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:57
Do you --
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Vidite li -
00:59
Do you see any Canine teeth?
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Vidite li očnjake?
01:02
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:04
Count Dracula teeth
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Zube grofa Drakule
01:07
in the mouths of your neighbors?
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u ustima svojih susjeda?
01:09
Of course not.
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Naravno da ne.
01:11
Because our dental anatomy
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Zato što naša zubna anatomija
01:14
is actually made,
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nije namijenjena
01:16
not for tearing down raw meat from bones
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za kidanje sirovog mesa
01:19
or chewing fibrous leaves for hours.
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ili žvakanje vlaknastog lišća satima.
01:24
It is made for a diet
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Napravljena je za
01:26
which is soft, mushy,
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meku prehranu, kašastu,
01:29
which is reduced in fibers,
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koja je reducirana na vlakna,
01:32
which is very easily chewable
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koja se vrlo lako žvače
01:34
and digestible.
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i probavlja.
01:37
Sounds like fast food, doesn't it.
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Zvuči poput brze hrane, zar ne?
01:39
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:41
It's for cooked food.
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Namijenjena je kuhanoj hrani.
01:44
We carry in our face the proof
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Na svojim licima nosimo dokaz
01:47
that cooking,
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da nas je kuhanje,
01:49
food transformation,
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preobrazba hrane,
01:52
made us what we are.
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učinilo onima što jesmo.
01:54
So I would suggest that we change how we classify ourselves.
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Predlažem da promijenimo svoju klasifikaciju.
01:57
We talk about ourselves as omnivores.
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Sebe nazivamo svejedima.
02:00
I would say, we should call ourselves coctivors --
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Kažem da se trebamo zvati coctivorima --
02:03
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:05
from coquere, to cook.
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od coquere, što znači kuhati.
02:08
We are the animals
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Životinje smo koje
02:10
who eat cooked food.
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jedu kuhanu hranu.
02:13
No, no, no, no. Better --
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Ne, ne, ne, ne. Još bolje --
02:15
to live of cooked food.
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životinje smo koje žive od kuhane hrane.
02:17
So cooking is a very important technology.
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Kuhanje je vrlo važna tehnologija.
02:19
It's technology.
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To je tehnologija.
02:21
I don't know how you feel,
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Ne znam kako se vi osjećate,
02:23
but I like to cook for entertainment.
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ali ja volim kuhati radi zabave.
02:25
And you need some design
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I trebate nešto dizajna
02:27
to be successful.
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da biste bili uspješni.
02:29
So, cooking is a very important technology,
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Dakle, kuhanje je jako važna tehnologija
02:32
because it allowed us to acquire
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zato što nam je omogućila
02:35
what brought you all here:
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da dobijemo ono što vas je dovelo sve ovamo:
02:38
the big brain,
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veliki mozak,
02:40
this wonderful cerebral cortex we have.
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ovu divnu moždanu koru koju imamo.
02:43
Because brains are expensive.
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Jer mozgovi su skupi.
02:46
Those have to pay tuition fees know.
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Tako da sada moramo plaćati školarine.
02:49
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:51
But it's also, metabolically speaking, expensive.
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Ali oni su i metabolički skupi.
02:55
You now, our brain is two to three percent of the body mass,
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Znate, naš mozak iznosi dva do tri posto naše mase,
02:58
but actually it uses 25 percent of the total energy we use.
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ali zapravo troši 25 posto ukupne energije koju koristimo.
03:01
It's very expensive.
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To je vrlo skupo.
03:03
Where does the energy come from. Of course, from food.
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Odakle ta energija dolazi? Naravno, iz hrane.
03:06
If we eat raw food,
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Ako jedemo sirovu hranu,
03:08
we cannot release really the energy.
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ne možemo zapravo osloboditi energiju.
03:12
So this ingenuity of our ancestors,
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To je domišljatost naših predaka,
03:15
to invent this most marvelous technology.
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izumiti ovu predivnu tehnologiju.
03:18
Invisible -- everyone of us does it every day, so to speak.
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Nevidljivu -- svatko je od nas koristi svaki dan, tako reći.
03:22
Cooking made it possible
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Kuhanje je omogućilo
03:24
that mutations,
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da nas mutacije,
03:26
natural selections, our environment,
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prirodni odabir i okoliš
03:28
could develop us.
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razviju.
03:32
So if we think about
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Ako razmišljamo o ovome
03:34
this unleashing human potential,
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oslobođenom ljudskom potencijalu,
03:37
which was possible by cooking and food,
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koji je omogućen kuhanjem i hranom,
03:40
why do we talk so badly about food?
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zašto tako ružno govorimo o hrani?
03:43
Why is it always do and don'ts
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Zašto su to uvijek ono što se smije i što se ne smije
03:45
and it's good for you, it's not good for you?
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i što je dobro za tebe i što nije dobro za tebe?
03:47
I think the good news for me
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Mislim da bi za mene dobra vijest bila
03:49
would be if we could go back
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kad bismo se mogli vratiti
03:52
and talk about the unleashing,
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i govoriti o oslobađanju,
03:54
the continuation of the unleashing of human potential.
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nastavku oslobađanja ljudskog potencijala.
03:57
Now, cooking allowed also
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Kuhanje nam je također
03:59
that we became a migrant species.
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omogućilo da postanemo migrirajuća vrsta.
04:02
We walked out of Africa two times.
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Izašli smo iz Afrike dva puta.
04:05
We populated all the ecologies.
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Napučili smo sve oko sebe.
04:07
If you can cook, nothing can happen to you,
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Ako znaš kuhati, ništa ti se ne može dogoditi
04:10
because whatever you find,
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jer što god nađeš,
04:12
you will try to transform it.
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probat ćeš to promijeniti.
04:14
It keeps also your brain working.
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To čini i da vam mozak radi.
04:17
Now the very easy and simple technology
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Vrlo lagana i jednostavna tehnologija
04:21
which was developed
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koja je razvijena
04:23
actually runs after this formula.
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radi po ovoj formuli.
04:25
Take something which looks like food, transform it,
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Uzmi nešto što izgleda kao hrana, transformiraj to
04:28
and it gives you a good, very easy, accessible energy.
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i dobiješ dobru, vrlo lako dostupnu energiju.
04:31
This technology affected two organs,
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Ova je tehnologija utjecala na dva organa,
04:34
the brain and the gut, which it actually affected.
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na mozak i na crijeva.
04:37
The brain could grow, but the gut actually shrunk.
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Mozak je mogao rasti, ali se crijevo zapravo smanjilo.
04:40
Okay, it's not obvious to be honest.
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Dobro, to nije očito, da budem iskren.
04:42
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:45
But it shrunk to 60 percent
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Ali se smanjilo na 60 posto
04:47
of primate gut
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crijeva primata
04:49
of my body mass.
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u odnosu na tjelesnu masu.
04:51
So because of having cooked food,
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Zbog kuhane hrane,
04:54
it's easier to digest.
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lakše je probavljati.
04:57
Now having a large brain, as you know,
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Imati velik mozak, kao što znate,
05:00
is a big advantage,
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je velika prednost
05:02
because you can actually influence your environment.
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jer zapravo možete utjecati na svoju okolinu.
05:05
You can influence your own technologies you have invented.
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Možete utjecati na tehnologije koje ste izmislili.
05:07
You can continue to innovate and invent.
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Možete nastaviti inovirati i izumljivati.
05:09
Now the big brain did this also with cooking.
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Veliki je mozak isto napravio i s kuhanjem.
05:12
But how did it actually run this show?
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Ali kako je zapravo to učinio?
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How did it actually interfere?
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Kako se zapravo umiješao?
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What kind of criteria did it use?
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Koji je kriterij koristio?
05:20
And this is actually taste reward and energy.
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To su zapravo nagrada za okus i energiju.
05:24
You know we have up to five tastes,
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Znate da imamo do pet okusa,
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three of them sustain us.
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tri nas održavaju.
05:29
Sweet -- energy.
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Slatko – energija.
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Umami -- this is a meaty taste.
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Umami – to je mesni okus.
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You need proteins for muscles, recovery.
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Trebate proteine za mišiće, oporavak.
05:37
Salty,
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Slano,
05:39
because you need salt, otherwise your electric body will not work.
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zato što trebate sol, inače vam električno tijelo neće raditi.
05:42
And two tastes which protect you --
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I dva okusa koja nas štite –
05:45
bitter and sour,
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gorko i kiselo,
05:47
which are against
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koji su protiv
05:50
poisonous and rotten material.
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otrovnih i pokvarenih tvari.
05:53
But of course, they are hard-wired
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Ali, naravno, stečeni su,
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but we use them still in a sophisticated way.
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ali ih ipak koristimo na sofisticiran način.
05:57
Think about bittersweet chocolate;
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Razmislite o gorkoslatkoj čokoladi.
05:59
or think about the acidity
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Ili razmislite o kiselosti
06:01
of yogurt -- wonderful --
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jogurta -- predivno --
06:03
mixed with strawberry fruits.
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pomiješano s jagodama.
06:05
So we can make mixtures of all this kind of thing
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Možemo napraviti mješavine svih ovih stvari
06:08
because we know
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zato što znamo
06:11
that, in cooking, we can transform it
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da to u kuhanju možemo preobraziti
06:13
to the form.
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u oblik.
06:15
Reward: this is a more complex
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Nagrada: ovo je složeniji
06:18
and especially integrative
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i posebno integrativni
06:21
form of our brain
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oblik našeg mozga
06:23
with various different elements --
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s različitim elementima –
06:26
the external states, our internal states,
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vanjskim stanjima, našim unutarnjim stanjima,
06:28
how do we feel, and so on are put together.
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kako se osjećamo i slično, koji su spojeni.
06:31
And something which maybe you don't like
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I nešto što možda ne volite,
06:33
but you are so hungry that you really will be satisfied to eat.
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ali ste toliko gladni da ćete biti sretni ako to pojedete.
06:36
So satisfaction was a very important part.
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Zadovoljstvo je vrlo važan dio.
06:39
And as I say, energy was necessary.
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I kao što rekoh, energija je bila nužna.
06:41
Now how did the gut actually
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Kako su zapravo crijeva
06:43
participate in this development?
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sudjelovala u ovom razvoju?
06:46
And the gut is a silent voice --
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Crijeva su zapravo tihi glas.
06:49
it's going more for feelings.
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Više djeluju na osjećaje.
06:51
I use the euphemism digestive comfort --
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Koristim eufemizam probavna ugoda.
06:55
actually -- it's a digestive discomfort,
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Zapravo, to je probavna neugoda
06:58
which the gut is concerned with.
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koja muči crijeva.
07:01
If you get a stomach ache, if you get a little bit bloated,
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Ako vas boli trbuh, ako se pomalo napušete,
07:04
was not the right food, was not the right cooking manipulation
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nešto nije bilo u redu s hranom, ili s procesom kuhanja,
07:07
or maybe other things went wrong.
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ili je možda nešto drugo pošlo po krivu.
07:09
So my story is a tale of two brains,
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Moja je priča priča o dva mozga,
07:12
because it might surprise you,
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jer možda vas začudi da
07:14
our gut has a full-fledged brain.
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naša utroba ima pravi pravcati mozak.
07:17
All the managers in the room say,
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Svi menadžeri u sobi govore:
07:19
"You don't tell me something new, because we know, gut feeling.
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„Nisi mi rekao ništa novo, znamo za „osjećaj u trbuhu“.
07:21
This is what we are using."
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Mi to koristimo.“
07:23
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
07:25
And actually you use it and it's actually useful.
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To doista i koristite, i korisno je.
07:27
Because our gut is connected to our emotional limbic system,
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Naša su crijeva povezana s našim emocionalnim limbičkim sustavom.
07:30
they do speak with each other
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Oni međusobno komuniciraju
07:32
and make decisions.
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i donose odluke.
07:35
But what it means
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Ali ono što znači da
07:37
to have a brain there
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imamo mozak ondje
07:39
is that, not only the big brain
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je to da ne mora samo veliki mozak
07:42
has to talk with the food,
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pričati s hranom,
07:45
the food has to talk with the brain,
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već da i hrana mora pričati s velikim mozgom
07:48
because we have to learn actually
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zato što moramo naučiti
07:51
how to talk to the brains.
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zapravo kako pričati s mozgovima.
07:53
Now if there's a gut brain,
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Ako postoji mozak u crijevima,
07:55
we should also learn to talk with this brain.
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moramo naučiti razgovarati s njim.
07:57
Now 150 years ago,
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Prije 150 godina,
07:59
anatomists described very, very carefully --
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anatomi su vrlo, vrlo detaljno objasnili
08:02
here is a model of a wall of a gut.
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ovaj model stjenke crijeva.
08:05
I took the three elements --
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Uzeo sam tri elementa –
08:07
stomach, small intestine and colon.
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želudac, tanko crijevo i debelo crijevo.
08:10
And within this structure,
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I u ovim strukturama
08:12
you see these two pinkish layers,
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vidite ova dva ružičasta sloja
08:14
which are actually the muscle.
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koja su zapravo mišići.
08:16
And between this muscle, they found nervous tissues,
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I između ovih su mišića pronašli živčano tkivo,
08:18
a lot of nervous tissues,
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mnogo živčanog tkiva,
08:20
which penetrate actually the muscle --
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koje probija mišić,
08:22
penetrate the submucosa,
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probija podsluznicu
08:24
where you have all the elements for the immune system.
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u kojoj imate sve elemente imunosnog sustava.
08:26
The gut is actually the largest immune system,
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Crijeva su zapravo najveći imunosni sustav
08:28
defending your body.
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koji štiti vaše tijelo.
08:30
It penetrates the mucosa.
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Probija i sluznicu.
08:32
This is the layer which actually touches the food you are swallowing
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Ovo je sloj koji zapravo dodiruje hranu koju gutamo
08:35
and you digest,
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i probavljamo,
08:37
which is actually the lumen.
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a to je lumen.
08:39
Now if you think about the gut,
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Ako razmislite o crijevima,
08:41
the gut is -- if you could stretch it --
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ona su, kad bismo ih rastegli,
08:43
40 meters long,
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duga 40 metara,
08:45
the length of a tennis court.
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to je dužina teniskog igrališta.
08:47
If we could unroll it,
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Kad bismo ih mogli razviti,
08:49
get out all the folds and so on,
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izravnati sve nabore i slično,
08:52
it would have 400 sq. meters of surface.
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imala bi 400 kvadratnih metara površine.
08:55
And now this brain takes care over this,
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Taj se mozak brine o tome da taj sloj
08:58
to move it with the muscles and to do defend the surface
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pomiče mišićima i da brani površinu,
09:01
and, of course, digest our food we cook.
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i naravno, da probavlja hranu koju skuhamo.
09:04
So if we give you a specification,
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Ako vam damo specifikacije,
09:07
this brain, which is autonomous,
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ovaj mozak, koji je autonoman,
09:09
have 500 million nerve cells,
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ima 500 milijuna živčanih stanica,
09:11
100 million neurons --
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100 milijuna neurona,
09:13
so around the size of a cat brain,
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veličine je mozga mačke.
09:16
so there sleeps a little cat --
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Dakle, tu spava mala mačka --
09:19
thinks for itself,
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razmišlja za sebe,
09:21
optimizes whatever it digests.
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optimizira što god probavlja.
09:24
It has 20 different neuron types.
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Ima 20 različitih tipova neurona.
09:27
It's got the same diversity you find actually in a pig brain,
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Ima jednaku raznolikost kao mozak svinje,
09:29
where you have 100 billion neurons.
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gdje imamo 100 milijardi neurona.
09:32
It has autonomous organized microcircuits,
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Ima autonomne mikrokrugove,
09:35
has these programs which run.
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ima programe koje izvršava.
09:37
It senses the food; it knows exactly what to do.
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Osjeća hranu, točno zna što učiniti.
09:40
It senses it by chemical means
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Osjeća to pomoću kemije i,
09:42
and very importantly by mechanical means,
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što je vrlo važno, pomoću mehanike,
09:45
because it has to move the food --
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zato što mora pomicati hranu,
09:47
it has to mix all the various elements
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mora pomiješati sve različite elemente
09:49
which we need for digestion.
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koje trebamo za probavu.
09:51
This control of muscle is very, very important,
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Ova kontrola mišića je jako, jako važna,
09:54
because, you know, there can be reflexes.
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zato što postoje refleksi.
09:56
If you don't like a food, especially if you're a child, you gag.
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Ako ne volite neku hranu, posebno ako ste dijete, povratite.
09:59
It's this brain which makes this reflex.
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Ovaj mozak uvjetuje taj refleks.
10:01
And then finally,
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I konačno,
10:03
it controls also the secretion of this molecular machinery,
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on kontrolira sekreciju ovog molekularnog mehanizma
10:06
which actually digests the food we cook.
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koji zapravo probavlja hranu koju skuhamo.
10:09
Now how do the two brains work with each other?
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Kako ta dva mozga surađuju?
10:12
I took here a model from robotics --
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Uzeo sam model iz robotike.
10:15
it's called the Subsumption Architecture.
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Zove se Supsumcijska Arhitektura.
10:18
What it means is that we have a layered control system.
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To znači da imamo slojevit kontrolni sustav.
10:21
The lower layer, our gut brain,
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Donji sloj, mozak naše utrobe,
10:23
has its own goals -- digestion defense --
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ima svoje ciljeve – probavnu obranu.
10:26
and we have the higher brain
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Imamo i viši mozak
10:28
with the goal of integration
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s ciljem integracije
10:30
and generating behaviors.
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i stvaranja ponašanja.
10:32
Now both look -- and this is the blue arrows --
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Sad oba gledaju, to su plave strjelice,
10:35
both look to the same food, which is in the lumen
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oba gledaju istu hranu, koja je u lumenu
10:38
and in the area of your intestine.
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i u prostoru vašeg crijeva.
10:40
The big brain integrates signals,
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Veliki mozak integrira signale,
10:42
which come from the running programs
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koji dolaze od programa
10:44
of the lower brain,
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koji rade u nižem mozgu.
10:46
But subsumption means
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Ali supsumcija znači
10:48
that the higher brain can interfere with the lower.
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da viši mozak može interferirati s nižim.
10:51
It can replace,
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Može zamijeniti
10:53
or it can inhibit actually, signals.
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ili inhibirati signale.
10:56
So if we take two types of signals --
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Ako uzmemo dvije vrste signala,
10:58
a hunger signal for example.
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na primjer signal za glad.
11:00
If you have an empty stomach,
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Ako imate prazan želudac,
11:02
your stomach produces a hormone called ghrelin.
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vaš želudac luči hormon grelin.
11:04
It's a very big signal;
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To je vrlo jak signal.
11:06
it's sent to the brain says,
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Kad ode do mozga kaže:
11:08
"Go and eat."
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“Idi jesti.“
11:10
You have stop signals --
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Imate i zaustavne signale.
11:12
we have up to eight stop signals.
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Imamo do osam zaustavnih signala.
11:14
At least in my case,
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U mom ih slučaju
11:16
they are not listened to.
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nitko ne sluša.
11:18
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
11:20
So what happens
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Što se dogodi
11:22
if the big brain in the integration
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kad veliki mozak pri integraciji
11:25
overrides the signal?
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zaobiđe signal?
11:27
So if you override the hunger signal,
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Ako zaobiđete signal za glad,
11:29
you can have a disorder, which is called anorexia.
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imate poremećaj koji se zove anoreksija.
11:32
Despite generating
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Unatoč stvaranju
11:34
a healthy hunger signal,
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zdravog signala za glad,
11:36
the big brain ignores it
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veliki ga mozak ignorira
11:38
and activates different programs in the gut.
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i aktivira drugi program u crijevima.
11:41
The more usual case
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Češći slučaj
11:43
is overeating.
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je prejedanje.
11:46
It actually takes the signal
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Ono uzme signal
11:49
and changes it,
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i promijeni ga
11:51
and we continue,
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i mi nastavimo
11:53
even [though] our eight signals would say, "Stop, enough.
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iako naših osam signala govore: „Stani. Dosta.
11:56
We have transferred enough energy."
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Prenijeli smo dovoljno energije.“
11:58
Now the interesting thing is that,
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Zanimljivo je da
12:00
along this lower layer -- this gut --
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u ovim nižim slojevima,
12:02
the signal becomes stronger and stronger
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signal postaje jači i jači
12:05
if undigested, but digestible, material
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ako neprobavljena, ali probavljiva
12:08
could penetrate.
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hrana prođe.
12:10
This we found from bariatric surgery.
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Ovo smo saznali tijekom barijatrične kirurgije.
12:14
That then the signal would be very, very high.
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Da je onda signal jako, jako snažan.
12:17
So now back to the cooking question
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Vratimo se na pitanje kuhanja
12:20
and back to the design.
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i dizajna.
12:22
We have learned to talk to the big brain --
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Naučili smo pričati s velikim mozgom –
12:25
taste and reward, as you know.
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okus i nagrada, kako znate.
12:27
Now what would be the language
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Kojim bismo jezikom
12:29
we have to talk to the gut brain
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trebali pričali mozgu u crijevima
12:31
that its signals are so strong
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da bi njegovi signali bili tako jaki
12:33
that the big brain cannot ignore it?
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da ih veliki mozak ne može ignorirati?
12:36
Then we would generate something
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Onda bismo stvorili nešto što
12:38
all of us would like to have --
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bismo svi voljeli imati –
12:40
a balance between the hunger
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ravnotežu između gladi
12:42
and the satiation.
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i zasićenosti.
12:45
Now I give you, from our research, a very short claim.
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Sad vam iznosim, iz našeg istraživanja, vrlo kratku tvrdnju.
12:48
This is fat digestion.
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Ovo je probava masti.
12:50
You have on your left
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Na lijevo imate
12:52
an olive oil droplet,
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kap maslinova ulja
12:54
and this olive oil droplet gets attacked by enzymes.
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i nju napadaju enzimi.
12:57
This is an in vitro experiment.
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Ovo je in vitro eksperiment.
12:59
It's very difficult to work in the intestine.
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Vrlo je teško raditi u crijevima.
13:02
Now everyone would expect
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Svi bismo očekivali
13:04
that when the degradation of the oil happens,
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da kad se dogodi degradacija ulja,
13:06
when the constituents are liberated,
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kad se sastavnice oslobode,
13:08
they disappear, they go away
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da nestanu, da odu
13:10
because they [were] absorbed.
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zato što su upijene.
13:12
Actually, what happens is that a very intricate structure appears.
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Zapravo se dogodi to da se pojavi vrlo složena struktura.
13:15
And I hope you can see
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Nadam se da vidite
13:17
that there are some ring-like structures in the middle image,
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da ovdje imamo neke prstenaste strukture u sredini slike,
13:19
which is water.
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a to je voda.
13:21
This whole system generates a huge surface
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Ovaj cijeli sustav stvara ogromnu površinu
13:24
to allow more enzymes
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da bi dopustio većem broju enzima
13:26
to attack the remaining oil.
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da napadnu ostatak ulja.
13:28
And finally, on your right side,
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Konačno, na desnoj strani vidimo
13:30
you see a bubbly,
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mjehuričastu strukturu
13:32
cell-like structure appearing,
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sličnu stanici koja nastaje
13:34
from which the body will absorb the fat.
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iz koje će tijelo upiti masnoću.
13:38
Now if we could take this language --
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Kad bismo mogli uzeti taj jezik,
13:40
and this is a language of structures --
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a to je jezik struktura,
13:43
and make it longer-lasting,
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i učiniti ga dugotrajnijim,
13:46
that it can go through
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da može
13:48
the passage of the intestine,
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proći kroz crijevo,
13:51
it would generate stronger signals.
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stvorio bi jači signal.
13:55
So our research --
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Naše istraživanje,
13:57
and I think the research also at the universities --
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i mislim i istraživanje na fakultetima,
13:59
are now fixing on these points
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dorađuju te točke
14:01
to say: how can we actually --
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kako bi rekli: kako možemo zapravo,
14:03
and this might sound trivial now to you --
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a to sad može zvučati trivijalno,
14:05
how can we change cooking?
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kako možemo promijeniti kuhanje?
14:07
How can we cook
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Kako možemo kuhati
14:09
that we have this language developed?
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da imamo taj jezik razvijen?
14:12
So what we have actually, it's not an omnivore's dilemma.
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Mi zapravo nemamo dilemu svejeda.
14:15
We have a coctivor's opportunity,
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Imamo mogućnost coctivora,
14:18
because we have learned over the last two million years
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jer smo naučili tijekom dva milijuna godina
14:21
which taste and reward --
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kojim se okusima i nagradama,
14:24
quite sophisticated to cook --
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prilično sofisticirano za skuhati,
14:26
to please ourselves, to satisfy ourselves.
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možemo zadovoljiti, ugoditi si.
14:28
If we add the matrix,
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Ako dodamo mrežu,
14:30
if we add the structure language, which we have to learn,
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ako dodamo strukturni jezik koji moramo naučiti,
14:33
when we learn it, then we can put it back;
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kad ga naučimo, tad ga možemo vratiti natrag,
14:35
and around energy,
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i oko energije,
14:37
we could generate a balance,
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mogli bismo stvoriti ravnotežu
14:39
which comes out
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koja proizlazi
14:41
from our really primordial operation: cooking.
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iz iskonske radnje: kuhanja.
14:45
So, to make cooking really
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Da bih učinio kuhanje doista
14:48
a very important element,
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važnim elementom,
14:50
I would say even philosophers have to change
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rekao bih da se čak i filozofi moraju mijenjati
14:52
and have to finally recognize
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i trebaju konačno priznati
14:54
that cooking is what made us.
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da nas je kuhanje stvorilo.
14:57
So I would say, coquo ergo sum:
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Rekao bih, coquo ergo sum:
15:00
I cook, therefore I am.
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Kuham, dakle jesam.
15:02
Thank you very much.
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Puno vam hvala.
15:04
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Heribert Watzke - Food scientistHeribert Watzke studies the brain in our gut -- and works to develop new kinds of food that will satisfy our bodies and minds.
Why you should listen
Heribert Watzke set up the department of food material science at Nestlé in Switzerland, pulling together many disciplines, including chemistry, nutrition and neuroscience, in pursuit of ever better foods. Watzke's background is in chemistry -- in the mid-'80s, he was part of a groundbreaking team at Syracuse working on splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen to create alternative energy -- before moving to materials science.
At Nestlé's lab, Watzke focuses on the most basic form of human energy: the chemistry of food. Research on food has previously focused on its sensory qualities -- taste, aroma, texture. But there is much more to know. How does food's biological structure determine its quality, its digestibility, its nutritional qualities? What's the science of turning a biological structure (for instance, a kernel of grain) into something humans can make into pure energy (for instance, a slice of bread)? His team has been looking recently at the impact of food structure on fat digestion, in support of the fight against obesity. How much fat is needed to feel full? And how can we most effectively communicate with the 100 million neurons in our gut?
Heribert Watzke | Speaker | TED.com