TEDxMidAtlantic
Jeff Speck: 4 ways to make a city more walkable
Jeff Speck: 4种方法让城市更适合步行
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避开车辆，远离盲目扩张，自由的行走于你的城市！城市规划者Jeff Speck分享了他的“可步行性理论”——四个规划法则将拥有六车道高速公路和180米长街区的城市转变成布满自行车道和行道树的安全，可步行的绿洲。
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So I'm here to talk to you
about the walkable city.
about the walkable city.
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我想在这里讲一下可步行的城市。
00:15
What is the walkable city?
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什么是可步行城市？
一个更好的解释是，
00:17
Well, for want of a better definition,
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对于这个城市而言，
车是一个选择性的代步工具，
车是一个选择性的代步工具，
00:19
it's a city in which the car
is an optional instrument of freedom,
is an optional instrument of freedom,
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而不是一个必不可少的辅助设备。
00:26
rather than a prosthetic device.
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我想要探讨一下为什么
我们需要一个可步行城市，
我们需要一个可步行城市，
00:28
And I'd like to talk about
why we need the walkable city,
why we need the walkable city,
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然后我想讲一下如何
去实现一个可步行城市。
去实现一个可步行城市。
00:31
and I'd like to talk about
how to do the walkable city.
how to do the walkable city.
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00:35
Most of the talks I give these days
are about why we need it,
are about why we need it,
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最近我的大部分演讲
都是关于为什么我们需要它，
都是关于为什么我们需要它，
00:40
but you guys are smart.
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但是你们都很聪明
（一定能猜到答案）。
（一定能猜到答案）。
00:44
And also I gave that talk
exactly a month ago,
exactly a month ago,
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并且我在一个月前
做过一次类似的演讲，
做过一次类似的演讲，
你们可以在TED.COM上观看。
00:47
and you can see it at TED.com.
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那么今天我想讲讲如何实现它。
00:49
So today I want to talk
about how to do it.
about how to do it.
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00:52
In a lot of time thinking about this,
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在很长一段时间的冥思苦想之后，
我总结出了一套“可步行性的基本理论”。
00:54
I've come up with what I call
the general theory of walkability.
the general theory of walkability.
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这是个稍有点狂妄的术语，
还有点开玩笑的意味。
还有点开玩笑的意味。
00:57
A bit of a pretentious term,
it's a little tongue-in-cheek,
it's a little tongue-in-cheek,
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但这是个我想了很久的理论，
01:00
but it's something
I've thought about for a long time,
I've thought about for a long time,
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我很想跟大家分享下我的心得。
01:03
and I'd like to share
what I think I've figured out.
what I think I've figured out.
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在典型的美国城市——
01:06
In the American city,
the typical American city --
the typical American city --
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不是指华盛顿特区，
01:09
the typical American city
is not Washington, DC,
is not Washington, DC,
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亦不是纽约或旧金山；
01:11
or New York, or San Francisco;
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而是大急流城（密歇根州），锡达拉皮兹市
（爱荷华州），或孟菲斯市（田纳西州）。
（爱荷华州），或孟菲斯市（田纳西州）。
01:14
it's Grand Rapids or Cedar
Rapids or Memphis --
Rapids or Memphis --
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01:17
in the typical American city
in which most people own cars
in which most people own cars
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在典型的美国城市中，大部分人拥有车，
并且倾向于凡事都开车，
01:20
and the temptation
is to drive them all the time,
is to drive them all the time,
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如果你想要让他们步行，
那你需要让步行体验
那你需要让步行体验
01:22
if you're going to get them to walk,
then you have to offer a walk
then you have to offer a walk
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01:26
that's as good as a drive or better.
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和驾驶一样好，或更好。
01:28
What does that mean?
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这意味着什么？
这意味着你需要同时满足4件事：
01:29
It means you need to offer
four things simultaneously:
four things simultaneously:
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一个合适的理由去步行，
01:32
there needs to be a proper reason to walk,
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本身要安全，也让人有安全感，
01:34
the walk has to be safe and feel safe,
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要是舒适的，
01:36
the walk has to be comfortable
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还要让人乐在其中。
01:38
and the walk has to be interesting.
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你需要同时做到这四点，
01:40
You need to do all four
of these things simultaneously,
of these things simultaneously,
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这就是我今天演讲的概要，
01:42
and that's the structure of my talk today,
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我会逐一介绍。
01:45
to take you through each of those.
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步行的原因来自我从
我的导师那里听来的故事，
我的导师那里听来的故事，
01:46
The reason to walk
is a story I learned from my mentors,
is a story I learned from my mentors,
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Andres Duany 和
Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk，
Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk，
01:49
Andrés Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk,
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新城市化运动的创始人。
01:52
the founders of the New Urbanism movement.
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我应该说今天一半的演示稿，
一半的演讲
一半的演讲
01:54
And I should say half the slides
and half of my talk today
and half of my talk today
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01:57
I learned from them.
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也是从他们那学来的。
这是一个关于规划的故事，
01:59
It's the story of planning,
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02:01
the story of the formation
of the planning profession.
of the planning profession.
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关于规划专业诞生的故事。
在19世纪，人们在如地狱般
02:04
When in the 19th century
people were choking
people were choking
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黑暗的磨坊的煤烟中苟延残喘，
02:09
from the soot of the dark, satanic mills,
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于是规划者们说：嘿，
我们把居住区搬离磨坊吧。
我们把居住区搬离磨坊吧。
02:11
the planners said, hey, let's move
the housing away from the mills.
the housing away from the mills.
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居民的平均寿命瞬间激增，
02:16
And lifespans increased
immediately, dramatically,
immediately, dramatically,
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我们通常会说，
02:19
and we like to say
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规划者们一直试图重复当初的经验。
02:20
the planners have been trying to repeat
that experience ever since.
that experience ever since.
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于是就出现了我们称为
欧几里得的分区，
欧几里得的分区，
02:23
So there's the onset
of what we call Euclidian zoning,
of what we call Euclidian zoning,
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大面积独立使用的分离地标景观。
02:26
the separation of the landscape
into large areas of single use.
into large areas of single use.
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通常当我到达一个城市
去做规划的时候，
去做规划的时候，
02:30
And typically when I arrive
in a city to do a plan,
in a city to do a plan,
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这样的规划往往已经在那里等着我了。
02:33
a plan like this already awaits me
on the property that I'm looking at.
on the property that I'm looking at.
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02:37
And all a plan like this guarantees
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所有的规划都千篇一律，
就使得你无法拥有一个可步行的城市，
02:38
is that you will not have a walkable city,
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因为没有任何一个地点是彼此相邻的。
02:41
because nothing is located
near anything else.
near anything else.
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相反的，当然就是最适宜步行的城市，
02:43
The alternative, of course,
is our most walkable city,
is our most walkable city,
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我想说， 这是一个罗斯科
（抽象表现主义风格），
（抽象表现主义风格），
02:47
and I like to say, you know,
this is a Rothko,
this is a Rothko,
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这是一个秀拉（点彩风格）。
02:50
and this is a Seurat.
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只是方式不同——
秀拉是一个点彩画派的艺术家——
秀拉是一个点彩画派的艺术家——
02:51
It's just a different way --
he was the pointilist --
he was the pointilist --
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使用了不同的打造用地的方式。
02:54
it's a different way of making places.
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即使是这张曼哈顿的地图，
也有一点误导性，
也有一点误导性，
02:56
And even this map of Manhattan
is a bit misleading
is a bit misleading
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02:58
because the red color
is uses that are mixed vertically.
is uses that are mixed vertically.
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因为红色代表着纵向混合用地。
那么这是一个关于新城市化的故事——
03:03
So this is the big story
of the New Urbanists --
of the New Urbanists --
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去确认新城市化只有两种方式，
03:05
to acknowledge that there
are only two ways
are only two ways
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已经在世界历史上
03:08
that have been tested by the thousands
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被无数人尝试了很多次。
03:10
to build communities,
in the world and throughout history.
in the world and throughout history.
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03:13
One is the traditional neighborhood.
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第一是传统的街区，
03:15
You see here several neighborhoods
of Newburyport, Massachusetts,
of Newburyport, Massachusetts,
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这里是马萨诸塞州
纽伯里波特的几个街区，
纽伯里波特的几个街区，
这里被认定为紧凑和多样的地方——
03:19
which is defined as being compact
and being diverse --
and being diverse --
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人们在这生活，工作，购物，
娱乐，接受教育——
娱乐，接受教育——
03:23
places to live, work, shop,
recreate, get educated --
recreate, get educated --
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都是在步行的距离内。
03:27
all within walking distance.
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这里被认定为可步行的。
03:29
And it's defined as being walkable.
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这里有很多的小街道，
03:31
There are lots of small streets.
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每一个都让散步者感到舒适。
03:33
Each one is comfortable to walk on.
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03:34
And we contrast that to the other way,
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我们将其与另一种方式进行对比，
一个在二战后产生的创意，
03:37
an invention that happened
after the Second World War,
after the Second World War,
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郊区扩张，
03:40
suburban sprawl,
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明显的不紧凑，明显的不多样，
并且不适宜步行，
并且不适宜步行，
03:41
clearly not compact, clearly not diverse,
and it's not walkable,
and it's not walkable,
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因为只有几条街区相互连接，
03:46
because so few of the streets connect,
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相连的街区变得负担过重，
03:48
that those streets that do connect
become overburdened,
become overburdened,
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03:50
and you wouldn't let your kid out on them.
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并且你不会让你的孩子
在这样的街区玩耍。
在这样的街区玩耍。
03:53
And I want to thank Alex Maclean,
the aerial photographer,
the aerial photographer,
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我想要感谢空中摄影师
艾利克斯.麦克林，
艾利克斯.麦克林，
03:55
for many of these beautiful pictures
that I'm showing you today.
that I'm showing you today.
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提供了今天我呈现给你们的
这么多美丽的照片。
这么多美丽的照片。
03:59
So it's fun to break sprawl down
into its constituent parts.
into its constituent parts.
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其实将大片区域分解成多个部分很有趣。
这很好理解，
04:02
It's so easy to understand,
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04:04
the places where you only live,
the places where you only work,
the places where you only work,
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你只用来生活的地方，
只用来工作的地方，
只用来工作的地方，
只用来购物的地方，
04:08
the places where you only shop,
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04:10
and our super-sized public institutions.
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和我们的大型公共机构。
04:13
Schools get bigger and bigger,
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学校越来越大，
所以，彼此距离就越来越远。
04:14
and therefore, further
and further from each other.
and further from each other.
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还有停车场的大小
04:17
And the ratio of the size
of the parking lot
of the parking lot
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04:20
to the size of the school
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和学校面积的比率
会让你一目了然，
04:21
tells you all you need to know,
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那就是没有孩子是步行去学校的，
04:23
which is that no child
has ever walked to this school,
has ever walked to this school,
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没有孩子将会走着去学校。
04:25
no child will ever walk to this school.
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高年级学生开着车
带着低年级的学生，
带着低年级的学生，
04:27
The seniors and juniors are driving
the freshmen and the sophomores,
the freshmen and the sophomores,
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当然我们有事故统计能证明这一点。
04:31
and of course we have
the crash statistics to prove it.
the crash statistics to prove it.
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然后是我们另外的巨型民众机构，
04:34
And then the super-sizing
of our other civic institutions
of our other civic institutions
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比如运动场所——
04:37
like playing fields --
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很赞的是劳德代尔堡的
威斯汀（佛罗里达州）
威斯汀（佛罗里达州）
04:39
it's wonderful that Westin
in the Ft. Lauderdale area
in the Ft. Lauderdale area
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有八个足球场，八个棒球场
04:42
has eight soccer fields
and eight baseball diamonds
and eight baseball diamonds
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04:46
and 20 tennis courts,
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和20个网球馆，
但是看看带你到达这些地点的路，
04:47
but look at the road
that takes you to that location,
that takes you to that location,
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你会让你的孩子骑自行车去吗？
04:51
and would you let your child bike on it?
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04:53
And this is why we have
the soccer mom now.
the soccer mom now.
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这就是为什么现在我们有足球妈妈。
04:55
When I was young, I had one soccer field,
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在我小的时候，附近有一个足球场，
04:57
one baseball diamond and one tennis court,
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一个棒球场和一个网球场，
05:00
but I could walk to it,
because it was in my neighborhood.
because it was in my neighborhood.
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但是我可以走着去，因为它们就在附近。
扩张的最后一部分，
所有人都忘记考虑了：
所有人都忘记考虑了：
05:02
Then the final part of sprawl
that everyone forgot to count:
that everyone forgot to count:
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如果你将所有的场地彼此分离，
05:05
if you're going to separate everything
from everything else
from everything else
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然后仅仅通过交通工具彼此连接，
05:08
and reconnect it
only with automotive infrastructure,
only with automotive infrastructure,
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那么你的景观就开始变成这样。
05:11
then this is what your landscape
begins to look like.
begins to look like.
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所以我在这里主要想传达的信息是：
05:13
The main message here is:
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如果你想拥有一个可步行的城市，
你不能以扩长的模式开始。
你不能以扩长的模式开始。
05:14
if you want to have a walkable city,
you can't start with the sprawl model.
you can't start with the sprawl model.
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你需要一个城市模式的骨架。
05:18
you need the bones of an urban model.
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05:20
This is the outcome
of that form of design,
of that form of design,
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这是这种设计构架的产物，
还有这个。
05:23
as is this.
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05:24
And this is something
that a lot of Americans want.
that a lot of Americans want.
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这正是大多美国人向往的。
但是我们要知道这是两部分的美国梦。
05:27
But we have to understand
it's a two-part American dream.
it's a two-part American dream.
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如果你的梦想是这样，
05:30
If you're dreaming for this,
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同时你也得想象这样的场景，
通常比较滑稽的极端情况会发生在
通常比较滑稽的极端情况会发生在
05:31
you're also going to be dreaming of this,
often to absurd extremes,
often to absurd extremes,
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05:35
when we build our landscape
to accommodate cars first.
to accommodate cars first.
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我们的景观设计优先
考虑交通状况的时候。
考虑交通状况的时候。
在这种环境中的体验——
05:37
And the experience
of being in these places --
of being in these places --
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（笑声）
这照片没有PS过。
05:40
(Laughter)
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05:41
This is not Photoshopped.
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05:42
Walter Kulash took this slide.
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沃特·库拉斯（交通工程师）
做了这张换灯片。
做了这张换灯片。
05:44
It's in Panama City.
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这是在巴拿马城。
05:46
This is a real place.
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这是一个真实的地方。
在这些地方，作为司机会有些懊恼，
05:48
And being a driver
can be a bit of a nuisance,
can be a bit of a nuisance,
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而作为行人也是
05:50
and being a pedestrian
can be a bit of a nuisance
can be a bit of a nuisance
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05:53
in these places.
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不胜其烦。
这是流行病学家
展示过一段时间的幻灯片，
展示过一段时间的幻灯片，
05:54
This is a slide that epidemiologists
have been showing for some time now,
have been showing for some time now,
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（笑声）
05:58
(Laughter)
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事实上，我们有这样一个社会，
你开着车去停车场，
你开着车去停车场，
05:59
The fact that we have a society
where you drive to the parking lot
where you drive to the parking lot
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搭着扶梯去跑步机上锻炼，
06:02
to take the escalator to the treadmill
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06:04
shows that we're doing something wrong.
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这表明我们的做法不太对。
但是我们知道如何做得更好。
06:06
But we know how to do it better.
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这里有两个对比的模式。
06:08
Here are the two models contrasted.
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我展示的这张幻灯片
06:09
I show this slide,
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已经成为现在新城市化的成型文档
06:10
which has been a formative document
of the New Urbanism now
of the New Urbanism now
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有将近30年了，
06:13
for almost 30 years,
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它为我们展现了扩张后的和
传统的街区包含同样的东西。
传统的街区包含同样的东西。
06:15
to show that sprawl and the traditional
neighborhood contain the same things.
neighborhood contain the same things.
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06:19
It's just how big are they,
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那就是它们的面积有多大，
彼此间的距离有多远，
06:20
how close are they to each other,
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如何交错在一起，
06:22
how are they interspersed together
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呈现的是一个网状的街道
还是死胡同，
还是死胡同，
06:24
and do you have a street network,
rather than a cul-de-sac
rather than a cul-de-sac
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06:27
or a collector system of streets?
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还是一组街道系统？
06:29
So when we look at a downtown area,
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那么当我们观察市中心的时候，
06:30
at a place that has a hope
of being walkable,
of being walkable,
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在某处仍存在着步行的可能性，
通常就是我们美国城市，
06:33
and mostly that's our downtowns
in America's cities
in America's cities
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06:35
and towns and villages,
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城镇和村庄的繁华地带，
我们看到后就想要实现合理的使用。
06:37
we look at them and say
we want the proper balance of uses.
we want the proper balance of uses.
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06:40
So what is missing or underrepresented?
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那么什么东西缺失了，或不具代表性呢？
06:42
And again, in the typical American cities
in which most Americans live,
in which most Americans live,
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在美国人生活的典型美国城市，
06:46
it is housing that is lacking.
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出现短缺的是住房。
06:48
The jobs-to-housing balance is off.
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就业和住房比例不均衡。
06:50
And you find that when
you bring housing back,
you bring housing back,
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然后你发现当你把住房带回来的时候，
这些其他的事物也会跟着回来，
06:52
these other things start to come back too,
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住房往往是这些事情中首要的。
06:54
and housing is usually first
among those things.
among those things.
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当然，最终出现的
06:57
And, of course, the thing
that shows up last and eventually
that shows up last and eventually
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是学校，
07:00
is the schools,
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因为人们需要搬进来，
07:01
because the people have to move in,
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年轻的开拓者们需要搬入，
成长，有自己的孩子，
成长，有自己的孩子，
07:04
the young pioneers have to move in,
get older, have kids
get older, have kids
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然后奋斗，学校最终会变得很不错。
07:08
and fight, and then the schools
get pretty good eventually.
get pretty good eventually.
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这方面的另一个部分，
07:12
The other part of this part,
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07:14
the useful city part,
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有用的城市部分，
07:17
is transit,
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是运输，
07:19
and you can have a perfectly
walkable neighborhood without it.
walkable neighborhood without it.
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即便没有它你也可以拥有
一个完美的可步行街区。
一个完美的可步行街区。
但是完美的可步行街区要求运输，
07:22
But perfectly walkable cities
require transit,
require transit,
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07:25
because if you don't have access
to the whole city as a pedestrian,
to the whole city as a pedestrian,
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因为你不能通过步行踏遍整个城市，
07:29
then you get a car,
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你就要有车，
07:30
and if you get a car,
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如果你有了一辆车，
城市就开始重新格局去满足你的需要，
07:31
the city begins to reshape itself
around your needs,
around your needs,
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街道开始变宽，接着停车场变大，
07:34
and the streets get wider
and the parking lots get bigger
and the parking lots get bigger
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最后你就不再拥有
一个可步行的城市了。
一个可步行的城市了。
07:37
and you no longer have a walkable city.
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所以运输是必不可少的。
07:38
So transit is essential.
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但是每一次通行的经历，
每一次运送的旅行，
每一次运送的旅行，
07:40
But every transit experience,
every transit trip,
every transit trip,
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07:42
begins or ends as a walk,
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都开始或终于步行，
07:44
and so we have to remember to build
walkability around our transit stations.
walkability around our transit stations.
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那么我们需要记得围绕
运输枢纽打造可步行性。
运输枢纽打造可步行性。
07:48
Next category, the biggest one,
is the safe walk.
is the safe walk.
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下一个要点，也是最重要的，
是安全的步行。
是安全的步行。
07:51
It's what most walkability
experts talk about.
experts talk about.
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这是可步行性专家谈论最多的。
安全是必不可少的，但是只有
安全是不足以激励人们去步行的。
安全是不足以激励人们去步行的。
07:53
It is essential, but alone not enough
to get people to walk.
to get people to walk.
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07:57
And there are so many moving parts
that add up to a walkable city.
that add up to a walkable city.
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可步行城市还包含很多移动部分。
08:00
The first is block size.
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第一部分是街区的宽窄。
08:02
This is Portland, Oregon,
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这是波特兰，俄勒冈州，
08:03
famously 200-foot blocks,
famously walkable.
famously walkable.
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著名的60米街道，出名的可步行，
08:07
This is Salt Lake City,
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这是盐湖城，
08:08
famously 600-foot blocks,
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著名的180米街区，
08:10
famously unwalkable.
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出名的不可步行。
08:11
If you look at the two,
it's almost like two different planets,
it's almost like two different planets,
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如果你看这两个地方，
像在两个不一样的星球，
像在两个不一样的星球，
但是这些地方都是人造的，
08:14
but these places were both built by humans
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然而事实上，
当你拥有60米宽的街区城市，
当你拥有60米宽的街区城市，
08:17
and in fact, the story is that when
you have a 200-foot block city,
you have a 200-foot block city,
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你就可以有双车道城市，
08:20
you can have a two-lane city,
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或者一个双车或四车道城市，
08:22
or a two-to-four lane city,
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08:23
and a 600-foot block city
is a six-lane city, and that's a problem.
is a six-lane city, and that's a problem.
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同时一个有180米宽街道的城市，
可以是六车道的，那这就有问题了。
可以是六车道的，那这就有问题了。
这里有事故统计。
08:27
These are the crash statistics.
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1478
08:29
When you double the block size --
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当你将街道拓宽一倍——
08:31
this was a study
of 24 California cities --
of 24 California cities --
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这是一个关于24个
加利福尼亚城市的研究——
加利福尼亚城市的研究——
当你将街道拓宽两倍，
08:33
when you double the block size,
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08:35
you almost quadruple
the number of fatal accidents
the number of fatal accidents
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你在非高速路上几乎增加了三倍的
08:38
on non-highway streets.
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死亡事故数量。
08:40
So how many lanes do we have?
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那么我们现在有多少车道？
08:43
This is where I'm going to tell you
what I tell every audience I meet,
what I tell every audience I meet,
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正如同我讲给每一位听众那样，
我还要同样
我还要同样
提醒你们“诱导需求”这个概念。
08:46
which is to remind you
about induced demand.
about induced demand.
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诱导需求适用于高速和城市街道。
08:49
Induced demand applies
both to highways and to city streets.
both to highways and to city streets.
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4437
08:53
And induced demand tells us
that when we widen the streets
that when we widen the streets
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同时诱导需求告诉我们
要在什么时候拓宽街道
要在什么时候拓宽街道
08:57
to accept the congestion
that we're anticipating,
that we're anticipating,
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去接受我们所预期的堵塞，
09:00
or the additional trips
that we're anticipating
that we're anticipating
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或者需要多绕行的路，
09:02
in congested systems,
it is principally that congestion
it is principally that congestion
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3913
原则上说，在拥堵的系统中，
拥堵限制着需求，
09:06
that is constraining demand,
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1993
09:08
and so that the widening comes,
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1762
所以我们需要拓宽道路，
09:10
and there are all of these latent trips
that are ready to happen.
that are ready to happen.
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3116
很多潜在的线路开始浮现了。
09:13
People move further from work
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人们从工作的地点搬得更远，
09:15
and make other choices
about when they commute,
about when they commute,
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并且在通勤的时候做出其他的选择，
同时这些车道很快就会开始拥堵，
09:17
and those lanes fill up
very quickly with traffic,
very quickly with traffic,
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我们再次拓宽街道，然而很快又堵塞了。
09:19
so we widen the street again,
and they fill up again.
and they fill up again.
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我们已经意识到，在堵塞的系统里，
09:22
And we've learned that
in congested systems,
in congested systems,
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我们无法保证机动车行驶通畅。
09:24
we cannot satisfy the automobile.
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2415
著名的《新闻周刊》杂志
有这么一段文字：
有这么一段文字：
09:26
This is from Newsweek Magazine --
hardly an esoteric publication:
hardly an esoteric publication:
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“现今的工程师承认
09:30
"Today's engineers acknowledge
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1668
建设新公路往往会加剧交通堵塞。”
09:32
that building new roads
usually makes traffic worse."
usually makes traffic worse."
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3226
我读它时的反应是，
请让我见一见这些工程师，
请让我见一见这些工程师，
09:35
My response to reading this was,
may I please meet some of these engineers,
may I please meet some of these engineers,
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3563
因为这些不是我日常共事过的——
09:38
because these are not the ones that I --
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2066
当然他们其中不排除很有远见的——
09:41
there are great exceptions
that I'm working with now --
that I'm working with now --
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2590
但这些不是在城市
能遇到的典型的工程师，
能遇到的典型的工程师，
09:43
but these are not the engineers
one typically meets working in a city,
one typically meets working in a city,
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通常那些人会说，“哦，路太挤了，
我们需要加一个车道。”
我们需要加一个车道。”
09:46
where they say, "Oh, that road
is too crowded, we need to add a lane."
is too crowded, we need to add a lane."
224
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3466
09:50
So you add a lane, and the traffic comes,
225
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2160
于是加了一个车道后，
车流就涌上来了，
车流就涌上来了，
09:52
and they say, "See, I told you
we needed that lane."
we needed that lane."
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2457
然后他们会说，
“看吧，我说过我们需要加车道。”
“看吧，我说过我们需要加车道。”
这同时适用于拥堵的高速和城市道路。
09:55
This applies both to highways
and to city streets if they're congested.
and to city streets if they're congested.
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但奇妙的是，大多数
我工作过的美国城市，
我工作过的美国城市，
09:58
But the amazing thing
about most American cities that I work in,
about most American cities that I work in,
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3035
10:02
the more typical cities,
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1289
大部分典型的城市，
10:03
is that they have a lot of streets
that are actually oversized
that are actually oversized
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3032
对于他们现在面临的拥挤情况，
其原因是有很多街道都过宽了。
10:06
for the congestion
they're currently experiencing.
they're currently experiencing.
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2407
这是俄克拉荷马市的实例，
10:08
This was the case in Oklahoma City,
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1723
市长曾非常沮丧的来找我，
10:10
when the mayor came running
to me, very upset,
to me, very upset,
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2519
因为他们在《预防杂志》中被命名为
10:13
because they were named
in Prevention Magazine
in Prevention Magazine
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2404
全国对行人最不友好的城市。
10:15
the worst city for pedestrians
in the entire country.
in the entire country.
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3153
这多半有些夸张，
10:18
Now that can't possibly be true,
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1706
但是足够让市长决定采取行动了。
10:20
but it certainly is enough
to make a mayor do something about it.
to make a mayor do something about it.
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3129
我们做了可步行性的研究，
10:23
We did a walkability study,
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1309
然后我们发现，统计一下街道上的车辆，
10:24
and what we found, looking
at the car counts on the street --
at the car counts on the street --
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3335
大概有3000，4000，7000辆车，
10:28
these are 3,000-, 4,000-, 7,000-car counts
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3675
我们知道双车道
每天可以承载一万辆车。
每天可以承载一万辆车。
10:31
and we know that two lanes
can handle 10,000 cars per day.
can handle 10,000 cars per day.
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3947
比较一下这些数字——
全都几乎接近或低于一万辆车，
全都几乎接近或低于一万辆车，
10:35
Look at these numbers --
they're all near or under 10,000 cars,
they're all near or under 10,000 cars,
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4657
而且这些街道全都在新城市计划中
10:40
and these were the streets
that were designated
that were designated
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628648
2574
10:43
in the new downtown plan
244
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2212
被指定要建成为
四到六车道宽。
10:45
to be four lanes to six lanes wide.
245
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2634
那么车道数量和使用车道的
10:48
So you had a fundamental disconnect
between the number of lanes
between the number of lanes
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636140
3245
车的数量有一个明显的脱节。
10:51
and the number of cars
that wanted to use them.
that wanted to use them.
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2242
那么我的工作就是去
重新设计市区的每一个街道，
重新设计市区的每一个街道，
10:53
So it was my job to redesign
every street in the downtown
every street in the downtown
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641675
3915
10:57
from curb face to curb face,
249
645614
1735
从路面到路面，
包括了50个街区的街道，
10:59
and we did it for 50 blocks of streets,
250
647373
2002
现在正在重建中。
11:01
and we're rebuilding it now.
251
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1357
11:02
So a typical oversized street to nowhere
252
650780
3040
一个典型的方向不明确的过宽街道
变窄了，目前正在施工中，
11:05
is being narrowed, and now
under construction,
under construction,
253
653844
2200
11:08
and the project is half done.
254
656068
1640
已经完成了一半。
像这样的典型街道，大家都见过，
11:09
The typical street like this, you know,
255
657732
1991
11:11
when you do that,
you find room for medians.
you find room for medians.
256
659747
3446
把它们变窄后，
就为隔离带腾出了空间。
就为隔离带腾出了空间。
11:15
You find room for bike lanes.
257
663217
1982
你也为自行车道找到了空间。
11:17
We've doubled the amount
of on-street parking.
of on-street parking.
258
665223
2167
街边停车位的数量加倍了。
11:19
We've added a full bike network
where one didn't exist before.
where one didn't exist before.
259
667414
3949
我们还增加了之前
并不存在的自行车道网络。
并不存在的自行车道网络。
11:23
But not everyone has the money
that Oklahoma City has,
that Oklahoma City has,
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3247
但不是所有的城市都能像
俄克拉荷马市有足够的资金，
俄克拉荷马市有足够的资金，
因为他们有一个
运作良好的提取经济。
运作良好的提取经济。
11:26
because they have an extraction
economy that's doing quite well.
economy that's doing quite well.
261
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3084
典型的城市更像锡达拉皮兹市，
11:29
The typical city is more
like Cedar Rapids,
like Cedar Rapids,
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2052
那里他们有四车道的系统，
半单向车道系统。
半单向车道系统。
11:31
where they have an all four-lane
system, half one-way system.
system, half one-way system.
263
679842
3990
可能很难发现，
11:35
And it's a little hard to see,
264
683856
1449
但是我们已经重新规划过的——
还有一些在建项目，
还有一些在建项目，
11:37
but what we've done -- what we're doing;
it's in process right now,
it's in process right now,
265
685329
3284
目前正在施工——
11:40
it's in engineering right now --
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1604
是将全部的四车道和半单向系统
11:42
is turning an all four-lane
system, half one-way
system, half one-way
267
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3791
转变为双车道，全双向系统，
11:46
into an all two-lane system, all two-way,
268
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3577
11:49
and in so doing, we're adding
70 percent more on-street parking,
70 percent more on-street parking,
269
697681
3241
在建设的过程中，
我们增加了70%的街边停车位，
我们增加了70%的街边停车位，
很受商家的欢迎，
11:52
which the merchants love,
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1359
还能保护人行道。
11:54
and it protects the sidewalk.
271
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1420
停车位让人行道变的安全，
11:55
That parking makes the sidewalk safe,
272
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1762
11:57
and we're adding a much more
robust bicycle network.
robust bicycle network.
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3678
我们还增加了很多
经久耐用的自行车道网络。
经久耐用的自行车道网络。
12:01
Then the lanes themselves.
How wide are they?
How wide are they?
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然后车道本身，是多宽呢？
12:03
That's really important.
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这非常重要。
12:05
The standards have changed
such that, as Andrés Duany says,
such that, as Andrés Duany says,
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3166
标准已经改变，
正如安德烈斯杜安尼所说，
正如安德烈斯杜安尼所说，
通往美国城区的典型道路
12:08
the typical road
to a subdivision in America
to a subdivision in America
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可以让你看到地球的曲线。
12:10
allows you to see
the curvature of the Earth.
the curvature of the Earth.
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（笑声）
12:12
(Laughter)
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1039
这是一个1960年代华盛顿的外城区。
12:13
This is a subdivision
outside of Washington from the 1960s.
outside of Washington from the 1960s.
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仔细观察这个街道的宽窄。
12:16
Look very carefully
at the width of the streets.
at the width of the streets.
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这是一个1980年代的城区。
12:19
This is a subdivision from the 1980s.
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2107
1960s，1980s
12:21
1960s, 1980s.
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1635
标准变化到了这么一个程度，
12:23
The standards have changed
to such a degree
to such a degree
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导致我的南海岸的旧邻
12:25
that my old neighborhood of South Beach,
285
733139
1953
要去维修道路排水系统的时候，
12:27
when it was time to fix the street
that wasn't draining properly,
that wasn't draining properly,
286
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3159
他们需要拓宽并拿掉一半的人行道，
12:30
they had to widen it
and take away half our sidewalk,
and take away half our sidewalk,
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2544
12:32
because the standards were wider.
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740867
1739
因为标准变宽了。
12:34
People go faster on wider streets.
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3455
人们在更宽的路上可以移动得更快。
人们知道这一点。
12:38
People know this.
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1157
工程师们否认它，但是市民们知道，
12:39
The engineers deny it,
but the citizens know it,
but the citizens know it,
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3126
所以在伯明翰，密西根，
他们力争窄的街道。
他们力争窄的街道。
12:42
so that in Birmingham, Michigan,
they fight for narrower streets.
they fight for narrower streets.
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3826
波特兰，俄勒冈，有名的可步行，
12:46
Portland, Oregon, famously walkable,
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2522
在居民社区创立了“街道瘦身”项目。
12:48
instituted its "Skinny Streets" program
in its residential neighborhood.
in its residential neighborhood.
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3545
我们知道窄型的街道更安全。
12:52
We know that skinny streets are safer.
295
760405
1850
开发人文斯-格雷厄姆，
在他的项目 I'On中,
在他的项目 I'On中,
12:54
The developer Vince Graham,
in his project I'On,
in his project I'On,
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3046
也是我们在南卡从事的项目，
12:57
which we worked on in South Carolina,
297
765349
1816
12:59
he goes to conferences and he shows
his amazing 22-foot roads.
his amazing 22-foot roads.
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767189
3915
他前往大会并展示了
他的完美的6.7米路宽。
他的完美的6.7米路宽。
13:03
These are two-way roads,
very narrow rights of way,
very narrow rights of way,
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771128
2413
它们是双向车道，两边都很窄，
他还展示了著名的哲人
13:05
and he shows this well-known philosopher,
300
773565
1999
曾说的：“广阔是走向破坏的道路......
13:07
who said, "Broad is the road
that leads to destruction ...
that leads to destruction ...
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2870
狭窄是通往生活的道路。”
13:10
narrow is the road that leads to life."
302
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2101
13:12
(Laughter)
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2060
（笑声）
13:14
(Applause)
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2369
（掌声）
这在南部取得的效果非常好。
13:17
This plays very well in the South.
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2059
13:19
Now: bicycles.
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1897
现在：说说自行车。
13:21
Bicycles and bicycling
are the current revolution underway
are the current revolution underway
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4482
自行车和骑自行车
现在都只在部分美国城市
现在都只在部分美国城市
面临着革命。
13:26
in only some American cities.
308
794435
1683
13:28
But where you build it, they come.
309
796142
1641
但是你在哪建造自行车道，
它们就到哪。
它们就到哪。
13:29
As a planner, I hate to say that,
but the one thing I can say
but the one thing I can say
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作为一个规划人，我不想承认这一点，
但是有一件事我可以确定，
但是有一件事我可以确定，
骑自行车的人口数
是自行车建设的基础。
是自行车建设的基础。
13:33
is that bicycle population
is a function of bicycle infrastructure.
is a function of bicycle infrastructure.
311
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4127
我曾让我在波特兰的
纳尔逊尼格公司的朋友汤姆博南
纳尔逊尼格公司的朋友汤姆博南
13:37
I asked my friend Tom Brennan
from Nelson\Nygaard in Portland
from Nelson\Nygaard in Portland
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805991
3415
13:41
to send me some pictures
of the Portland bike commute.
of the Portland bike commute.
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809430
2580
发给我一些波特兰自行车通勤的照片。
他发给我这个，我问“这是骑车上班日”吗？
13:44
He sent me this. I said,
"Was that bike to work day?"
"Was that bike to work day?"
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2508
他说：“不是，这是一个普通的周二。”
13:46
He said, "No, that was Tuesday."
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814566
1645
13:48
When you do what Portland did and spend
money on bicycle infrastructure --
money on bicycle infrastructure --
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816235
4964
当你像波特兰那样
花费资金在自行车道建设上——
花费资金在自行车道建设上——
13:53
New York City has doubled the number
of bikers in it several times now
of bikers in it several times now
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4221
纽约市通过画这些亮绿色的自行车道，
13:57
by painting these bright green lanes.
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825468
2037
多次让骑车的人数翻倍。
13:59
Even automotive cities
like Long Beach, California:
like Long Beach, California:
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827529
3566
甚至机动车主导的城市，
像加州的长滩：
像加州的长滩：
也出现了基于基础设施的
大量骑车人数上升。
大量骑车人数上升。
14:03
vast uptick in the number of bikers
based on the infrastructure.
based on the infrastructure.
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4079
14:07
And of course, what really does it,
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1691
当然，其背后真正的原因，
如果你知道华盛顿特区的第15大道——
14:08
if you know 15th Street
here in Washington, DC --
here in Washington, DC --
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836937
2376
请看在芝加哥的
拉姆·伊曼纽尔的新自行车道，
拉姆·伊曼纽尔的新自行车道，
14:11
please meet Rahm Emanuel's
new bike lanes in Chicago,
new bike lanes in Chicago,
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839337
2977
缓冲通道，平行停车的路缘，
14:14
the buffered lane, the parallel parking
pulled off the curb,
pulled off the curb,
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842338
3378
自行车介于停靠的车和路缘之间——
14:17
the bikes between the parked
cars and the curb --
cars and the curb --
325
845740
4002
14:21
these mint cyclists.
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849766
1921
这些友好的骑车者。
14:23
If, however, as in Pasadena,
every lane is a bike lane,
every lane is a bike lane,
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851711
3551
然而如果在（南加州的）帕萨迪纳市，
每一条道路都是自行车道，
每一条道路都是自行车道，
14:27
then no lane is a bike lane.
328
855286
1961
那么也就等于没有自行车道了。
14:29
And this is the only bicyclist
that I met in Pasadena, so ...
that I met in Pasadena, so ...
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857271
3112
这是唯一一个我在帕萨迪纳
遇到的骑自行车的人。
遇到的骑自行车的人。
14:32
(Laughter)
330
860407
1605
（笑声）
我提到的平行泊车——
14:34
The parallel parking I mentioned --
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862036
1691
是针对那些铁家伙的重要保护屏障，
14:35
it's an essential barrier of steel
332
863751
1622
它保护路缘和行人免于移动车辆的伤害。
14:37
that protects the curb and pedestrians
from moving vehicles.
from moving vehicles.
333
865397
3786
14:41
This is Ft. Lauderdale;
one side of the street, you can park,
one side of the street, you can park,
334
869207
3596
这是劳德代尔堡，
街道的一侧，你可以泊车，
街道的一侧，你可以泊车，
另一侧则不可以。
14:44
the other side of the street, you can't.
335
872827
1952
这是商家优惠时段的停车侧。
14:46
This is happy hour on the parking side.
336
874803
2025
14:48
This is sad hour on the other side.
337
876852
2691
这是淡季时段里的另一侧。
14:51
And then the trees themselves
slow cars down.
slow cars down.
338
879567
2989
这些树木本身也可以让车慢下来。
14:54
They move slower when trees
are next to the road,
are next to the road,
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882580
2286
当路边有树木时行车会比较慢，
14:56
and, of course, sometimes
they slow down very quickly.
they slow down very quickly.
340
884890
2555
当然，有时候
他们减速非常快（撞树了）。
他们减速非常快（撞树了）。
还要考虑所有的小细节——
比如路缘的曲度。
比如路缘的曲度。
15:00
All the little details --
the curb return radius.
the curb return radius.
341
888119
2952
它是0.3米的还是12米?
15:03
Is it one foot or is it 40 feet?
342
891095
1662
需要多么尖锐的路缘
来决定车可以开多快，
来决定车可以开多快，
15:04
How swoopy is that curb to determine
how fast the car goes
how fast the car goes
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3446
（转弯）需要占用多少空间？
15:08
and how much room you have to cross.
344
896251
1715
我很喜欢这一段内容，
因为这是客观的报道，
因为这是客观的报道，
15:09
And then I love this, because this
is objective journalism.
is objective journalism.
345
897990
3422
15:13
"Some say the entrance to CityCenter
is not inviting to pedestrians."
is not inviting to pedestrians."
346
901436
4079
“有人说市中心的入口并不欢迎路人。”
15:17
When every aspect
of the landscape is swoopy,
of the landscape is swoopy,
347
905539
2458
当处处景观都很炫酷，
呈现空气动力的，流线型几何构造，
15:20
is aerodynamic, is stream-form geometrics,
348
908021
2673
它要表达的是：“这里是车的天下。”
15:22
it says: "This is a vehicular place."
349
910718
2317
没有一个细节，没有一种特色
能够为行人友好化铺路。
能够为行人友好化铺路。
15:25
So no one detail, no one speciality,
can be allowed to set the stage.
can be allowed to set the stage.
350
913059
5075
虽然这条街：
15:30
And here, you know, this street:
351
918158
1564
是的，它可以在一分钟内排泄百年洪水，
15:31
yes, it will drain within a minute
of the hundred-year storm,
of the hundred-year storm,
352
919746
3892
15:35
but this poor woman
has to mount the curb every day.
has to mount the curb every day.
353
923662
2792
但是这个可怜的女人
每天过马路都需要爬路缘。
每天过马路都需要爬路缘。
于是很快的，舒适的
行走需要面临一个事实，
行走需要面临一个事实，
15:38
So then quickly, the comfortable walk
has to do with the fact
has to do with the fact
354
926478
2946
那就是所有的动物
都要寻找，期待，和躲藏。
都要寻找，期待，和躲藏。
15:41
that all animals seek, simultaneously,
prospect and refuge.
prospect and refuge.
355
929448
4953
15:46
We want to be able to see our predators,
356
934425
2100
我们希望能够看清路况，
但同时也想要感到
但同时也想要感到
道路两边的
建筑能提供一定的遮掩。
建筑能提供一定的遮掩。
15:48
but we also want to feel
that our flanks are covered.
that our flanks are covered.
357
936549
2519
于是我们被有人性化设计的
路缘的城市吸引了，
路缘的城市吸引了，
15:51
And so we're drawn to places
that have good edges,
that have good edges,
358
939092
2491
15:53
and if you don't supply the edges,
people won't want to be there.
people won't want to be there.
359
941607
3328
而且如果你不提供路缘，
人们就不会想去哪里。
人们就不会想去哪里。
15:56
What's the proper ratio
of height to width?
of height to width?
360
944959
2139
什么样的（楼）高（路）宽比
是合适的呢？
是合适的呢？
是2比1，3比1？
15:59
Is it one to one? Three to one?
361
947122
1775
如果超过一比六，你就不会觉得舒服了。
16:00
If you get beyond one to six,
you're not very comfortable anymore.
you're not very comfortable anymore.
362
948921
3785
你不再有安全感。
16:04
You don't feel enclosed.
363
952730
1319
6比1在萨尔茨堡可以非常赏心悦目的。
16:06
Now, six to one in Salzburg
can be perfectly delightful.
can be perfectly delightful.
364
954073
3145
和萨尔茨堡相反的是休斯敦。
16:09
The opposite of Salzburg is Houston.
365
957242
2387
这里的首要问题是停车场。
16:12
The point being the parking lot
is the principal problem here.
is the principal problem here.
366
960487
3600
16:16
However, missing teeth, those empty lots
can be issues as well,
can be issues as well,
367
964111
3575
然而，少了一栋楼，
那些空旷的位置也可能成为问题，
那些空旷的位置也可能成为问题，
如果因为过期的区域码导致了一块缺角，
16:19
and if you have a missing corner
because of an outdated zoning code,
because of an outdated zoning code,
368
967710
3245
那么可能在你社区一条路的
中间位置出现一个缺口。
中间位置出现一个缺口。
16:22
then you could have a missing nose
in your neighborhood.
in your neighborhood.
369
970979
2908
16:25
That's what we had in my neighborhood.
370
973911
1837
这是我住的社区。
这是区码，上面写着
这里不可以施工建设。
这里不可以施工建设。
16:27
This was the zoning code that said
I couldn't build on that site.
I couldn't build on that site.
371
975772
3076
你们都知道，华盛顿特区
正在对社区进行改造，
正在对社区进行改造，
16:30
As you may know, Washington, DC
is now changing its zoning
is now changing its zoning
372
978872
3727
让街道的一侧从这样变成这样的。
16:34
to allow sites like this
to become sites like this.
to become sites like this.
373
982623
3130
16:37
We needed a lot of variances to do that.
374
985777
2166
我们需要很多的变动。
16:39
Triangular houses
can be interesting to build,
can be interesting to build,
375
987967
2284
建造三角房屋很有趣，
16:42
but if you get one built,
people generally like it.
people generally like it.
376
990275
2702
但是如果你建一个，人们通常会很喜欢。
16:45
So you've got to fill those missing noses.
377
993001
2453
所有你要想办法去填补
这些缺失的空间。
这些缺失的空间。
16:47
And then, finally, the interesting walk:
378
995478
1958
那么最后一个要点，良好的步行体验：
人性的标志。
16:49
signs of humanity.
379
997460
1672
16:51
We are among the social primates.
380
999156
1815
我们是社会的首要成员。
没什么能比其他人更让我们感兴趣了。
16:52
Nothing interests us more
than other people.
than other people.
381
1000995
2188
16:55
We want signs of people.
382
1003207
1494
我们想要人的踪迹。
那么完美的1比1，是好事。
16:56
So the perfect one-to-one ratio,
it's a great thing.
it's a great thing.
383
1004725
3003
这是大急流城，
一个标志性的步行城市，
一个标志性的步行城市，
16:59
This is Grand Rapids,
a very walkable city,
a very walkable city,
384
1007752
2204
但是没人在连接着
17:01
but nobody walks on this street
385
1009980
1642
两个最好的宾馆之间的街道上走，
17:03
that connects the two
best hotels together,
best hotels together,
386
1011646
2111
17:05
because if on the left,
you have an exposed parking deck,
you have an exposed parking deck,
387
1013781
4368
因为如果在左边，
有一个暴露的停车楼，
有一个暴露的停车楼，
然后在右边有一个会议中心，
17:10
and on the right,
you have a conference facility
you have a conference facility
388
1018173
2484
这就是一个明显迁就于停车楼的设计，
17:12
that was apparently designed
in admiration for that parking deck,
in admiration for that parking deck,
389
1020681
3429
17:16
then you don't attract that many people.
390
1024134
2507
那么你就不能吸引很多的人了。
17:18
Mayor Joe Riley, in his 10th term,
Mayor of Charleston, South Carolina,
Mayor of Charleston, South Carolina,
391
1026665
3974
市长乔·莱利，在他作为南卡罗来纳州
查尔斯顿市市长的第10个任期，
查尔斯顿市市长的第10个任期，
告诉了我们只用7.6米的建筑就可以
17:22
taught us it only takes
25 feet of building
25 feet of building
392
1030663
2177
17:24
to hide 250 feet of garage.
393
1032864
2294
掩盖一个76米的停车场。
17:27
This one I call the Chia Pet Garage.
It's in South Beach.
It's in South Beach.
394
1035182
2720
这一个被我叫做奇亚宠物车库。
它在南海滩。
它在南海滩。
地面上的那层还能正常运作。
17:29
That active ground floor.
395
1037926
1444
我想要以这个项目结束我的演讲。
17:31
I want to end with this project
that I love to show.
that I love to show.
396
1039394
2719
它属于马莱卡建筑师公司，
在俄亥俄州的哥伦布市。
在俄亥俄州的哥伦布市。
17:34
It's by Meleca Architects.
It's in Columbus, Ohio.
It's in Columbus, Ohio.
397
1042137
2511
左边是会议中心区，全部是行人。
17:36
To the left is the convention center
neighborhood, full of pedestrians.
neighborhood, full of pedestrians.
398
1044672
3690
右边是短北街道社区——
少数民族聚集区，
少数民族聚集区，
17:40
To the right is the Short North
neighborhood -- ethnic,
neighborhood -- ethnic,
399
1048386
2664
很棒的餐厅，很棒的消费区，
但却濒临倒闭。
但却濒临倒闭。
17:43
great restaurants,
great shops, struggling.
great shops, struggling.
400
1051074
2697
17:45
It wasn't doing very well
because this was the bridge,
because this was the bridge,
401
1053795
2554
这块区域运行的不是很好，
因为这曾经有一座桥，
因为这曾经有一座桥，
没人愿意从会议区走路到
17:48
and no one was walking
from the convention center
from the convention center
402
1056373
2467
这边的街区。
17:50
into that neighborhood.
403
1058864
1349
17:52
Well, when they rebuilt the highway,
they added an extra 80 feet to the bridge.
they added an extra 80 feet to the bridge.
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那么，当他们重新建高速的时候，
他们为这个桥加宽了25米。
他们为这个桥加宽了25米。
很抱歉——他们是在
高速路上面重建了这个桥。
高速路上面重建了这个桥。
17:56
Sorry -- they rebuilt the bridge
over the highway.
over the highway.
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市政府花了190万美金，
17:59
The city paid 1.9 million dollars,
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他们把这块区域交给开发者，
18:01
they gave the site to a developer,
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然后开发者打造了这个设计，
18:03
the developer built this
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18:05
and now the Short North
has come back to life.
has come back to life.
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然后现在短北区又充满生机了。
每个人都在谈论，报纸，
不包括规划杂志，
不包括规划杂志，
18:07
And everyone says, the newspapers,
not the planning magazines,
not the planning magazines,
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报纸新闻说是因为那个桥。
18:10
the newspapers say
it's because of that bridge.
it's because of that bridge.
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大概就是这样，
这就是可步行性的基本理论。
这就是可步行性的基本理论。
18:12
So that's it. That's the general
theory of walkability.
theory of walkability.
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想想你们自己的城市。
18:15
Think about your own cities.
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想想你能如何使用这个理论。
18:17
Think about how you can apply it.
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你需要同时做四件事。
18:20
You've got to do all four things at once.
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18:22
So find those places where you
have most of them
have most of them
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那么找到可以满足多数条件的地方，
然后改进你能做的，
18:24
and fix what you can,
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18:26
fix what still needs fixing
in those places.
in those places.
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完善那些始终需要完善的。
18:29
I really appreciate your attention,
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很感谢大家耐心听我的演讲，
18:30
and thank you for coming today.
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感谢大家的到来。
18:33
(Applause)
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（掌声）
Translated by Xueting Wang
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jeff Speck - Urban plannerJeff Speck is a city planner and the author of "Walkable City."
Why you should listen
Jeff Speck is a city planner and architectural designer who, through writing, lectures, and built work, advocates internationally for more walkable cities.
As Director of Design at the National Endowment for the Arts from 2003 through 2007, he oversaw the Mayors' Institute on City Design and created the Governors' Institute on Community Design, a federal program that helps state governors fight suburban sprawl. Prior to joining the Endowment, Speck spent ten years as Director of Town Planning at Duany Plater-Zyberk and Co., a leading practitioner of the New Urbanism, where he led or managed more than forty of the firm's projects.
Speck is the co-author of Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream as well as The Smart Growth Manual. His latest book, Walkable City -- which Christian Science Monitor calls "timely and important, a delightful, insightful, irreverent work" -- has been the best-selling city-planning title of this decade.
Jeff Speck | Speaker | TED.com