ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Edsel Salvaña - Infectious disease specialist, molecular epidemiologist
TED Fellow Edsel Salvaña studies the genetics of HIV, and he worries that we are just a few mutations away from the next deadly pandemic.

Why you should listen

Dr. Edsel Salvaña discovered that the driving force behind a new AIDS epidemic in the Philippines is the entry and spread of a deadlier strain of HIV -- a situation that can easily occur anywhere in the world.

Salvaña is an infectious disease specialist, molecular epidemiologist and is the director of the Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology at the National Institutes of Health at the University of the Philippines in Manila. He is using next-generation sequencing and other cutting-edge genetic tools to study HIV viral diversity and superinfection. He is looking at how HIV develops drug resistance to better understand why his country suddenly has the fastest growing HIV epidemic in Asia; and why HIV treatment that works well in developed countries is failing on emerging HIV strains in the Philippines and resource-limited settings. He trains doctors in infectious diseases, and supervises the care of several thousand HIV patients at the Philippine General Hospital. He has been a national force in the formulation of HIV treatment guidelines, campaigning against stigma, and raising awareness.

Salvaña's advocacy work has been featured in Science, and he has been recognized with numerous national and international awards including the "Ten Outstanding Young Persons of the World" from JCI International and the Young Physician Leader Award from the Interacademy Medical Panel of the World Academy of Sciences. He was named a TED Fellow in 2017.

More profile about the speaker
Edsel Salvaña | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2017

Edsel Salvaña: The dangerous evolution of HIV

Edsel Salvaña: A perigosa evolução do HIV

Filmed:
1,348,118 views

Você acredita que estamos vencendo a batalha contra o HIV? Talvez não... com a chegada da próxima onda de vírus adaptados e resistentes a drogas. Nesta reveladora palestra TED, Edsel Salvaña, bolsista TED, descreve um tipo agressivo de HIV, o subtipo AE. Atualmente, esse vírus está assolando seu país, as Filipinas, e Edsel nos alerta sobre algo que pode facilmente se tornar uma epidemia global iminente.
- Infectious disease specialist, molecular epidemiologist
TED Fellow Edsel Salvaña studies the genetics of HIV, and he worries that we are just a few mutations away from the next deadly pandemic. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
The Philippines: an idyllic country
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Filipinas: um país idílico
00:15
with some of the clearest water
and bluest skies on the planet.
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que possui uma das águas mais limpas
e um dos céus mais azuis do planeta.
00:19
It is also the epicenter
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É também o epicentro
00:20
of one of the fastest-growing
HIV epidemics in the world.
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de uma das epidemias de HIV
com crescimento mais rápido no mundo.
00:24
On the surface, it seems
as if we are just a late bloomer.
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À primeira vista, parece
que começou tardiamente.
00:28
However, the reasons
for our current epidemic
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Entretanto, os motivos
da nossa epidemia atual
00:31
are much more complicated
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são muito mais complicados
00:33
and may foreshadow
a global resurgence of HIV.
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e podem ser um presságio
de um ressurgimento mundial do HIV.
00:38
While overall new cases of HIV
continue to drop in the world,
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Enquanto os novos casos de HIV
pelo mundo continuam diminuindo no geral,
00:42
this trend may be short-lived
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essa tendência poderá ter curta duração
00:45
when the next wave of more aggressive
and resistant viruses arrive.
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quando surgir a próxima onda de vírus
mais agressivos e resistentes.
00:49
HIV has a potential to transform itself
into a new and different virus
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O HIV tem potencial para se transformar
em um vírus novo e diferente
00:55
every time it infects a cell.
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cada vez que infecta uma célula.
00:57
Despite the remarkable progress
we've made in reversing the epidemic,
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Apesar do progresso notável
que fizemos para reverter a epidemia,
01:01
the truth is that we are just a few
viral mutations away from disaster.
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a verdade é que estamos a poucas
mutações virais de distância do desastre.
01:07
To appreciate the profound way
in which HIV transforms itself
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Para conhecer a forma profunda
na qual o HIV se transforma
01:11
every time it reproduces,
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cada vez que se reproduz,
01:12
let's make a genetic comparison.
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vamos fazer uma comparação genética.
01:15
If we look at the DNA variation
among humans of different races
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Se olharmos para a variação de DNA
entre as diferentes raças de humanos
01:18
from different continents,
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de continentes diferentes,
01:20
the actual DNA difference
is only 0.1 percent.
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a diferença real de DNA é de apenas 0,1%.
01:24
If we look at the genetic difference
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Se olharmos para a diferença genética
01:26
between humans, great apes,
and rhesus macaques,
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entre humanos, grandes primatas,
e macacos Rhesus,
01:30
that number is seven percent.
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o número é de 7%.
01:33
In contrast, the genetic difference
between HIV subtypes
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Em contrapartida, a diferença genética
entre subtipos de HIV
01:37
from different patients
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de pacientes diferentes
01:39
may be as much as 35 percent.
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pode ser de até 35%.
01:42
Within a person infected with HIV,
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Entre pessoas infectadas com HIV,
01:44
the genetic difference
between an infecting mother virus
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a diferença genética
entre um vírus que infecta uma mãe
01:48
and subsequent daughter viruses
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e os vírus subsequentes de suas filhas
01:50
has been shown to be
as much as five percent.
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mostrou ser de até 5%.
01:53
This is the equivalent of a gorilla
giving birth to a chimpanzee,
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É o equivalente a uma gorila
que desse à luz um chipanzé,
01:58
then to an orangutan,
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depois a um orangotango,
01:59
then to a baboon,
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depois a um babuíno,
02:01
then to any random great ape
within its lifetime.
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depois a qualquer outro mamífero
grande, ao longo de sua vida.
02:04
There are nearly 100 subtypes of HIV,
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Existem, aproximadamente,
100 subtipos de HIV,
02:08
with new subtypes
being discovered regularly.
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com novos subtipos
sendo descobertos regularmente.
02:11
HIV in the developed world
is almost all of one subtype:
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No mundo desenvolvido, o HIV
é praticamente de apenas um subtipo:
02:16
subtype B.
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subtipo B.
02:18
Mostly everything we know
and do to treat HIV
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Quase tudo que sabemos
e fazemos para tratar o HIV
02:22
is based on studies on subtype B,
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é baseado em estudos do subtipo B,
02:26
even though it only
accounts for 12 percent
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mesmo que represente apenas 12%
02:28
of the total number
of cases of HIV in the world.
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do número total de casos de HIV no mundo.
02:33
But because of the profound
genetic difference
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Mas, por causa da profunda
diferença genética
02:35
among different subtypes,
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entre os subtipos,
02:38
some subtypes are more likely
to become drug-resistant
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alguns deles são mais propícios
a se tornarem resistentes a drogas
02:42
or progress to AIDS faster.
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ou evoluírem rapidamente para AIDS.
02:44
We discovered that the explosion
of HIV cases in the Philippines
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Nós descobrimos que a explosão
dos casos de HIV nas Filipinas
02:49
is due to a shift
from the Western subtype B
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se devem a uma mutação
do subtipo B Ocidental
02:53
to a more aggressive
Southeast Asian subtype AE.
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para um mais agressivo,
o subtipo AE do Leste Asiático.
02:58
We are seeing younger and sicker patients
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Estamos presenciando pacientes
mais novos e mais doentes
03:01
with high rates of drug resistance.
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com altos índices de resistência a drogas.
03:04
Initial encroachment of this subtype
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A invasão inicial desse subtipo
03:07
is already occurring
in developed countries,
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já está ocorrendo em países desenvolvidos,
03:09
including Australia,
Canada and the United States.
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incluindo Austrália,
Canadá e Estados Unidos.
03:13
We may soon see a similar
explosion of cases in these countries.
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Em breve, devemos ver uma explosão
parecida de casos nesses países.
03:19
And while we think that HIV is done
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E enquanto pensamos
que o HIV está erradicado
03:22
and that the tide has turned for it,
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e que a maré virou,
03:24
just like with real tides,
it can come right back.
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assim como as marés de verdade,
ele pode voltar.
03:27
In the early 1960s,
malaria was on the ropes.
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No começo da década de 60,
a malária estava sob controle.
03:31
As the number of cases dropped,
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Assim que o número de casos caiu,
03:33
people and governments
stopped paying attention.
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as pessoas e os governos
pararam de prestar atenção.
03:36
The result was a deadly resurgence
of drug-resistant malaria.
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O resultado foi uma ressurgência mortal
de uma malária resistente a drogas.
03:41
We need to think of HIV
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Precisamos pensar no HIV
03:43
not as a single virus
that we think we've figured out,
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não como um único vírus que descobrimos,
03:46
but as a collection of rapidly evolving
and highly unique viruses,
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mas como uma coleção de vírus singulares
de desenvolvimento rápido,
03:53
each of which can set off
the next deadly epidemic.
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cada um com potencial de desencadear
a próxima epidemia mortal.
03:56
We are incorporating
more powerful and new tools
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Estamos incorporando
ferramentas mais novas e poderosas
04:00
to help us detect
the next deadly HIV strain,
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para nos ajudar a detectar
a próxima cepa mortal do vírus
04:03
and this needs to go hand in hand
with urgent research
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e isso precisa andar lado a lado
com pesquisa urgente
04:07
on the behavior and proper treatment
of non-B subtypes.
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sobre o comportamento e tratamento correto
de subtipos que não sejam 'B'.
04:12
We need to convince our governments
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Precisamos convencer nossos governos
04:14
and our funding agencies
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e agências de financiamento
04:15
that HIV is not yet done.
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que o HIV não foi erradicado.
04:20
Over 35 million people have died of HIV.
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Mais de 35 milhões de pessoas
morreram de HIV.
04:25
We are on the verge
of an AIDS-free generation.
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Nós estamos próximos
de uma geração livre da AIDS.
04:28
We need to pay attention.
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Precisamos prestar atenção.
04:30
We need to remain vigilant
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Precisamos nos manter vigilantes
04:33
and follow through.
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e seguir em frente.
04:34
Otherwise, millions more will die.
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Do contrário, mais milhões morrerão.
04:37
Thank you.
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Obrigado.
04:38
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
Translated by Beatriz Amorim Cunha
Reviewed by Cláudia Sander

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Edsel Salvaña - Infectious disease specialist, molecular epidemiologist
TED Fellow Edsel Salvaña studies the genetics of HIV, and he worries that we are just a few mutations away from the next deadly pandemic.

Why you should listen

Dr. Edsel Salvaña discovered that the driving force behind a new AIDS epidemic in the Philippines is the entry and spread of a deadlier strain of HIV -- a situation that can easily occur anywhere in the world.

Salvaña is an infectious disease specialist, molecular epidemiologist and is the director of the Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology at the National Institutes of Health at the University of the Philippines in Manila. He is using next-generation sequencing and other cutting-edge genetic tools to study HIV viral diversity and superinfection. He is looking at how HIV develops drug resistance to better understand why his country suddenly has the fastest growing HIV epidemic in Asia; and why HIV treatment that works well in developed countries is failing on emerging HIV strains in the Philippines and resource-limited settings. He trains doctors in infectious diseases, and supervises the care of several thousand HIV patients at the Philippine General Hospital. He has been a national force in the formulation of HIV treatment guidelines, campaigning against stigma, and raising awareness.

Salvaña's advocacy work has been featured in Science, and he has been recognized with numerous national and international awards including the "Ten Outstanding Young Persons of the World" from JCI International and the Young Physician Leader Award from the Interacademy Medical Panel of the World Academy of Sciences. He was named a TED Fellow in 2017.

More profile about the speaker
Edsel Salvaña | Speaker | TED.com

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