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Johann Hari: Everything you think you know about addiction is wrong
Johann Hari: Semua yang Anda pikir Anda tahu tentang kecanduan itu salah
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Apa yang sebenarnya menyebabkan kecanduan -- terhadap apapun dari kokain sampai telepon pintar? Dan bagaimana kita mengatasinya? Johann Hari berpendapat bahwa metode yang kita gunakan saat ini gagal, berdasarkan pengalaman pribadinya, karena ia melihat orang-orang tercintanya berjuang mengatasi kecanduan mereka. Ia mulai bertanya-tanya mengapa kita memperlakukan pecandu seperti sekarang ini -- dan apakah ada cara lain yang lebih baik. Dalam ceramah ini, ia berbagi kisal yang sangat personal, pertanyaan yang membawanya berkeliling dunia, dan mengungkap beberapa cara yang mengejutkan dan memberi harapan ketika memikirkan mengenai masalah lama.
Johann Hari - Journalist
Johann Hari spent three years researching the war on drugs; along the way, he discovered that addiction is not what we think it is. Full bio
Johann Hari spent three years researching the war on drugs; along the way, he discovered that addiction is not what we think it is. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
One of my earliest memories
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Salah satu kenangan pertama saya
00:14
is of trying to wake up
one of my relatives and not being able to.
one of my relatives and not being able to.
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adalah mencoba membangunkan
salah satu saudara saya tapi gagal.
salah satu saudara saya tapi gagal.
Waktu itu saya masih kecil,
jadi saya tak begitu mengerti,
jadi saya tak begitu mengerti,
00:17
And I was just a little kid,
so I didn't really understand why,
so I didn't really understand why,
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tapi tumbuh dewasa, saya menyadari ada
pecandu narkoba di keluarga saya,
pecandu narkoba di keluarga saya,
00:20
but as I got older,
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00:21
I realized we had
drug addiction in my family,
drug addiction in my family,
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00:23
including later cocaine addiction.
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termasuk kecanduan kokain.
00:25
I'd been thinking about it a lot lately,
partly because it's now exactly 100 years
partly because it's now exactly 100 years
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Saya banyak memikirkannya belakangan ini,
sebagian karena sekarang tepat 100 tahun
sebagian karena sekarang tepat 100 tahun
00:30
since drugs were first banned
in the United States and Britain,
in the United States and Britain,
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sejak narkoba pertama kali
dilarang di Amerika dan Inggris,
dilarang di Amerika dan Inggris,
dan kemudian juga dilarang di
seluruh dunia.
seluruh dunia.
00:33
and we then imposed that
on the rest of the world.
on the rest of the world.
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Sudah satu abad sejak kita
membuat keputusan penting tersebut,
membuat keputusan penting tersebut,
00:36
It's a century since we made
this really fateful decision
this really fateful decision
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00:39
to take addicts and punish them
and make them suffer,
and make them suffer,
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untuk menangkap dan menghukum pecandu,
dan membuat mereka menderita,
dan membuat mereka menderita,
00:43
because we believed that would deter them;
it would give them an incentive to stop.
it would give them an incentive to stop.
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karena kita yakin itu mencegah mereka;
memberi alasan untuk berhenti.
memberi alasan untuk berhenti.
00:48
And a few years ago, I was looking at
some of the addicts in my life who I love,
some of the addicts in my life who I love,
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Beberapa tahun lalu, saya melihat para
pecandu yang saya cintai dalam hidup saya,
pecandu yang saya cintai dalam hidup saya,
00:53
and trying to figure out
if there was some way to help them.
if there was some way to help them.
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dan memikirkan cara untuk menolong mereka.
00:56
And I realized there were loads
of incredibly basic questions
of incredibly basic questions
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Dan saya sadar ada banyak
pertanyaan yang begitu mendasar,
pertanyaan yang begitu mendasar,
00:59
I just didn't know the answer to,
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tapi saya tak tahu jawabannya.
01:01
like, what really causes addiction?
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Seperti: apa yang sebenarnya
menyebabkan kecanduan?
menyebabkan kecanduan?
01:04
Why do we carry on with this approach
that doesn't seem to be working,
that doesn't seem to be working,
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Mengapa kita terus melakukan pendekatan
yang sepertinya tidak berhasil,
yang sepertinya tidak berhasil,
01:07
and is there a better way out there
that we could try instead?
that we could try instead?
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dan adakah cara lebih baik
di luar sana yang dapat kita coba?
di luar sana yang dapat kita coba?
Jadi saya banyak membaca tentangnya,
01:10
So I read loads of stuff about it,
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01:12
and I couldn't really find
the answers I was looking for,
the answers I was looking for,
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dan saya tak bisa menemukan jawabannya,
jadi saya pikir, oke, saya akan
bicara dengan banyak orang
bicara dengan banyak orang
01:14
so I thought, okay, I'll go and sit
with different people around the world
with different people around the world
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di seluruh dunia yang berkutat
dan mempelajari hal ini
dan mempelajari hal ini
01:18
who lived this and studied this
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dan melihat jika saya
bisa belajar dari mereka.
bisa belajar dari mereka.
01:20
and talk to them and see
if I could learn from them.
if I could learn from them.
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Mulanya saya tak tahu saya akan
bepergian sampai hampir 50,000 km
bepergian sampai hampir 50,000 km
01:22
And I didn't realize I would end up
going over 30,000 miles at the start,
going over 30,000 miles at the start,
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dan bertemu dengan begitu banyak orang,
01:26
but I ended up going and meeting
loads of different people,
loads of different people,
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mulai dari pengedar kokain transgender
di Brownsville, Brooklyn,
di Brownsville, Brooklyn,
01:29
from a transgender crack dealer
in Brownsville, Brooklyn,
in Brownsville, Brooklyn,
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sampai ilmuwan yang memberi halusinogen
pada luwak
pada luwak
01:31
to a scientist who spends a lot of time
feeding hallucinogens to mongooses
feeding hallucinogens to mongooses
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untuk melihat reaksi mereka --
01:35
to see if they like them --
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dan ternyata mereka suka,
tapi hanya pada situasi tertentu --
tapi hanya pada situasi tertentu --
01:36
it turns out they do, but only
in very specific circumstances --
in very specific circumstances --
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sampai ke satu-satunya negara yang
melegalkan semua narkoba,
melegalkan semua narkoba,
01:39
to the only country that's ever
decriminalized all drugs,
decriminalized all drugs,
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dari ganja sampai kokain, Portugal.
01:42
from cannabis to crack, Portugal.
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Dan satu hal yang saya sadari dan
membuat saya terpukau adalah
membuat saya terpukau adalah
01:45
And the thing I realized
that really blew my mind is,
that really blew my mind is,
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01:47
almost everything we think
we know about addiction is wrong,
we know about addiction is wrong,
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hampir semua yang kita pikir kita tahu
tentang kecanduan itu salah,
tentang kecanduan itu salah,
01:51
and if we start to absorb
the new evidence about addiction,
the new evidence about addiction,
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dan jika kita mulai menerima
data-data baru tentang kecanduan,
data-data baru tentang kecanduan,
01:54
I think we're going to have to change
a lot more than our drug policies.
a lot more than our drug policies.
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saya rasa kita harus mengubah lebih
dari sekedar kebijakan narkoba.
dari sekedar kebijakan narkoba.
Tapi mari mulai dengan yang kita kira
kita tahu, yang saya kira saya tahu.
kita tahu, yang saya kira saya tahu.
01:58
But let's start with what we think
we know, what I thought I knew.
we know, what I thought I knew.
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02:01
Let's think about this middle row here.
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Mari bayangkan Anda yang duduk
di tengah.
di tengah.
02:03
Imagine all of you, for 20 days now, went
off and used heroin three times a day.
off and used heroin three times a day.
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Bayangkan Anda semua, selama 20 hari,
memakai heroin tiga kali sehari.
memakai heroin tiga kali sehari.
02:07
Some of you look a little more
enthusiastic than others at this prospect.
enthusiastic than others at this prospect.
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Beberapa terlihat lebih antusias
dengan gagasan ini.
dengan gagasan ini.
02:10
(Laughter)
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(Tertawa)
Jangan khawatir,
ini hanya percobaan dalam pikiran.
ini hanya percobaan dalam pikiran.
02:11
Don't worry,
it's just a thought experiment.
it's just a thought experiment.
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02:14
Imagine you did that, right?
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Bayangkan Anda melakukannya.
Apa yang akan terjadi?
Apa yang akan terjadi?
02:16
What would happen?
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Nah, kita punya kisah yang sudah ditutur-
kan selama 1 abad, apa yang akan terjadi.
kan selama 1 abad, apa yang akan terjadi.
02:17
Now, we have a story about what would
happen that we've been told for a century.
happen that we've been told for a century.
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Kita pikir, karena ada
zat kimia candu pada heroin,
zat kimia candu pada heroin,
02:21
We think, because there are
chemical hooks in heroin,
chemical hooks in heroin,
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setelah Anda mengkonsumsinya cukup lama,
02:23
as you took it for a while,
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02:25
your body would become
dependent on those hooks,
dependent on those hooks,
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tubuh Anda akan bergantung
pada candu tersebut,
pada candu tersebut,
dan tubuh Anda mulai membutuhkannya,
02:28
you'd start to physically need them,
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02:29
and at the end of those 20 days,
you'd all be heroin addicts. Right?
you'd all be heroin addicts. Right?
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dan di akhir 20 hari itu,
Anda akan menjadi pecandu heroin. Benar?
Anda akan menjadi pecandu heroin. Benar?
Dulu saya berpikir begitu.
02:33
That's what I thought.
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02:34
First thing that alerted me to the fact
that something's not right with this story
that something's not right with this story
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Hal pertama yang membuat saya berpikir
ada yang salah dalam cerita ini
ada yang salah dalam cerita ini
adalah ketika seseorang menjelaskannya.
02:38
is when it was explained to me.
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02:40
If I step out of this TED Talk today
and I get hit by a car and I break my hip,
and I get hit by a car and I break my hip,
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Jika saya keluar dari TED Talk hari ini
dan tertabrak mobil dan patah pinggul,
dan tertabrak mobil dan patah pinggul,
saya akan dilarikan ke RS
dan diberikan banyak diamorfin.
dan diberikan banyak diamorfin.
02:43
I'll be taken to hospital
and I'll be given loads of diamorphine.
and I'll be given loads of diamorphine.
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02:47
Diamorphine is heroin.
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Diamorfin adalah heroin.
02:48
It's actually much better heroin
than you're going to buy on the streets,
than you're going to buy on the streets,
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Bahkan heroin yang lebih bagus
daripada yang Anda beli di jalanan,
daripada yang Anda beli di jalanan,
02:52
because the stuff you buy
from a drug dealer is contaminated.
from a drug dealer is contaminated.
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karena yang Anda beli dari pengedar
terkontaminasi, sangat sedikit heroinnya,
terkontaminasi, sangat sedikit heroinnya,
02:55
Actually, very little of it is heroin,
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sedangkan yang Anda dapat
dari dokter itu murni secara medis.
dari dokter itu murni secara medis.
02:57
whereas the stuff you get
from the doctor is medically pure.
from the doctor is medically pure.
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Dan Anda akan diberi heroin
dalam jangka waktu lama.
dalam jangka waktu lama.
02:59
And you'll be given it for quite
a long period of time.
a long period of time.
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Ada banyak orang di sini.
03:02
There are loads of people in this room,
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Anda mungkin tak sadar telah
mengkonsumsi cukup banyak heroin.
mengkonsumsi cukup banyak heroin.
03:04
you may not realize it,
you've taken quite a lot of heroin.
you've taken quite a lot of heroin.
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Dan siapapun yang menonton acara ini
di mana pun di dunia, ini benar terjadi.
di mana pun di dunia, ini benar terjadi.
03:07
And anyone who is watching this
anywhere in the world, this is happening.
anywhere in the world, this is happening.
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Jika yang kita percayai
tentang kecanduan itu benar
tentang kecanduan itu benar
03:10
And if what we believe
about addiction is right --
about addiction is right --
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-- orang tergantung pada
zat kimia candu itu --
zat kimia candu itu --
03:13
those people are exposed
to all those chemical hooks --
to all those chemical hooks --
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Apa yang seharusnya terjadi?
Mereka seharusnya jadi pecandu.
Mereka seharusnya jadi pecandu.
03:15
What should happen?
They should become addicts.
They should become addicts.
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Ini telah dipelajari dengan seksama.
03:18
This has been studied really carefully.
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Ini tak terjadi; Anda akan sadar bila
nenek Anda menjalani operasi panggul,
nenek Anda menjalani operasi panggul,
03:20
It doesn't happen; you will have noticed
if your grandmother had a hip replacement,
if your grandmother had a hip replacement,
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dia tidak keluar RS menjadi pecandu.
(Tertawa)
(Tertawa)
03:23
she didn't come out as a junkie.
(Laughter)
(Laughter)
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Dan ketika saya memahaminya,
sepertinya aneh bagi saya,
sepertinya aneh bagi saya,
03:26
And when I learned this,
it seemed so weird to me,
it seemed so weird to me,
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sangat bertentangan dengan yang
dikatakan, yang saya kira tahu,
dikatakan, yang saya kira tahu,
03:29
so contrary to everything I'd been told,
everything I thought I knew,
everything I thought I knew,
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Saya pikir ini tidak mungkin,
sampai saya bertemu
sampai saya bertemu
03:33
I just thought it couldn't be right,
until I met a man called Bruce Alexander.
until I met a man called Bruce Alexander.
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Bruce Alexander, seorang
profesor psikologi di Vancouver
profesor psikologi di Vancouver
03:36
He's a professor
of psychology in Vancouver
of psychology in Vancouver
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yang melakukan percobaan luar biasa
yang saya rasa bisa membantu kita
memahami masalah ini.
memahami masalah ini.
03:39
who carried out an incredible experiment
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03:41
I think really helps us
to understand this issue.
to understand this issue.
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Profesor Alexander menjelaskan,
pengetahuan kita tentang kecanduan,
cerita itu,
cerita itu,
03:43
Professor Alexander explained to me,
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03:45
the idea of addiction we've all
got in our heads, that story,
got in our heads, that story,
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sebagian berasal dari
serangkaian percobaan
serangkaian percobaan
yang dilakukan di abad ke-20.
03:48
comes partly from a series of experiments
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Percobaan yang amat sederhana.
03:50
that were done earlier
in the 20th century.
in the 20th century.
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Anda bisa melakukannya nanti malam
di rumah jika Anda agak sadis.
di rumah jika Anda agak sadis.
03:52
They're really simple.
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03:54
You can do them tonight at home
if you feel a little sadistic.
if you feel a little sadistic.
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Ambil tikus dan letakkan di kandang,
dan berikan dua botol air:
dan berikan dua botol air:
03:57
You get a rat and you put it in a cage,
and you give it two water bottles:
and you give it two water bottles:
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Yang satu air saja, dan yang satu lagi
air dengan campuran heroin atau kokain.
air dengan campuran heroin atau kokain.
04:00
One is just water, and the other is water
laced with either heroin or cocaine.
laced with either heroin or cocaine.
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Jika Anda melakukannya,
tikus hampir selalu memilih air narkoba
tikus hampir selalu memilih air narkoba
04:04
If you do that, the rat will almost always
prefer the drug water
prefer the drug water
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dan hampir selalu mati dalam
waktu cukup singkat.
waktu cukup singkat.
04:07
and almost always
kill itself quite quickly.
kill itself quite quickly.
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Jadi begitu, kan?
Begitu kita kira cara kerjanya.
Begitu kita kira cara kerjanya.
04:09
So there you go, right?
That's how we think it works.
That's how we think it works.
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Di tahun 70-an, Profesor Alexander
mempelajari dan melihat percobaan ini
mempelajari dan melihat percobaan ini
04:12
In the '70s, Professor Alexander comes
along and he looks at this experiment
along and he looks at this experiment
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dan ia menyadari sesuatu.
04:15
and he noticed something.
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Dia bilang, ah, kita meletakkan
tikus itu di kandang kosong.
tikus itu di kandang kosong.
04:17
He said ah, we're putting
the rat in an empty cage.
the rat in an empty cage.
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Tikus itu tak ada kerjaan
kecuali memakai narkoba.
kecuali memakai narkoba.
04:19
It's got nothing to do
except use these drugs.
except use these drugs.
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Mari kita coba yang agak berbeda.
04:21
Let's try something different.
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Jadi Profesor Alexander membuat kandang
yang ia sebut "Taman Tikus,"
yang ia sebut "Taman Tikus,"
04:23
So Professor Alexander built a cage
that he called "Rat Park,"
that he called "Rat Park,"
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04:26
which is basically heaven for rats.
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yang pada intinya adalah surga tikus.
04:28
They've got loads of cheese,
they've got loads of colored balls,
they've got loads of colored balls,
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Ada banyak keju, ada banyak bola berwarna,
ada banyak lorong,
04:31
they've got loads of tunnels.
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Yang penting, mereka banyak teman
dan dapat melakukan banyak seks.
dan dapat melakukan banyak seks.
04:33
Crucially, they've got loads of friends.
They can have loads of sex.
They can have loads of sex.
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Dan ada dua botol air itu, air biasa
dan yang diberi narkoba.
dan yang diberi narkoba.
04:36
And they've got both the water bottles,
the normal water and the drugged water.
the normal water and the drugged water.
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04:41
But here's the fascinating thing:
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Tapi inilah yang menakjubkan:
04:44
In Rat Park, they don't
like the drug water.
like the drug water.
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Di Taman Tikus, mereka
tidak suka air narkoba.
tidak suka air narkoba.
04:47
They almost never use it.
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Mereka hampir tak pernah meminumnya.
04:49
None of them ever use it compulsively.
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Tak satu tikus pun meminumnya
terus-menerus.
terus-menerus.
Tak satu tikus pun yang overdosis.
04:51
None of them ever overdose.
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04:53
You go from almost 100 percent overdose
when they're isolated
when they're isolated
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Jadi dari hampir 100% overdosis
sewaktu mereka terisolasi
sewaktu mereka terisolasi
04:56
to zero percent overdose when they
have happy and connected lives.
have happy and connected lives.
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menjadi 0% overdosis ketika mereka
hidup bahagia dan terhubung.
hidup bahagia dan terhubung.
04:59
Now, when he first saw this,
Professor Alexander thought,
Professor Alexander thought,
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Nah, ketika ia pertama kali melihatnya,
Profesor Alexander berpikir,
Profesor Alexander berpikir,
05:03
maybe this is just a thing about rats,
they're quite different to us.
they're quite different to us.
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mungkin ini spesifik pada tikus,
yang cukup berbeda dengan kita.
yang cukup berbeda dengan kita.
Mungkin tak terlalu beda dari kita,
tapi Anda tahu --
tapi Anda tahu --
05:06
Maybe not as different as we'd like,
but, you know --
but, you know --
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Tapi untungnya, ada percobaan pada manusia
05:09
But fortunately, there was
a human experiment
a human experiment
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05:11
into the exact same principle happening
at the exact same time.
at the exact same time.
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menggunakan prinsip yang persis sama
pada waktu yang persis sama,
pada waktu yang persis sama,
05:14
It was called the Vietnam War.
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yaitu Perang Vietnam.
05:16
In Vietnam, 20 percent of all American
troops were using loads of heroin,
troops were using loads of heroin,
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Di Vietnam, 20% pasukan Amerika
memakai banyak heroin,
memakai banyak heroin,
05:20
and if you look at the news
reports from the time,
reports from the time,
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dan jika Anda lihat
laporan berita saat itu,
laporan berita saat itu,
05:23
they were really worried, because
they thought, my God, we're going to have
they thought, my God, we're going to have
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Amerika sangat khawatir,
karena mereka pikir, ya Tuhan,
karena mereka pikir, ya Tuhan,
akan ada ratusan ribu pecandu
di jalanan Amerika
di jalanan Amerika
05:27
hundreds of thousands of junkies
on the streets of the United States
on the streets of the United States
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ketika perang berakhir; masuk akal sekali.
05:30
when the war ends; it made total sense.
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Nah, tentara yang memakai
banyak heroin diikuti ke rumahnya.
banyak heroin diikuti ke rumahnya.
05:32
Now, those soldiers who were using
loads of heroin were followed home.
loads of heroin were followed home.
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Arsip Psikiatri Umum melakukan
penelitian yang sangat detil,
penelitian yang sangat detil,
05:35
The Archives of General Psychiatry
did a really detailed study,
did a really detailed study,
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dan apa yang terjadi pada mereka?
05:38
and what happened to them?
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Ternyata mereka tidak pergi rehabilitasi.
Mereka tidak bertambah parah.
Mereka tidak bertambah parah.
05:40
It turns out they didn't go to rehab.
They didn't go into withdrawal.
They didn't go into withdrawal.
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05:44
Ninety-five percent of them just stopped.
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95% dari mereka berhenti begitu saja.
05:47
Now, if you believe the story
about chemical hooks,
about chemical hooks,
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Nah, jika Anda percaya
cerita zat kimia candu,
cerita zat kimia candu,
yang sama sekali tak masuk akal,
tapi Profesor Alexander mulai berpikir
tapi Profesor Alexander mulai berpikir
05:49
that makes absolutely no sense,
but Professor Alexander began to think
but Professor Alexander began to think
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pasti ada cerita yang bebeda
tentang kecanduan.
tentang kecanduan.
05:53
there might be a different
story about addiction.
story about addiction.
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Dia bilang, bagaimana jika kecanduan
bukan tentang zat kimia candu?
bukan tentang zat kimia candu?
05:55
He said, what if addiction isn't
about your chemical hooks?
about your chemical hooks?
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Bagaimana jika kecanduan adalah
tentang keterkurungan Anda?
tentang keterkurungan Anda?
05:58
What if addiction is about your cage?
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06:01
What if addiction is an adaptation
to your environment?
to your environment?
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Bagaimana jika kecanduan adalah
adaptasi terhadap lingkungan Anda?
adaptasi terhadap lingkungan Anda?
06:04
Looking at this,
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Melihat hal ini, ada profesor lain
yang bernama Peter Cohen di Belanda
yang bernama Peter Cohen di Belanda
06:05
there was another professor
called Peter Cohen in the Netherlands
called Peter Cohen in the Netherlands
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yang berkata, mungkin kita bahkan
tak boleh menyebutnya kecanduan.
tak boleh menyebutnya kecanduan.
06:08
who said, maybe we shouldn't
even call it addiction.
even call it addiction.
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Mungkin kita harus
menyebutnya keterikatan.
menyebutnya keterikatan.
06:11
Maybe we should call it bonding.
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06:12
Human beings have a natural
and innate need to bond,
and innate need to bond,
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Manusia punya kebutuhan alamiah
dan bawaan untuk terikat,
dan bawaan untuk terikat,
06:15
and when we're happy and healthy,
we'll bond and connect with each other,
we'll bond and connect with each other,
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dan ketika bahagia dan sehat, kita punya
ikatan dan hubungan dengan sesama,
ikatan dan hubungan dengan sesama,
06:19
but if you can't do that,
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tapi jika Anda tak dapat melakukannya,
06:22
because you're traumatized or isolated
or beaten down by life,
or beaten down by life,
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karena Anda trauma atau terisolasi
atau merasa jatuh dalam kehidupan,
atau merasa jatuh dalam kehidupan,
06:25
you will bond with something
that will give you some sense of relief.
that will give you some sense of relief.
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Anda akan membuat ikatan dengan
sesuatu yang membuat Anda lega.
sesuatu yang membuat Anda lega.
06:29
Now, that might be gambling,
that might be pornography,
that might be pornography,
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Nah, itu bisa saja berjudi,
bisa jadi pornografi,
bisa jadi pornografi,
bisa jadi kokain, bisa jadi ganja,
06:31
that might be cocaine,
that might be cannabis,
that might be cannabis,
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tapi Anda akan terikat dan terhubung dgn
sesuatu karena begitulah sifat kita.
sesuatu karena begitulah sifat kita.
06:33
but you will bond and connect
with something because that's our nature.
with something because that's our nature.
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06:37
That's what we want as human beings.
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Itulah yang kita inginkan sebagai manusia.
06:40
And at first, I found this quite
a difficult thing to get my head around,
a difficult thing to get my head around,
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Pada awalnya, sulit bagi saya memahaminya
tapi satu cara yang membantu saya
berpikir tentangnya,
berpikir tentangnya,
06:43
but one way that helped me
to think about it is,
to think about it is,
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06:46
I can see, I've got over by my seat
a bottle of water, right?
a bottle of water, right?
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misalnya, di tempat duduk saya ada
sebotol air, kan?
sebotol air, kan?
06:49
I'm looking at lots of you, and lots
of you have bottles of water with you.
of you have bottles of water with you.
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Saya lihat banyak di antara Anda
yang juga punya botol air.
yang juga punya botol air.
Lupakan narkoba. Lupakan perang narkoba.
06:53
Forget the drugs. Forget the drug war.
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06:55
Totally legally, all of those bottles
of water could be bottles of vodka, right?
of water could be bottles of vodka, right?
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Legal saja, semua botol air itu
bisa saja sebotol vodka, kan?
bisa saja sebotol vodka, kan?
06:59
We could all be getting drunk --
I might after this -- (Laughter) --
I might after this -- (Laughter) --
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Kita semua bisa mabuk --
mungkin setelah ini -- (Tertawa) --
mungkin setelah ini -- (Tertawa) --
07:03
but we're not.
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tapi kita tidak melakukannya, kan.
07:04
Now, because you've been able to afford
the approximately gazillion pounds
the approximately gazillion pounds
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Karena Anda mampu membayar
harga sekitar trilyunan poundsterling
harga sekitar trilyunan poundsterling
07:08
that it costs to get into a TED Talk,
I'm guessing you guys could afford
I'm guessing you guys could afford
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untuk menghadiri TED Talk,
saya rasa Anda mampu
saya rasa Anda mampu
membayar untuk minum vodka
enam bulan ke depan.
enam bulan ke depan.
07:11
to be drinking vodka
for the next six months.
for the next six months.
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07:13
You wouldn't end up homeless.
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Anda takkan menjadi tuna wisma karenanya.
07:15
You're not going to do that,
and the reason you're not going to do that
and the reason you're not going to do that
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Anda tak akan melakukannya
dan alasannya
dan alasannya
07:19
is not because anyone's stopping you.
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bukan karena ada yang mencegah Anda.
07:21
It's because you've got
bonds and connections
bonds and connections
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Tapi karena Anda punya ikatan dan hubungan
yang Anda inginkan.
07:23
that you want to be present for.
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Anda punya pekerjaan
dan orang-orang yang Anda cintai.
dan orang-orang yang Anda cintai.
07:25
You've got work you love.
You've got people you love.
You've got people you love.
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Anda punya hubungan yang sehat.
07:27
You've got healthy relationships.
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07:29
And a core part of addiction,
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Dan inti dari kecanduan,
07:32
I came to think, and I believe
the evidence suggests,
the evidence suggests,
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menurut saya, dan yang ditunjukkan
oleh bukti yang ada,
oleh bukti yang ada,
07:34
is about not being able to bear
to be present in your life.
to be present in your life.
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adalah ketidakmampuan untuk
menerima keadaan hidup Anda.
menerima keadaan hidup Anda.
07:38
Now, this has really
significant implications.
significant implications.
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Nah, dampaknya sangat penting.
07:41
The most obvious implications
are for the War on Drugs.
are for the War on Drugs.
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Yang paling jelas adalah
perang terhadap narkoba.
perang terhadap narkoba.
07:44
In Arizona, I went out
with a group of women
with a group of women
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Di Arizona, saya pergi
dengan sekelompok wanita
dengan sekelompok wanita
07:47
who were made to wear t-shirts
saying, "I was a drug addict,"
saying, "I was a drug addict,"
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yang harus mengenakan kaos bertuliskan,
"Saya dulu pecandu narkoba,"
"Saya dulu pecandu narkoba,"
07:51
and go out on chain gangs and dig graves
while members of the public jeer at them,
while members of the public jeer at them,
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mereka dirantai dan menggali kuburan
sambil masyarakat mencemooh mereka,
sambil masyarakat mencemooh mereka,
07:56
and when those women get out of prison,
they're going to have criminal records
they're going to have criminal records
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dan saat para wanita itu keluar penjara,
mereka akan punya catatan kriminal.
mereka akan punya catatan kriminal.
yang artinya mereka tak bisa
bekerja pada ekonomi legal lagi.
bekerja pada ekonomi legal lagi.
08:00
that mean they'll never work
in the legal economy again.
in the legal economy again.
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08:02
Now, that's a very extreme example,
obviously, in the case of the chain gang,
obviously, in the case of the chain gang,
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Nah, itu satu contoh ekstrim,
narapidana yang dirantai seperti itu,
narapidana yang dirantai seperti itu,
tapi sebenarnya hampir
di semua tempat di dunia
di semua tempat di dunia
08:06
but actually almost
everywhere in the world
everywhere in the world
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08:08
we treat addicts to some degree like that.
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kita memperlakukan pecandu
seperti itu.
seperti itu.
Kita menghukum, menghina,
memberi mereka catatan kriminal.
memberi mereka catatan kriminal.
08:10
We punish them. We shame them.
We give them criminal records.
We give them criminal records.
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Kita memberi batasan bagi mereka
untuk terhubung kembali.
untuk terhubung kembali.
08:13
We put barriers between them reconnecting.
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Ada seorang dokter di Kanada,
Dr. Gabor Maté, pria hebat,
Dr. Gabor Maté, pria hebat,
08:16
There was a doctor in Canada,
Dr. Gabor Maté, an amazing man,
Dr. Gabor Maté, an amazing man,
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08:19
who said to me, if you wanted to design
a system that would make addiction worse,
a system that would make addiction worse,
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yang mengatakan, jika Anda ingin merancang
sistem yang akan memperburuk kecanduan,
sistem yang akan memperburuk kecanduan,
08:23
you would design that system.
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Anda rancanglah sistem itu.
08:24
Now, there's a place that decided
to do the exact opposite,
to do the exact opposite,
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Nah, ada tempat yang memutuskan
untuk melakukan sebaliknya,
untuk melakukan sebaliknya,
dan saya ke sana
untuk melihat cara kerjanya.
untuk melihat cara kerjanya.
08:27
and I went there to see how it worked.
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08:29
In the year 2000, Portugal had
one of the worst drug problems in Europe.
one of the worst drug problems in Europe.
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Tahun 2000, Portugal punya masalah narkoba
yang terburuk di Eropa.
yang terburuk di Eropa.
08:33
One percent of the population was addicted
to heroin, which is kind of mind-blowing,
to heroin, which is kind of mind-blowing,
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Satu persen populasinya kecanduan heroin,
cukup mencengangkan,
cukup mencengangkan,
dan setiap tahun, mereka mencoba
cara Amerika lagi dan lagi.
cara Amerika lagi dan lagi.
08:36
and every year, they tried
the American way more and more.
the American way more and more.
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Mereka menghukum, mencap buruk,
dan mempermalukan pecandu,
dan mempermalukan pecandu,
08:39
They punished people and stigmatized them
and shamed them more,
and shamed them more,
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dan setiap tahun, masalahnya memburuk.
08:42
and every year, the problem got worse.
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08:44
And one day, the Prime Minister and
the leader of the opposition got together,
the leader of the opposition got together,
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Dan suatu hari, Perdana Menteri
dan pemimpin oposisi bekerja sama,
dan pemimpin oposisi bekerja sama,
dan pada dasarnya mengatakan,
kita tak bisa membiarkan
kita tak bisa membiarkan
08:48
and basically said, look, we can't go on
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pecandu heroin terus bertambah.
08:50
with a country where we're having
ever more people becoming heroin addicts.
ever more people becoming heroin addicts.
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Mari kita kumpulkan sekelompok
ilmuwan dan dokter
ilmuwan dan dokter
08:53
Let's set up a panel
of scientists and doctors
of scientists and doctors
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untuk mencari tahu solusi
yang bisa berhasil.
yang bisa berhasil.
08:56
to figure out what would
genuinely solve the problem.
genuinely solve the problem.
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Mereka mengadakan panel yang dipimpin
Dr. João Goulão,
Dr. João Goulão,
08:58
And they set up a panel led by
an amazing man called Dr. João Goulão,
an amazing man called Dr. João Goulão,
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untuk mempelajari bukti-bukti baru ini,
09:01
to look at all this new evidence,
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dan mereka kembali dan mengatakan,
09:03
and they came back and they said,
190
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1572
"Legalkan semua narkoba
dari ganja sampai kokain, tapi" --
dari ganja sampai kokain, tapi" --
09:05
"Decriminalize all drugs
from cannabis to crack, but" --
from cannabis to crack, but" --
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09:09
and this is the crucial next step --
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dan ini adalah langkah penting
berikutnya--
berikutnya--
09:11
"take all the money we used to spend
on cutting addicts off,
on cutting addicts off,
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"alihkan semua dana yang kita gunakan
untuk menyingkirkan pecandu,
untuk menyingkirkan pecandu,
09:15
on disconnecting them,
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untuk mengucilkan mereka,
09:16
and spend it instead
on reconnecting them with society."
on reconnecting them with society."
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dan alokasikan untuk menghubungkan
mereka kembali dengan masyarakat."
mereka kembali dengan masyarakat."
09:20
And that's not really what we think of
as drug treatment
as drug treatment
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Sama sekali berbeda dengan pendekatan
kita terhadap narkoba
kita terhadap narkoba
09:25
in the United States and Britain.
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di Amerika dan Inggris.
Jadi mereka melakukan
rehabilitasi di rumah,
rehabilitasi di rumah,
09:26
So they do do residential rehab,
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mereka melakukan terapi psikologis,
yang sungguh berarti.
yang sungguh berarti.
09:28
they do psychological therapy,
that does have some value.
that does have some value.
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Tapi yang terpenting, mereka melakukan
kebalikan dari yang kita lakukan:
kebalikan dari yang kita lakukan:
09:31
But the biggest thing they did
was the complete opposite of what we do:
was the complete opposite of what we do:
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program besar untuk menciptakan
lapangan kerja dan
lapangan kerja dan
09:34
a massive program
of job creation for addicts,
of job creation for addicts,
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pinjaman mikro bagi pecandu
untuk membangun bisnis kecil.
untuk membangun bisnis kecil.
09:37
and microloans for addicts
to set up small businesses.
to set up small businesses.
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09:39
So say you used to be a mechanic.
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1641
Misalnya, Anda dulunya mekanik.
Ketika Anda siap, mereka pergi
ke suatu bengkel dan bilang,
ke suatu bengkel dan bilang,
09:41
When you're ready, they'll go
to a garage, and they'll say,
to a garage, and they'll say,
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jika Anda pekerjakan orang ini setahun,
kami bayar separuh gajinya.
kami bayar separuh gajinya.
09:44
if you employ this guy for a year,
we'll pay half his wages.
we'll pay half his wages.
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09:47
The goal was to make sure
that every addict in Portugal
that every addict in Portugal
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Tujuannya adalah memastikan
setiap pecandu di Portugal
setiap pecandu di Portugal
09:50
had something to get out
of bed for in the morning.
of bed for in the morning.
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punya tujuan untuk
bangun tidur di pagi hari.
bangun tidur di pagi hari.
Dan ketika saya pergi
dan bertemu pecandu di Portugal,
dan bertemu pecandu di Portugal,
09:52
And when I went and met the addicts
in Portugal,
in Portugal,
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mereka bilang, saat mereka
menemukan tujuan mereka,
menemukan tujuan mereka,
09:55
what they said is,
as they rediscovered purpose,
as they rediscovered purpose,
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mereka menemukan ikatan dan hubungan
dengan masyarakat luas.
dengan masyarakat luas.
09:57
they rediscovered bonds
and relationships with the wider society.
and relationships with the wider society.
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Tahun ini, hampir 15 tahun
sejak percobaan ini dimulai,
sejak percobaan ini dimulai,
10:01
It'll be 15 years this year
since that experiment began,
since that experiment began,
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dan hasilnya sudah keluar:
10:03
and the results are in:
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penggunaan narkoba suntik
turun di Portugal,
turun di Portugal,
10:05
injecting drug use is down in Portugal,
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menurut Jurnal Kriminologi Inggris,
10:07
according to the British
Journal of Criminology,
Journal of Criminology,
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10:09
by 50 percent, five-zero percent.
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50%, lima puluh persen,
10:12
Overdose is massively down,
HIV is massively down among addicts.
HIV is massively down among addicts.
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Overdosis turun drastis, HIV juga
turun drastis di antara pecandu.
turun drastis di antara pecandu.
Setiap penelitian menunjukkan
kecanduan menurun drastis.
kecanduan menurun drastis.
10:16
Addiction in every study
is significantly down.
is significantly down.
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10:18
One of the ways you know it's worked
so well is that almost nobody in Portugal
so well is that almost nobody in Portugal
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Satu cara Anda tahu metode ini berhasil
adalah hampir tak ada orang di Portugal
adalah hampir tak ada orang di Portugal
10:22
wants to go back to the old system.
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mau kembali ke sistem yang lama.
10:24
Now, that's the political implications.
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Nah, itu adalah dampak politiknya.
10:26
I actually think there's a layer
of implications
of implications
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Menurut saya, penelitian ini memiliki
dampak berlapis.
dampak berlapis.
10:29
to all this research below that.
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Kita hidup dalam budaya yang membuat
orang merasa semakin rentan
orang merasa semakin rentan
10:30
We live in a culture where people
feel really increasingly vulnerable
feel really increasingly vulnerable
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terhadap berbagai kecanduan,
apakah itu kecanduan telepon pintar,
apakah itu kecanduan telepon pintar,
10:33
to all sorts of addictions,
whether it's to their smartphones
whether it's to their smartphones
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kecanduan belanja atau makan.
10:36
or to shopping or to eating.
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Sebelum sesi TED ini dimulai --
Anda semua tahu --
Anda semua tahu --
10:38
Before these talks began --
you guys know this --
you guys know this --
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10:40
we were told we weren't allowed
to have our smartphones on,
to have our smartphones on,
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diumumkan bahwa kita tak boleh
menyalakan telepon pintar,
menyalakan telepon pintar,
dan saya harus bilang,
kebanyakan Anda terlihat seperti
kebanyakan Anda terlihat seperti
10:43
and I have to say, a lot of you
looked an awful lot like
looked an awful lot like
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10:46
addicts who were told their dealer
was going to be unavailable
was going to be unavailable
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pecandu yang diberi tahu
bahwa pengedarnya tidak akan ada
bahwa pengedarnya tidak akan ada
beberapa jam ke depan. (Tawa)
10:49
for the next couple of hours. (Laughter)
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Banyak yang merasa begitu,
dan mungkin terdengar aneh, tapi
dan mungkin terdengar aneh, tapi
10:51
A lot of us feel like that,
and it might sound weird to say,
and it might sound weird to say,
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saya sudah bilang bahwa terputusnya
hubungan adalah sebab utama kecanduan
hubungan adalah sebab utama kecanduan
10:53
I've been talking about how disconnection
is a major driver of addiction
is a major driver of addiction
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dan anehnya, ini meningkat,
10:57
and weird to say it's growing,
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karena Anda pikir kita masyarakat yang
paling terhubung yang pernah ada.
paling terhubung yang pernah ada.
10:58
because you think we're the most connected
society that's ever been, surely.
society that's ever been, surely.
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Tapi saya semakin mulai berpikir
bahwa hubungan yang kita punya
bahwa hubungan yang kita punya
11:02
But I increasingly began to think
that the connections we have
that the connections we have
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atau yang kita kira kita punya,
semacam parodi hubungan manusia.
semacam parodi hubungan manusia.
11:05
or think we have, are like a kind
of parody of human connection.
of parody of human connection.
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Jika ada krisis dalam hidup Anda,
Anda akan menyadari sesuatu.
Anda akan menyadari sesuatu.
11:08
If you have a crisis in your life,
you'll notice something.
you'll notice something.
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Bukan pengikut Twitter Anda yang datang
dan duduk bersama Anda.
dan duduk bersama Anda.
11:11
It won't be your Twitter followers
who come to sit with you.
who come to sit with you.
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11:14
It won't be your Facebook friends
who help you turn it round.
who help you turn it round.
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Bukan teman Facebook Anda yang membantu
menyelesaikan masalah.
menyelesaikan masalah.
11:17
It'll be your flesh and blood friends
who you have deep and nuanced
who you have deep and nuanced
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Melainkan teman Anda di dunia nyata
yang berhubungan
yang berhubungan
11:20
and textured, face-to-face
relationships with,
relationships with,
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dekat dan dapat bertatap muka
dengan Anda.
dengan Anda.
11:22
and there's a study I learned about from
Bill McKibben, the environmental writer,
Bill McKibben, the environmental writer,
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Ada penelitian yang saya pelajari dari
Bill McKibben, seorang penulis lingkungan,
Bill McKibben, seorang penulis lingkungan,
11:27
that I think tells us a lot about this.
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yang saya pikir mengajarkan banyak hal.
11:29
He looked at the number of close friends
the average American believes
the average American believes
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Ia melihat rata-rata jumlah teman dekat
yang menurut orang Amerika
yang menurut orang Amerika
11:32
they can call on in a crisis.
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bisa mereka telepon pada masa sulit.
11:34
That number has been declining
steadily since the 1950s.
steadily since the 1950s.
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Jumlahnya terus menurun sejak 1950-an.
11:37
The amount of floor space
an individual has in their home
an individual has in their home
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Luas tempat tinggal per individu
11:40
has been steadily increasing,
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terus menunjukkan peningkatan,
11:42
and I think that's like a metaphor
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dan saya pikir itu seperti metafora
11:44
for the choice we've made as a culture.
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atas pilihan budaya kita.
11:46
We've traded floorspace for friends,
we've traded stuff for connections,
we've traded stuff for connections,
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Kita menukar luas rumah dengan teman,
kita menukar barang dengan hubungan,
kita menukar barang dengan hubungan,
dan akibatnya, kita adalah masyarakat
yang paling kesepian yang pernah ada.
yang paling kesepian yang pernah ada.
11:51
and the result is we are one of the
loneliest societies there has ever been.
loneliest societies there has ever been.
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11:54
And Bruce Alexander, the guy who did
the Rat Park experiment, says,
the Rat Park experiment, says,
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Bruce Alexander, sang peneliti
Taman Tikus berkata,
Taman Tikus berkata,
11:58
we talk all the time in addiction
about individual recovery,
about individual recovery,
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dalam membahas kecanduan, kita terus
bicara tentang pemulihan individu,
bicara tentang pemulihan individu,
12:01
and it's right to talk about that,
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dan betul kita harus membahasnya,
tapi kita perlu membahas
pemulihan sosial lebih banyak lagi.
pemulihan sosial lebih banyak lagi.
12:03
but we need to talk much more
about social recovery.
about social recovery.
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12:06
Something's gone wrong with us,
not just with individuals but as a group,
not just with individuals but as a group,
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Ada sesuatu yang salah, tidak hanya
pada individu tapi juga kelompok,
pada individu tapi juga kelompok,
12:09
and we've created a society where,
for a lot of us,
for a lot of us,
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dan kita menciptakan masyarakat yang
bagi banyak orang,
bagi banyak orang,
12:12
life looks a whole lot more
like that isolated cage
like that isolated cage
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hidup lebih mirip kandang yang terisolasi
12:14
and a whole lot less like Rat Park.
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daripada Taman Tikus.
12:16
If I'm honest, this isn't
why I went into it.
why I went into it.
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Sejujurnya, bukan ini alasan saya
mendalami topik ini.
mendalami topik ini.
12:19
I didn't go in to the discover
the political stuff, the social stuff.
the political stuff, the social stuff.
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Saya tidak terjun untuk mencari tahu
aspek politik dan sosial-nya.
aspek politik dan sosial-nya.
12:23
I wanted to know how to help
the people I love.
the people I love.
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Saya ingin tahu cara
membantu orang-orang tercinta.
membantu orang-orang tercinta.
12:25
And when I came back from this
long journey and I'd learned all this,
long journey and I'd learned all this,
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Dan saat saya kembali dari perjalanan
panjang dan mempelajari semua ini,
panjang dan mempelajari semua ini,
12:28
I looked at the addicts in my life,
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saya melihat pecandu dalam hidup saya,
12:31
and if you're really candid,
it's hard loving an addict,
it's hard loving an addict,
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dan sejujurnya,
sulit untuk mencintai mereka,
sulit untuk mencintai mereka,
12:36
and there's going to be lots of people
who know in this room.
who know in this room.
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dan banyak di antara Anda
yang memahami hal ini.
yang memahami hal ini.
12:39
You are angry a lot of the time,
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Anda sering kali marah,
12:41
and I think one of the reasons
why this debate is so charged
why this debate is so charged
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dan saya pikir salah satu alasan
mengapa perdebatan ini sungguh membebani
mengapa perdebatan ini sungguh membebani
12:45
is because it runs through the heart
of each of us, right?
of each of us, right?
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karena ini mengena pada
hati setiap orang, kan?
hati setiap orang, kan?
Setiap orang pernah melihat
seorang pecandu dan berpikir,
seorang pecandu dan berpikir,
12:48
Everyone has a bit of them
that looks at an addict and thinks,
that looks at an addict and thinks,
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seandainya ada yang bisa mencegahmu.
12:51
I wish someone would just stop you.
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12:52
And the kind of scripts we're told for how
to deal with the addicts in our lives
to deal with the addicts in our lives
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Dan naskah yang memberi tahu
cara menangani pecandu di sekitar kita
cara menangani pecandu di sekitar kita
saya rasa serupa dengan
12:56
is typified by, I think,
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acara realitas "Intervention,"
jika Anda pernah menontonnya.
jika Anda pernah menontonnya.
12:57
the reality show "Intervention,"
if you guys have ever seen it.
if you guys have ever seen it.
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Saya rasa semua hal dalam hidup kita
ditentukan oleh acara realitas TV,
ditentukan oleh acara realitas TV,
13:00
I think everything in our lives
is defined by reality TV,
is defined by reality TV,
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13:03
but that's another TED Talk.
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tapi itu TED Talk yang lain.
13:04
If you've ever seen
the show "Intervention,"
the show "Intervention,"
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Jika Anda menonton acara "Intervention,"
idenya sederhana.
13:07
it's a pretty simple premise.
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Pilih pecandu, semua orang dalam
hidupnya, kumpulkan mereka bersama,
hidupnya, kumpulkan mereka bersama,
13:08
Get an addict, all the people
in their life, gather them together,
in their life, gather them together,
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tunjukkan permasalahannya, dan
katakan pada si pecandu, jika tak sembuh,
katakan pada si pecandu, jika tak sembuh,
13:11
confront them with what they're doing,
and they say, if you don't shape up,
and they say, if you don't shape up,
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kami akan memutuskan hubungan.
13:15
we're going to cut you off.
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Jadi mereka menggunakan hubungan dengan
si pecandu
si pecandu
13:16
So what they do is they take
the connection to the addict,
the connection to the addict,
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dan mengancam akan memutusnya,
sebagai syarat
sebagai syarat
13:19
and they threaten it,
they make it contingent
they make it contingent
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agar si pecandu bertindak sesuai
yang mereka mau.
yang mereka mau.
13:21
on the addict behaving the way they want.
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Dan saya berpikir, saya mulai mengerti
mengapa pendekatan itu tidak berhasil,
mengapa pendekatan itu tidak berhasil,
13:24
And I began to think, I began to see
why that approach doesn't work,
why that approach doesn't work,
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13:27
and I began to think that's almost like
the importing of the logic of the Drug War
the importing of the logic of the Drug War
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itu seperti menggunakan logika
Perang Narkoba
Perang Narkoba
13:32
into our private lives.
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ke dalam kehidupan pribadi kita.
13:34
So I was thinking,
how could I be Portuguese?
how could I be Portuguese?
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Jadi, saya berpikir, bagaimana saya
bisa seperti orang Portugis?
bisa seperti orang Portugis?
13:37
And what I've tried to do now,
and I can't tell you I do it consistently
and I can't tell you I do it consistently
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Dan apa yang saya usahakan sekarang,
meski sulit melakukannya dengan konsisten
meski sulit melakukannya dengan konsisten
13:41
and I can't tell you it's easy,
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dan ini tidak mudah,
13:43
is to say to the addicts in my life
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adalah mengatakan kepada pecandu
dalam hidup saya,
dalam hidup saya,
saya mau berhubungan lebih dekat
dengan mereka,
dengan mereka,
13:45
that I want to deepen
the connection with them,
the connection with them,
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katakan pada mereka, aku mencintaimu
baik kamu menggunakannya ataupun tidak.
baik kamu menggunakannya ataupun tidak.
13:48
to say to them, I love you
whether you're using or you're not.
whether you're using or you're not.
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13:51
I love you, whatever state you're in,
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Aku mencintaimu, bagaimana pun keadaanmu,
dan jika kau butuh, aku akan datang
dan bicara denganmu
dan bicara denganmu
13:54
and if you need me,
I'll come and sit with you
I'll come and sit with you
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13:57
because I love you and I don't
want you to be alone
want you to be alone
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karena aku mencintaimu
dan aku tak ingin kamu sendirian
dan aku tak ingin kamu sendirian
13:59
or to feel alone.
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atau merasa kesepian.
14:01
And I think the core of that message --
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Dan saya rasa inti pesan tersebut --
14:03
you're not alone, we love you --
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kamu tak sendirian, kami mencintaimu --
14:06
has to be at every level
of how we respond to addicts,
of how we respond to addicts,
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pesan ini harus ada dalam segala cara kita
menangani pecandu,
menangani pecandu,
14:09
socially, politically and individually.
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secara sosial, politik, dan personal.
14:12
For 100 years now, we've been singing
war songs about addicts.
war songs about addicts.
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Selama 100 tahun, kita telah menyanyikan
lagu perang terhadap pecandu.
lagu perang terhadap pecandu.
14:16
I think all along we should have been
singing love songs to them,
singing love songs to them,
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Saya pikir selama ini kita seharusnya
menyanyikan lagu cinta untuk mereka,
menyanyikan lagu cinta untuk mereka,
14:20
because the opposite of addiction
is not sobriety.
is not sobriety.
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karena lawan dari kecanduan
bukanlah tidak kecanduan lagi.
bukanlah tidak kecanduan lagi.
14:24
The opposite of addiction is connection.
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Lawan dari kecanduan adalah keterhubungan.
14:28
Thank you.
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Terima kasih.
14:30
(Applause)
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(Tepuk tangan)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Johann Hari - JournalistJohann Hari spent three years researching the war on drugs; along the way, he discovered that addiction is not what we think it is.
Why you should listen
British journalist Johann Hari is the author of the New York Times best-selling book Chasing The Scream, from which his talk on addiction was adapted and for which he spent three years researching the war on drugs and questioning the ways in which we treat addiction.
He has written for many of the world’s leading newspapers and magazines, including The New York Times, Le Monde, The Guardian, New Republic, The Nation, Slate.com, and The Sydney Morning Herald. He was a columnist for the British newspaper The Independent for nine years.
Hari was twice named National Newspaper Journalist of the Year by Amnesty International, was named Gay Journalist of the Year at the Stonewall Awards -- and won the Martha Gellhorn Prize for political writing.
Johann Hari | Speaker | TED.com