TEDIndia 2009
Aditi Shankardass: A second opinion on developmental disorders
Aditi Shankardass: Nový pohľad na poruchy učenia
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Vývinové poruchy u detí sú zvyčajne diagnostikované pozorovaním správania sa. Ale Aditi Shankardass vie, že by sme sa mali pozrieť priamo na fungovanie mozgu. V prednáške vysvetľuje, ako jej pozoruhodné EEG zariadenie odhalilo chybné diagnózy a zmenilo životy detí.
Aditi Shankardass - Neuroscientist
Aditi Shankardass is pioneering the use of EEG technology to give children with developmental disorders their most accurate diagnosis. Full bio
Aditi Shankardass is pioneering the use of EEG technology to give children with developmental disorders their most accurate diagnosis. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
When I was 10 years old,
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Keď som mala 10 rokov,
00:19
a cousin of mine took me on a tour of his medical school.
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bratranec ma pozval na prehliadku lekárskej fakulty, kde pracoval.
00:22
And as a special treat,
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Ako bonus
00:24
he took me to the pathology lab
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ma zobral do patologického laboratória
00:26
and took a real human brain
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a z nádoby vytiahol
00:28
out of the jar
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skutočný ľudský mozog
00:30
and placed it in my hands.
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a položil mi ho do dlaní.
00:32
And there it was,
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Tak tu to bolo,
00:34
the seat of human consciousness,
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sídlo ľudského vedomia,
00:36
the powerhouse of the human body,
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riadiace centrum ľudského tela,
00:38
sitting in my hands.
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len tak mi sedelo v dlaniach.
00:40
And that day I knew that when I grew up,
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Už v ten deň som vedela, že keď vyrastiem,
00:42
I was going to become a brain doctor,
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stanem sa lekárkou mozgu,
00:44
scientist, something or the other.
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vedkyňou alebo niečo také.
00:47
Years later, when I finally grew up,
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Keď som po rokoch konečne vyrástla,
00:50
my dream came true.
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môj sen sa stal skutočnosťou.
00:52
And it was while I was doing my Ph.D.
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V dobe, keď som robila doktorát
00:54
on the neurological causes
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o neurologických príčinách
00:56
of dyslexia in children
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dyslexie u detí,
00:58
that I encountered a startling fact
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narazila som na zarážajúci fakt,
01:00
that I'd like to share with you all today.
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o ktorý by som sa s vami dnes chcela podeliť.
01:04
It is estimated that one in six children,
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Odhaduje sa, že jedno zo šiestich detí,
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that's one in six children,
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to jest každé šieste dieťa,
01:09
suffer from some developmental disorder.
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trpí nejakou formou vývinovej poruchy.
01:13
This is a disorder that
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To je porucha, ktorá
01:15
retards mental development in the child
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spomaľuje mentálny vývin dieťaťa
01:17
and causes permanent mental impairments.
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a spôsobuje trvalé intelektuálne defekty.
01:21
Which means that each and every one of you here today
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To znamená, že každý z vás, ako tu dnes sedíte,
01:24
knows at least one child that is suffering
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pozná aspoň jedno dieťa, ktoré trpí
01:27
from a developmental disorder.
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vývinovou poruchou.
01:30
But here's what really perplexed me.
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Ale najviac ma zmiatla skutočnosť,
01:32
Despite the fact that each
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že napriek tomu, že každá
01:34
and every one of these disorders
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z týchto porúch
01:36
originates in the brain,
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má pôvod v mozgu,
01:39
most of these disorders
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väčšina z nich
01:41
are diagnosed solely on the basis
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sa diagnostikuje výlučne na základe
01:43
of observable behavior.
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pozorovateľného správania.
01:46
But diagnosing a brain disorder
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Ale diagnostika mozgovej poruchy
01:48
without actually looking at the brain
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bez skúmania samotného mozgu
01:51
is analogous to treating a patient with a heart problem
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je analogická liečbe pacienta so srdcovým problémom
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based on their physical symptoms,
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založenej na jeho telesných symptómoch,
01:56
without even doing an ECG or a chest X-ray
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bez EKG srdcového svalu
01:59
to look at the heart.
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či RTG hrudníka.
02:01
It seemed so intuitive to me.
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Tušila som,
02:04
To diagnose and treat a brain disorder accurately,
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že ak chceme správne diagnostikovať a liečiť mozgovú poruchu,
02:07
it would be necessary to look at the brain directly.
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bude nevyhnutné pozrieť sa priamo na mozog.
02:10
Looking at behavior alone
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Ak hodnotíme len správanie,
02:12
can miss a vital piece of the puzzle
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uniká nám podstatná časť skladačky
02:15
and provide an incomplete, or even a misleading,
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a získame nekompletný, či dokonca chybný
02:18
picture of the child's problems.
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pohľad na problémy dieťaťa.
02:21
Yet, despite all the advances in medical technology,
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Ale napriek pokrokom v medicínskej technike,
02:24
the diagnosis of brain disorders
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diagnostika mozgových porúch
02:26
in one in six children
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jedného zo šiestich detí
02:28
still remained so limited.
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zostáva naďalej limitovaná.
02:32
And then I came across a team at Harvard University
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A potom som narazila na tím z Harvardskej univerzity,
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that had taken one such advanced medical technology
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ktorý jednu z pokrokových medicínskych technológií
02:38
and finally applied it,
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konečne aplikoval
02:40
instead of in brain research,
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namiesto výskumu mozgu
02:42
towards diagnosing brain disorders in children.
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na diagnostiku mozgových porúch detí.
02:46
Their groundbreaking technology
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Ich prevratná technológia
02:48
records the EEG, or the electrical activity
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zaznamenáva EEG alebo elektrickú aktivitu
02:51
of the brain, in real time,
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mozgu v reálnom čase,
02:54
allowing us to watch the brain
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čo nám umožňuje pozorovať mozog,
02:56
as it performs various functions
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ako vykonáva rozličné funkcie,
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and then detect even the slightest abnormality
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a potom odhaliť aj najjemnejšiu abnormalitu
03:01
in any of these functions:
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v ktorejkoľvek z týchto funkcií:
03:03
vision, attention, language, audition.
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videnie, pozornosť, jazyk, sluch.
03:06
A program called Brain Electrical
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Program zvaný Brain Electrical Activity Mapping
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Activity Mapping
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(Mapovanie elektrickej aktivity mozgu)
03:10
then triangulates the source
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potom identifikuje zdroj
03:12
of that abnormality in the brain.
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danej abnormality v mozgu.
03:14
And another program called
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Iný program zvaný Statistical Probability Mapping
03:16
Statistical Probability Mapping
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(Mapovanie štatistickej pravdepodobnosti)
03:18
then performs mathematical calculations
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potom vykoná matematické kalkulácie,
03:21
to determine whether any of these abnormalities
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aby zistil, či je nejaká z týchto abnormalít
03:23
are clinically significant,
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klinicky signifikantná,
03:25
allowing us to provide a much more accurate
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čo nám umožňuje poskytnúť oveľa presnejšiu
03:27
neurological diagnosis
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neurologickú diagnostiku
03:29
of the child's symptoms.
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symptómov dieťaťa.
03:31
And so I became the head of neurophysiology
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A tak som sa stala vedúcou neurofyziológie
03:34
for the clinical arm of this team,
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klinickej časti tohto tímu.
03:36
and we're finally able to use this technology
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Konečne sme boli schopní použiť túto technológiu
03:38
towards actually helping
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na skutočnú pomoc
03:40
children with brain disorders.
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deťom s mozgovými poruchami.
03:42
And I'm happy to say that I'm now in the process
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Teší ma, že môžem povedať, že som momentálne
03:44
of setting up this technology here in India.
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v procese zavedenia tejto technológie tu v Indii.
03:48
I'd like to tell you about one such child,
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Rada by som vám povedala o jednom takomto dieťati,
03:51
whose story was also covered by ABC News.
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ktorého príbeh odvysielala aj stanica ABC News.
03:55
Seven-year-old Justin Senigar
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Sedemročný Justin Senigar
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came to our clinic with this diagnosis
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prišiel na našu kliniku s diagnózou
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of very severe autism.
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ťažkého autizmu.
04:01
Like many autistic children,
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Ako mnohé autistické deti
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his mind was locked inside his body.
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aj on mal myseľ zamknutú vo svojom tele.
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There were moments when he would
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V určitých momentoch
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actually space out for seconds at a time.
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strácal na pár sekúnd vedomie.
04:11
And the doctors told his parents
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A doktori povedali jeho rodičom,
04:13
he was never going to be able
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že nikdy nebude schopný
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to communicate or interact socially,
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komunikácie alebo sociálnej interakcie
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and he would probably never have too much language.
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a že pravdepodobne nebude mať príliš rozvinuté jazykové schopnosti.
04:21
When we used this groundbreaking EEG technology
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Keď sme použili túto prevratnú EEG technológiu
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to actually look at Justin's brain,
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a skutočne sa pozreli na Justinov mozog,
04:27
the results were startling.
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výsledky boli ohromujúce.
04:30
It turned out that Justin was almost
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Ukázalo sa, že Justin s najväčšou pravdepodobnosťou
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certainly not autistic.
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vôbec nie je autista.
04:34
He was suffering from brain seizures
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Trpel mozgovými záchvatmi,
04:37
that were impossible to see with the naked eye,
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ktoré nebolo možné spozorovať voľným okom,
04:40
but that were actually causing symptoms
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ale ktoré v skutočnosti spôsobovali symptómy
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that mimicked those of autism.
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podobné tým autistickým.
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After Justin was given anti-seizure medication,
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Potom čo Justin dostal protizáchvatové lieky,
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the change in him was amazing.
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došlo uňho k úžasnej zmene.
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Within a period of 60 days,
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V priebehu 60 dní
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his vocabulary went from two to three words
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sa jeho slovná zásoba zväčšila z 2-3 slov
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to 300 words.
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na 300.
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And his communication and social interaction
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A jeho komunikačné a interakčné schopnosti
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were improved so dramatically
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sa tak dramaticky zmenili,
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that he was enrolled into a regular school
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že bol zapísaný do bežnej školy
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and even became a karate super champ.
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a dokonca sa stal šampiónom v karate.
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Research shows that 50 percent of children,
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Výskumy ukazujú, že 50 percent detí
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almost 50 percent of children
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takmer 50 percent detí
05:13
diagnosed with autism
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s diagnózou autizmu
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are actually suffering from hidden brain seizures.
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v skutočnosti trpí skrytými mozgovými záchvatmi.
05:20
These are the faces of the children
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Toto sú tváre detí,
05:22
that I have tested
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ktoré som testovala,
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with stories just like Justin.
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s príbehmi ako je Justinov.
05:27
All these children
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Všetky tieto deti
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came to our clinic with a diagnosis
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prišli na našu kliniku s diagnózou
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of autism, attention deficit disorder,
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autizmu, porúch pozornosti,
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mental retardation, language problems.
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mentálnej retardácie, jazykových problémov.
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Instead, our EEG scans revealed
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Namiesto toho naše EEG skeny odhalili
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very specific problems hidden within their brains
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veľmi špecifické problémy skryté vnútri ich mozgu,
05:44
that couldn't possibly have been detected
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ktoré nemohli byť odhalené
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by their behavioral assessments.
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len posúdením ich správania.
05:49
So these EEG scans
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Takže tieto EEG skeny
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enabled us to provide these children
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nám umožnili poskytnúť týmto deťom
05:53
with a much more accurate neurological diagnosis
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oveľa presnejšiu neurologickú diagnózu
05:56
and much more targeted treatment.
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a oveľa cielenejšiu liečbu.
06:00
For too long now, children with developmental disorders
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Príliš dlhú dobu trpeli deti s vývinovými poruchami
06:03
have suffered from misdiagnosis
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zlou diagnostikou
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while their real problems have gone undetected
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a ich skutočné problémy zostávali neodhalené
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and left to worsen.
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a len sa zhoršovali.
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And for too long, these children and their parents
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A príliš dlhú dobu zažívali tieto deti a ich rodičia
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have suffered undue frustration and desperation.
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zbytočnú frustráciu a zúfalstvo.
06:15
But we are now in a new era of neuroscience,
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Ale teraz sme v novej ére neurovedy,
06:18
one in which we can finally look
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keď sa konečne môžeme pozrieť
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directly at brain function in real time
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priamo na fungovanie mozgu v reálnom čase
06:24
with no risks and no side effects, non-invasively,
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bez rizika či vedľajších efektov, neinvazívne
06:27
and find the true source
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a nájsť skutočný pôvod
06:29
of so many disabilities in children.
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mnohých postihnutí u detí.
06:32
So if I could inspire
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Takže ak by som mohla inšpirovať
06:34
even a fraction of you in the audience today
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aspoň zlomok z vás v dnešnom publiku,
06:37
to share this pioneering diagnostic approach
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aby ste sa podelili o túto priekopnícku diagnostickú metódu
06:40
with even one parent whose child
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aspoň s jedným rodičom dieťaťa,
06:42
is suffering from a developmental disorder,
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ktoré trpí vývinovou poruchou,
06:45
then perhaps one more puzzle
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potom možno bude ďalšia skladačka
06:47
in one more brain will be solved.
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v ďalšom mozgu vyriešená.
06:49
One more mind will be unlocked.
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Ďalšia myseľ bude odomknutá.
06:51
And one more child who has been misdiagnosed
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A ďalšie dieťa, ktoré bolo zle diagnostikované
06:53
or even undiagnosed by the system
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alebo aj nediagnostikované vôbec,
06:56
will finally realize his or her true potential
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si konečne uvedomí svoj skutočný potenciál,
06:59
while there's still time
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kým je ešte čas,
07:01
for his or her brain to recover.
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aby sa jeho mozog zotavil.
07:03
And all this by simply watching the child's brainwaves.
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A toto všetko len prostým skúmaním mozgových vĺn dieťaťa.
07:06
Thank you.
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Ďakujem vám.
07:08
(Applause)
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(Potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Aditi Shankardass - NeuroscientistAditi Shankardass is pioneering the use of EEG technology to give children with developmental disorders their most accurate diagnosis.
Why you should listen
Aditi Shankardass is a neuroscientist trained across three disciplines of the field: neurophysiology, neuroanatomy and neuropsychology. She has also worked across different levels of the field, from cellular to cognitive neuroscience, and been based in research labs as well as diagnostic clinics. Currently, she leads the Neurophysiology Lab of the Communicative Disorders Department at California State University.
Much of Shankardass' work has been devoted to the use of an advanced form of digital quantitative EEG (electroencephalography) technology that records the brain's activity in real time, and then analyzes it using complex display schematics and statistical comparisons to norms, enabling far more accurate diagnoses for children with developmental disorders. She is also actively involved in public outreach to increase understanding of brain disorders as a board member of the Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation and a consultant for the BBC Science Line.
Aditi Shankardass | Speaker | TED.com