Jeff Speck: 4 ways to make a city more walkable
ジェフ・スペック: 都市を歩きやすくするための4つの方法
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
about the walkable city.
お話ししたいと思います
is an optional instrument of freedom,
都市のことです
why we need the walkable city,
必要性について説明し
how to do the walkable city.
お話ししたいと思います
are about why we need it,
その必要性についてですが
exactly a month ago,
about how to do it.
お話しします
the general theory of walkability.
一般論を思いつきました
it's a little tongue-in-cheek,
少々もったいぶった感じですが
I've thought about for a long time,
what I think I've figured out.
the typical American city --
典型的な都市ということですが
is not Washington, DC,
サンフランシスコでもありません
Rapids or Memphis --
メンフィスといった都市です
in which most people own cars
ほとんどの人が車を持ち
is to drive them all the time,
と思うものです
then you have to offer a walk
歩くことが運転と同じくらい
必要があります
four things simultaneously:
提供する必要があるということです
of these things simultaneously,
is a story I learned from my mentors,
歩く理由を学びました
エリザベス・プラター・ザイバーグで
and half of my talk today
of the planning profession.
成立についてです
people were choking
排出される真っ黒なすすに
the housing away from the mills.
引き離せばいいと考え
immediately, dramatically,
劇的に向上しました
that experience ever since.
過言ではないでしょう
of what we call Euclidian zoning,
呼んでいるものが始まり
into large areas of single use.
広大な敷地に分断していきました
in a city to do a plan,
現地に到着すると
on the property that I'm looking at.
なっていることが多いのですが
near anything else.
is our most walkable city,
最も歩きやすい都市 マンハッタンです
this is a Rothko,
he was the pointilist --
is a bit misleading
少し紛らわしいですね
is uses that are mixed vertically.
of the New Urbanists --
are only two ways
歴史を通じて世界中で
in the world and throughout history.
of Newburyport, Massachusetts,
ニューベリーポートの界隈です
and being diverse --
recreate, get educated --
娯楽施設、学校は
after the Second World War,
郊外地域の
and it's not walkable,
多様性に欠け 歩きづらい
become overburdened,
道ではありません
the aerial photographer,
本日お見せする
that I'm showing you today.
提供してくれました
into its constituent parts.
パーツを見てみるのは面白いですよ
the places where you only work,
働くためだけの場所
and further from each other.
離れていくようになります
of the parking lot
has ever walked to this school,
などいないでしょう
the freshmen and the sophomores,
自動車に乗せ登校するので
the crash statistics to prove it.
of our other civic institutions
in the Ft. Lauderdale area
ウェスティンには
and eight baseball diamonds
that takes you to that location,
行かせたりしますか?
the soccer mom now.
サッカーマムが必要なわけです
because it was in my neighborhood.
近所にあったからです
that everyone forgot to count:
from everything else
only with automotive infrastructure,
begins to look like.
なってしまうということです
you can't start with the sprawl model.
スプロールモデルは使えないことです
骨格が必要です
of that form of design,
that a lot of Americans want.
望むものなのです
it's a two-part American dream.
2つの面があります
often to absurd extremes,
to accommodate cars first.
生み出すことが多いのです
of being in these places --
[この信号は青になりません]
このスライドを撮りました
can be a bit of a nuisance,
can be a bit of a nuisance
have been showing for some time now,
where you drive to the parking lot
スポーツジムまで車で行き
of the New Urbanism now
neighborhood contain the same things.
同じ建物要素を含んでいることがわかります
rather than a cul-de-sac
道路のネットワークが多いか
of being walkable,
改善することを考えるとき
in America's cities
町や村の
we want the proper balance of uses.
話を始めます
何でしょうか?
in which most Americans live,
典型的な都市部では
you bring housing back,
among those things.
that shows up last and eventually
get older, have kids
get pretty good eventually.
学校がよくなっていきます
walkable neighborhood without it.
できますが
require transit,
交通機関が必要です
to the whole city as a pedestrian,
around your needs,
再び形を変え
and the parking lots get bigger
every transit trip,
walkability around our transit stations.
歩きやすくする必要があります
is the safe walk.
安全に歩けることです
experts talk about.
to get people to walk.
that add up to a walkable city.
多くの要素があります
famously walkable.
歩きやすいことで有名です
it's almost like two different planets,
まるで別の惑星のようですが
you have a 200-foot block city,
is a six-lane city, and that's a problem.
6車線でこれは問題です
of 24 California cities --
24都市での研究ですが―
the number of fatal accidents
what I tell every audience I meet,
お話しすることなんですが
about induced demand.
考えてもらうことにしています
both to highways and to city streets.
一般道にも当てはまります
that when we widen the streets
that we're anticipating,
道路を広げたり
that we're anticipating
ことを予測する
it is principally that congestion
that are ready to happen.
about when they commute,
very quickly with traffic,
瞬く間に渋滞するようになり
and they fill up again.
また満杯になります
in congested systems,
システムから学んだことです
hardly an esoteric publication:
深遠な記事などみかけない雑誌ですが
usually makes traffic worse."
交通渋滞が悪化すると認めている」
may I please meet some of these engineers,
「このエンジニアに会いたい」と思いました
that I'm working with now --
素晴らしい技術者は例外で
one typically meets working in a city,
ごく一般的なエンジニアは
is too crowded, we need to add a lane."
と考えるものです
we needed that lane."
言うようなね
and to city streets if they're congested.
どちらの渋滞にもあてはまります
about most American cities that I work in,
アメリカの都市については不思議なことに
that are actually oversized
they're currently experiencing.
to me, very upset,
in Prevention Magazine
in the entire country.
こき下ろされたからです
to make a mayor do something about it.
何とかしなければなりません
at the car counts on the street --
分かったことは
だったのですが
can handle 10,000 cars per day.
1日1万台が通行できるはずで
they're all near or under 10,000 cars,
どれも1万台未満ですね
that were designated
between the number of lanes
自動車の数との間に
that wanted to use them.
every street in the downtown
全ての道路の再設計を任されました
under construction,
現在工事中です
you find room for medians.
of on-street parking.
where one didn't exist before.
追加しました
that Oklahoma City has,
お金持ちではありません
economy that's doing quite well.
like Cedar Rapids,
セダーラピッズのように
system, half one-way system.
半分は一方通行です
it's in process right now,
今進めていることは
system, half one-way
半分は一方通行というシステムを
対面通行のシステムに変えることで
70 percent more on-street parking,
robust bicycle network.
自転車ネットワークも加えました
How wide are they?
such that, as Andrés Duany says,
アンドレス・デュアニー いわく
to a subdivision in America
the curvature of the Earth.
outside of Washington from the 1960s.
1960年代のワシントン郊外です
at the width of the streets.
to such a degree
サウスビーチですが
that wasn't draining properly,
and take away half our sidewalk,
半分にしてしまいました
but the citizens know it,
市民は知っていますから
they fight for narrower streets.
細い道を勝ち取ろうとしています
オレゴン州ポートランドは
in its residential neighborhood.
住宅地で立ち上げました
安全だとわかっています
in his project I'On,
サウスカロライナで手掛けている
his amazing 22-foot roads.
道路を公開しています
very narrow rights of way,
引き合いに出すのです
that leads to destruction ...
[マタイ伝7章13節]
are the current revolution underway
アメリカの都市のごく一部で
but the one thing I can say
is a function of bicycle infrastructure.
自転車用インフラの関数です
from Nelson\Nygaard in Portland
友人トム・ブレナンに
of the Portland bike commute.
依頼したら
"Was that bike to work day?"
「自転車通勤の日なの?」と聞くと
money on bicycle infrastructure --
インフラに費用を費やすとどうなるか
of bikers in it several times now
レーンを明るい緑色に塗装して
数倍にしました
like Long Beach, California:
自動車都市ですら
based on the infrastructure.
サイクリストの数が増加しています
here in Washington, DC --
new bike lanes in Chicago,
新しい自転車レーンですが
pulled off the curb,
縁石沿いに並び
cars and the curb --
every lane is a bike lane,
自転車走行が許されていたら
that I met in Pasadena, so ...
唯一のサイクリストでした
自動車から守るための
from moving vehicles.
one side of the street, you can park,
道路を車から撮影したものです
反対側は駐車禁止です
slow cars down.
自動車が速度を落とします
are next to the road,
they slow down very quickly.
the curb return radius.
縁石の隅切り半径は
1.2メートルでしょうか?
how fast the car goes
自動車の速度に影響します
is objective journalism.
客観的なジャーナリズムの例
is not inviting to pedestrians."
歩行者に向いていないと言われる」
of the landscape is swoopy,
曲線的で
流線型に設計されている時
というようなものです
can be allowed to set the stage.
自動車の妨げになり 受け入れられません
of the hundred-year storm,
またたく間に排水可能もしれませんが
この縁石を毎日登らなくてはなりません
has to mount the curb every day.
has to do with the fact
prospect and refuge.
隠れ場所も必要だということです
that our flanks are covered.
that have good edges,
角のある場所に引き寄せられます
people won't want to be there.
of height to width?
何でしょうか?
you're not very comfortable anymore.
落ち着かなくなります
can be perfectly delightful.
6対1比なら快適でしょう
is the principal problem here.
主要な問題なのです
can be issues as well,
駐車場になっている空き地の問題同様に
because of an outdated zoning code,
角がなくなると
in your neighborhood.
失われてしまうこともあります
I couldn't build on that site.
is now changing its zoning
to become sites like this.
can be interesting to build,
people generally like it.
おおむね好評でした
than other people.
他人ほど興味深いものはありません
it's a great thing.
a very walkable city,
グランドラピッズです
best hotels together,
you have an exposed parking deck,
you have a conference facility
in admiration for that parking deck,
設計されていて
Mayor of Charleston, South Carolina,
ジョー・ライリー市長は第10期で
25 feet of building
80メートルの駐車場を
It's in South Beach.
サウスビーチにあります
that I love to show.
It's in Columbus, Ohio.
オハイオ州コロンバスにあります
neighborhood, full of pedestrians.
大勢の歩行者がいます
neighborhood -- ethnic,
多彩な文化がある地区
great shops, struggling.
苦戦していました
because this was the bridge,
この橋のせいでした
from the convention center
they added an extra 80 feet to the bridge.
24メートル追加―
over the highway.
幹線道路の上に橋を再建したのです
has come back to life.
not the planning magazines,
it's because of that bridge.
これは橋のお陰だと言っています
theory of walkability.
have most of them
in those places.
ありがとうございました
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jeff Speck - Urban plannerJeff Speck is a city planner and the author of "Walkable City."
Why you should listen
Jeff Speck is a city planner and architectural designer who, through writing, lectures, and built work, advocates internationally for more walkable cities.
As Director of Design at the National Endowment for the Arts from 2003 through 2007, he oversaw the Mayors' Institute on City Design and created the Governors' Institute on Community Design, a federal program that helps state governors fight suburban sprawl. Prior to joining the Endowment, Speck spent ten years as Director of Town Planning at Duany Plater-Zyberk and Co., a leading practitioner of the New Urbanism, where he led or managed more than forty of the firm's projects.
Speck is the co-author of Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream as well as The Smart Growth Manual. His latest book, Walkable City -- which Christian Science Monitor calls "timely and important, a delightful, insightful, irreverent work" -- has been the best-selling city-planning title of this decade.
Jeff Speck | Speaker | TED.com