ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Aditi Shankardass - Neuroscientist
Aditi Shankardass is pioneering the use of EEG technology to give children with developmental disorders their most accurate diagnosis.

Why you should listen

Aditi Shankardass is a neuroscientist trained across three disciplines of the field: neurophysiology, neuroanatomy and neuropsychology. She has also worked across different levels of the field, from cellular to cognitive neuroscience, and been based in research labs as well as diagnostic clinics. Currently, she leads the Neurophysiology Lab of the Communicative Disorders Department at California State University.

Much of Shankardass' work has been devoted to the use of an advanced form of digital quantitative EEG (electroencephalography) technology that records the brain's activity in real time, and then analyzes it using complex display schematics and statistical comparisons to norms, enabling far more accurate diagnoses for children with developmental disorders. She is also actively involved in public outreach to increase understanding of brain disorders as a board member of the Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation and a consultant for the BBC Science Line.

More profile about the speaker
Aditi Shankardass | Speaker | TED.com
TEDIndia 2009

Aditi Shankardass: A second opinion on developmental disorders

Aditi Shankardass: Uma segunda opinião sobre distúrbios de aprendizagem

Filmed:
1,062,056 views

Distúrbios de desenvolvimento em crianças são geralmente diagnosticados por observação de comportamento, mas Aditi Shankardass sabia que deveria-se olhar diretamente para o cérebro. Ela explica como o equipamento de eletroencefalografia,EEG, de seu laboratório descobriu diagnósticos errados e transformou a vida de crianças.
- Neuroscientist
Aditi Shankardass is pioneering the use of EEG technology to give children with developmental disorders their most accurate diagnosis. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
When I was 10 years old,
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Quando eu tinha 10 anos,
00:19
a cousin of mine took me on a tour of his medical school.
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um primo me levou para conhecer sua faculdade de medicina.
00:22
And as a special treat,
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E de brinde ele me
00:24
he took me to the pathology lab
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levou ao laboratório de patologia
00:26
and took a real human brain
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e pegou um cérebro humano de verdade
00:28
out of the jar
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de um vidro
00:30
and placed it in my hands.
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e colocou em minhas mãos.
00:32
And there it was,
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E lá estava ele,
00:34
the seat of human consciousness,
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a sede da conciência humana,
00:36
the powerhouse of the human body,
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a usina do corpo humano,
00:38
sitting in my hands.
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repousando em minhas mãos.
00:40
And that day I knew that when I grew up,
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E nesse dia eu soube que quando crescesse,
00:42
I was going to become a brain doctor,
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eu seria uma neurologista ou
00:44
scientist, something or the other.
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neurocientista, um ou o outro.
00:47
Years later, when I finally grew up,
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Anos depois, quando eu cresci,
00:50
my dream came true.
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meu sonho se realizou.
00:52
And it was while I was doing my Ph.D.
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E foi enquanto eu fazia meu Ph.D.
00:54
on the neurological causes
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sobre as causas neurológicas
00:56
of dyslexia in children
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da dislexia em crianças
00:58
that I encountered a startling fact
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que me deparei com um fato surpreendente
01:00
that I'd like to share with you all today.
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que gostaria de mostrar para vocês hoje.
01:04
It is estimated that one in six children,
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Estima-se que uma em seis crianças,
01:06
that's one in six children,
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isso é uma em seis crianças,
01:09
suffer from some developmental disorder.
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sofre de algum distúrbio de desenvolvimento.
01:13
This is a disorder that
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Este é um distúrbio que
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retards mental development in the child
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atrasa o desenvolvimento intelectual da criança
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and causes permanent mental impairments.
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e causa deficiências intelectuais permanentes.
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Which means that each and every one of you here today
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O que significa que cada um de vocês aqui conhece
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knows at least one child that is suffering
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pelo menos uma criança que sofre de um
01:27
from a developmental disorder.
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distúrbio de desenvolvimento.
01:30
But here's what really perplexed me.
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Mas isto é que me mais me chocou.
01:32
Despite the fact that each
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Apesar de do fato de que
01:34
and every one of these disorders
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cada um desses distúrbios
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originates in the brain,
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se originar no cérebro,
01:39
most of these disorders
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a maioria dos distúrbios
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are diagnosed solely on the basis
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são diagnosticados apenas com base
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of observable behavior.
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na observação do comportamento.
01:46
But diagnosing a brain disorder
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Mas diagnosticar um distúrbio
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without actually looking at the brain
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cerebral sem olhar para o cérebro
01:51
is analogous to treating a patient with a heart problem
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é igual a tratar um paciente com um problema cardíaco
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based on their physical symptoms,
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com base nos sintomas físicos,
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without even doing an ECG or a chest X-ray
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sem ao menos fazer ECG ou raio-x do tórax
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to look at the heart.
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para olhar o coração.
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It seemed so intuitive to me.
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Me pareceu óbvio.
02:04
To diagnose and treat a brain disorder accurately,
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Para identificar e tratar um distúrbio cerebral com precisão,
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it would be necessary to look at the brain directly.
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seria necessário olhar diretamente para o cérebro.
02:10
Looking at behavior alone
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Ao olhar só o comportamento
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can miss a vital piece of the puzzle
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uma parte vital do quebra-cabeça pode faltar
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and provide an incomplete, or even a misleading,
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e oferecer um panorama incompleto, ou até enganador,
02:18
picture of the child's problems.
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dos problemas da criança
02:21
Yet, despite all the advances in medical technology,
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Ainda assim, apesar de todos avanços na tecnologia médica,
02:24
the diagnosis of brain disorders
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o diagnóstico de distúrbios
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in one in six children
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cerebrais de uma em seis crianças
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still remained so limited.
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ainda permaneceu limitado assim.
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And then I came across a team at Harvard University
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Então encontrei uma equipe na Universidade Harvard
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that had taken one such advanced medical technology
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que pegou uma dessas tecnologias médicas avançadas
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and finally applied it,
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e enfim a aplicou,
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instead of in brain research,
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em vez de em pesquisa sobre o cérebro,
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towards diagnosing brain disorders in children.
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no diagnóstico de distúrbios cerebrais em crianças.
02:46
Their groundbreaking technology
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Sua tecnologia pioneira grava
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records the EEG, or the electrical activity
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o EEG ou a atividade elétrica
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of the brain, in real time,
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do cérebro em tempo real,
02:54
allowing us to watch the brain
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permitindo olharmos o cérebro
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as it performs various functions
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conforme ele realiza várias funções
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and then detect even the slightest abnormality
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e então detectar a menor anormalidade
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in any of these functions:
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em qualquer dessas funções,
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vision, attention, language, audition.
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visão, atenção, linguagem, audição.
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A program called Brain Electrical
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Um programa chamado Brain Electrical
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Activity Mapping
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Atividade de Mapeamento
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then triangulates the source
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então triangula a fonte daquela
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of that abnormality in the brain.
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anormalidade no cérebro.
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And another program called
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E outro programa chamado
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Statistical Probability Mapping
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Probalidade Estatística de mapeamento
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then performs mathematical calculations
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realiza cálculos matemáticos para
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to determine whether any of these abnormalities
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determinar se alguma dessas anormalidades
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are clinically significant,
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é clinicamente significativa,
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allowing us to provide a much more accurate
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permitindo que façamos um diagnóstico neurológico
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neurological diagnosis
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muito mais preciso
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of the child's symptoms.
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dos sintomas da criança.
03:31
And so I became the head of neurophysiology
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Então me tornei a chefe de neurofisiologia
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for the clinical arm of this team,
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da área clínica nessa equipe.
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and we're finally able to use this technology
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E nós finalmente pudemos usar essa tecnologia
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towards actually helping
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de forma a realmente ajudar
03:40
children with brain disorders.
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crianças com distúrbios cerebrais.
03:42
And I'm happy to say that I'm now in the process
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E fico feliz de dizer que estou no processo
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of setting up this technology here in India.
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de implementar essa tecnologia aqui na Índia.
03:48
I'd like to tell you about one such child,
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Eu gostaria de falar de uma criança,
03:51
whose story was also covered by ABC News.
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cuja história a ABC News cobriu.
03:55
Seven-year-old Justin Senigar
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Justin Senigar de sete anos
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came to our clinic with this diagnosis
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chegou a nossa clínica com o diagnóstico
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of very severe autism.
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de autismo muito severo.
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Like many autistic children,
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Como muitas crianças autistas
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his mind was locked inside his body.
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sua mente estava trancada em seu corpo.
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There were moments when he would
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Havia momentos em que ele se
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actually space out for seconds at a time.
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desligava do mundo por alguns segundos.
04:11
And the doctors told his parents
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E os médicos disseram a seus pais
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he was never going to be able
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que ele nunca seria capaz de
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to communicate or interact socially,
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se comunicar ou interagir socialmente
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and he would probably never have too much language.
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e ele provavelmente nunca teria muita linguagem.
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When we used this groundbreaking EEG technology
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Quando usamos essa tecnologia pioneira de EEG
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to actually look at Justin's brain,
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para olharmos para o cérebro de Justin,
04:27
the results were startling.
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os resultados foram surpreendentes.
04:30
It turned out that Justin was almost
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Aconteceu que Justin não era,
04:32
certainly not autistic.
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certamente, autista.
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He was suffering from brain seizures
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Ele sofria de convulsões cerebrais
04:37
that were impossible to see with the naked eye,
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que eram invisíveis a olho nu, mas que
04:40
but that were actually causing symptoms
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estavam causando os sintomas que
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that mimicked those of autism.
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pareciam com os do autismo.
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After Justin was given anti-seizure medication,
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Após Justin receber remédio anti-convulsão,
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the change in him was amazing.
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sua mudança foi fantástica.
04:51
Within a period of 60 days,
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Num período de 60 dias,
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his vocabulary went from two to three words
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seu vocabulário saltou de duas ou três palavras
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to 300 words.
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para 300 palavras.
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And his communication and social interaction
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E sua comunicação e interação social
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were improved so dramatically
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melhoraram tanto que ele
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that he was enrolled into a regular school
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foi matriculado em uma escola normal
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and even became a karate super champ.
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e até virou campeão de caratê.
05:09
Research shows that 50 percent of children,
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Pesquisas mostram que 50 por cento das crianças,
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almost 50 percent of children
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quase 50 por cento das crianças,
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diagnosed with autism
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diagnosticadas com autismo
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are actually suffering from hidden brain seizures.
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sofrem, na verdade, de convulsões cerebrais escondidas.
05:20
These are the faces of the children
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Esses são os rostos das crianças
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that I have tested
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que eu testei
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with stories just like Justin.
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com histórias parecidas com a de Justin.
05:27
All these children
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Todas essas crianças
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came to our clinic with a diagnosis
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chegaram à nossa clínica com o diagnóstico
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of autism, attention deficit disorder,
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de autismo, distúrbio do déficit de atenção,
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mental retardation, language problems.
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atraso intelectual, problemas de linguagem.
05:38
Instead, our EEG scans revealed
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Nossos exames de EEG mostraram
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very specific problems hidden within their brains
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problemas muito específicos escondidos em seus
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that couldn't possibly have been detected
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cérebros que não poderiam ser detectados
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by their behavioral assessments.
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em avaliações comportamentais.
05:49
So these EEG scans
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Esses exames de EEG
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enabled us to provide these children
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nos permitiram oferecer a essas crianças
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with a much more accurate neurological diagnosis
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um diagnóstico neurológico muito mais preciso e
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and much more targeted treatment.
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um tratamento mais especializado.
06:00
For too long now, children with developmental disorders
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Por muito tempo, crianças com distúrbios de desenvolvimento
06:03
have suffered from misdiagnosis
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sofreram com diagnósticos errados
06:05
while their real problems have gone undetected
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enquanto seus problemas reais não eram
06:07
and left to worsen.
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detectados e pioravam.
06:09
And for too long, these children and their parents
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E por muito tempo, essas crianças e seus pais
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have suffered undue frustration and desperation.
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sofreram frustração e desespero enormes.
06:15
But we are now in a new era of neuroscience,
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Mas agora estamos em uma nova era na neurociência,
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one in which we can finally look
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uma em que podemos finalmente olhar
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directly at brain function in real time
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diretamente às funções cerebrais em tempo real
06:24
with no risks and no side effects, non-invasively,
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sem riscos ou efeitos colaterais, de forma não invasiva,
06:27
and find the true source
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e encontrar a verdadeira fonte
06:29
of so many disabilities in children.
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de tantas deficiências em crianças.
06:32
So if I could inspire
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Então, se eu pude inspirar
06:34
even a fraction of you in the audience today
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mesmo uma fração de vocês na plateia hoje
06:37
to share this pioneering diagnostic approach
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a compartilhar essa abordagem diagnóstica pioneira
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with even one parent whose child
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com ao menos um pai cujo filho
06:42
is suffering from a developmental disorder,
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sofre de distúrbio de desenvolvimento,
06:45
then perhaps one more puzzle
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então talvez mais um quebra-cabeça
06:47
in one more brain will be solved.
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em mais um cérebro será resolvido.
06:49
One more mind will be unlocked.
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Mais uma mente será destrancada.
06:51
And one more child who has been misdiagnosed
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E mais uma criança que foi diagnosticada erroneamente,
06:53
or even undiagnosed by the system
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ou mesmo não diagnosticada pelo sistema,
06:56
will finally realize his or her true potential
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finalmente atingirá seu potencial verdadeiro
06:59
while there's still time
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enquanto ainda há tempo
07:01
for his or her brain to recover.
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para seu cérebro se recuperar.
07:03
And all this by simply watching the child's brainwaves.
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E tudo isso apenas olhando para suas ondas cerebrais.
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Thank you.
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Obrigada.
07:08
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
Translated by Gustavo Pugliesi Sachs
Reviewed by Belucio Haibara

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Aditi Shankardass - Neuroscientist
Aditi Shankardass is pioneering the use of EEG technology to give children with developmental disorders their most accurate diagnosis.

Why you should listen

Aditi Shankardass is a neuroscientist trained across three disciplines of the field: neurophysiology, neuroanatomy and neuropsychology. She has also worked across different levels of the field, from cellular to cognitive neuroscience, and been based in research labs as well as diagnostic clinics. Currently, she leads the Neurophysiology Lab of the Communicative Disorders Department at California State University.

Much of Shankardass' work has been devoted to the use of an advanced form of digital quantitative EEG (electroencephalography) technology that records the brain's activity in real time, and then analyzes it using complex display schematics and statistical comparisons to norms, enabling far more accurate diagnoses for children with developmental disorders. She is also actively involved in public outreach to increase understanding of brain disorders as a board member of the Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation and a consultant for the BBC Science Line.

More profile about the speaker
Aditi Shankardass | Speaker | TED.com

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