TEDIndia 2009
Aditi Shankardass: A second opinion on developmental disorders
Aditi Shankardass: Dodatno mnenje o težavah pri učenju
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Motnje pri razvoju otrok se ponavadi spoznava z opazovanjem vedenja, a Aditi Shankardass je vedela, da bi morali opazovati njihove možgane. Razloži nam, kako je EEG naprava v njenem laboratoriju razkrila napačne diagnoze in spremenila življenja otrok.
Aditi Shankardass - Neuroscientist
Aditi Shankardass is pioneering the use of EEG technology to give children with developmental disorders their most accurate diagnosis. Full bio
Aditi Shankardass is pioneering the use of EEG technology to give children with developmental disorders their most accurate diagnosis. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
When I was 10 years old,
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Ko sem bila stara 10 let,
00:19
a cousin of mine took me on a tour of his medical school.
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me je bratranec peljal na ogled šole za medicino.
00:22
And as a special treat,
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Za poslastico
00:24
he took me to the pathology lab
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mi je pokazal še laboratorij za patologijo,
00:26
and took a real human brain
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iz kozarca vzel
00:28
out of the jar
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čisto prave možgane
00:30
and placed it in my hands.
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in mi jih položil v dlani.
00:32
And there it was,
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Pred seboj sem imela
00:34
the seat of human consciousness,
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zibelko človeške zavesti,
00:36
the powerhouse of the human body,
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gonilo človeškega telesa,
00:38
sitting in my hands.
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v svojih dlaneh.
00:40
And that day I knew that when I grew up,
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Na ta dan sem spoznala,
00:42
I was going to become a brain doctor,
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da se bom ukvarjala z možgani, ko odrastem,
00:44
scientist, something or the other.
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bodisi v medicini ali znanosti.
00:47
Years later, when I finally grew up,
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Leta kasneje, ko sem končno odrasla,
00:50
my dream came true.
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so se mi uresničile sanje.
00:52
And it was while I was doing my Ph.D.
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In ko sem pisala svoj doktorat
00:54
on the neurological causes
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o nevroloških vzrokih
00:56
of dyslexia in children
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za disleksijo pri otrocih,
00:58
that I encountered a startling fact
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sem naletela na vznemirljivo dejstvo,
01:00
that I'd like to share with you all today.
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ki bi ga rada danes delila z vami.
01:04
It is estimated that one in six children,
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Ocenjuje se, da vsak je šesti otrok,
01:06
that's one in six children,
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vsak šesti otrok
01:09
suffer from some developmental disorder.
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žrtev neke vrste motnje v razvoju.
01:13
This is a disorder that
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Torej motnje,
01:15
retards mental development in the child
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ki upočasni umski razvoj otroka
01:17
and causes permanent mental impairments.
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in povzroča trajne poškodbe uma.
01:21
Which means that each and every one of you here today
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Kar pomeni, da vsak izmed vas
01:24
knows at least one child that is suffering
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pozna vsaj enega otroka, ki trpi
01:27
from a developmental disorder.
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za motnjami razvoja.
01:30
But here's what really perplexed me.
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A kar me je zelo pretreslo, je to,
01:32
Despite the fact that each
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da kljub temu,
01:34
and every one of these disorders
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da vse te motnje
01:36
originates in the brain,
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izvirajo v možganih,
01:39
most of these disorders
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se večino diagnoz
01:41
are diagnosed solely on the basis
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postavi izključno na podlagi
01:43
of observable behavior.
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opazovanj vedenja.
01:46
But diagnosing a brain disorder
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A diagnoza možganskih motenj
01:48
without actually looking at the brain
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brez dejanskega opazovanja možganov,
01:51
is analogous to treating a patient with a heart problem
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je podobna zdravljenju srčnega bolnika
01:54
based on their physical symptoms,
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na podlagi fizičnih simptomov,
01:56
without even doing an ECG or a chest X-ray
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a brez pomoči EKG-ja ali rentgena
01:59
to look at the heart.
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pri opazovanju srca.
02:01
It seemed so intuitive to me.
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Zdelo se mi je povsem logično --
02:04
To diagnose and treat a brain disorder accurately,
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da natančno določimo in zdravimo možganske motnje,
02:07
it would be necessary to look at the brain directly.
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moramo nujno opazovati možgane same.
02:10
Looking at behavior alone
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Z opazovanjem vedenja samega
02:12
can miss a vital piece of the puzzle
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lahko zgrešimo velik del uganke
02:15
and provide an incomplete, or even a misleading,
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in lahko ustvarimo nepopolno ali zavajajočo
02:18
picture of the child's problems.
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sliko otrokovih težav.
02:21
Yet, despite all the advances in medical technology,
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Da, kljub vsemu napredku v medicini
02:24
the diagnosis of brain disorders
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je diagnoza možganskih motenj
02:26
in one in six children
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pri vsakem šestem otroku
02:28
still remained so limited.
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ostala tako omejena.
02:32
And then I came across a team at Harvard University
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Nato sem se srečala z ekipo na univerzi Harvard,
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that had taken one such advanced medical technology
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ki je tovrstno tehnologijo
02:38
and finally applied it,
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končno uporabila
02:40
instead of in brain research,
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za diagnozo možganskih motenj pri otrocih,
02:42
towards diagnosing brain disorders in children.
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namesto za raziskovanje možganov.
02:46
Their groundbreaking technology
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Ta napredna tehnologija
02:48
records the EEG, or the electrical activity
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zaznava EEG ali električno dejavnost
02:51
of the brain, in real time,
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v možganih v realnem času,
02:54
allowing us to watch the brain
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kar nam omogoča opazovanje možganov,
02:56
as it performs various functions
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ki izvajajo različne funkcije
02:59
and then detect even the slightest abnormality
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in zaznavanje še tako majhne nepravilnosti
03:01
in any of these functions:
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katerekoli funkcije,
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vision, attention, language, audition.
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vid, pozornost, jezik, sluh.
03:06
A program called Brain Electrical
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Program, ki zapisuje električne dejavnosti
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Activity Mapping
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v možganih,
03:10
then triangulates the source
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triangulira izvor
03:12
of that abnormality in the brain.
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nepravilnosti v možganih.
03:14
And another program called
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Drugi program, ki zapisuje
03:16
Statistical Probability Mapping
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statistično verjetnost,
03:18
then performs mathematical calculations
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opravi matematične izračune,
03:21
to determine whether any of these abnormalities
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ki določijo, če je katera izmed nepravilnosti
03:23
are clinically significant,
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klinično pomembna.
03:25
allowing us to provide a much more accurate
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To nam omogoči natančnejše
03:27
neurological diagnosis
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nevrološke diagnoze
03:29
of the child's symptoms.
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otrokovih simptomov.
03:31
And so I became the head of neurophysiology
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Tako sem postala vodja nevrofiziolgije
03:34
for the clinical arm of this team,
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omenjene ekipe.
03:36
and we're finally able to use this technology
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Končno smo lahko to tehnologijo uporabljali
03:38
towards actually helping
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za dejansko pomoč
03:40
children with brain disorders.
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otrokom z možganskimi motnjami.
03:42
And I'm happy to say that I'm now in the process
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Z veseljem povem, da takšno
03:44
of setting up this technology here in India.
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tehnologijo postavljamo tudi v Indiji.
03:48
I'd like to tell you about one such child,
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Rada bi vam povedala zgodbo o otroku,
03:51
whose story was also covered by ABC News.
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o katerem se je poročalo tudi na novicah.
03:55
Seven-year-old Justin Senigar
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Sedemletni Justin Senigar
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came to our clinic with this diagnosis
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je prišel v našo kliniko z diagnozo
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of very severe autism.
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zelo resnega avtizma.
04:01
Like many autistic children,
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Tako kot pri večini avtistov,
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his mind was locked inside his body.
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je bil njegov um ujet v telesu.
04:06
There were moments when he would
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Na trenutke
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actually space out for seconds at a time.
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je kar odtaval za par sekund.
04:11
And the doctors told his parents
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Zdravniki so staršem rekli,
04:13
he was never going to be able
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da verjetno ne bo nikoli sposoben
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to communicate or interact socially,
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sporazumevanja ali druženja z drugimi
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and he would probably never have too much language.
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in da verjetno ne bo nikoli zares obvladal jezika.
04:21
When we used this groundbreaking EEG technology
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Z omenjeno napredno tehnologijo EEG
04:24
to actually look at Justin's brain,
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smo si ogledali Justinove možgane
04:27
the results were startling.
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in rezultati so bili presenetljivi.
04:30
It turned out that Justin was almost
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Izkazalo se je, da Justin skoraj
04:32
certainly not autistic.
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zagotovo ni avtist.
04:34
He was suffering from brain seizures
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Trpel je za možganskimi napadi,
04:37
that were impossible to see with the naked eye,
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ki jih je bilo nemogoče videti s prostim očesom,
04:40
but that were actually causing symptoms
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bili pa so vzrok simptomov,
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that mimicked those of autism.
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ki so bili podobni simptomom avtizma.
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After Justin was given anti-seizure medication,
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Ko so Justinu dali ustrezna zdravila,
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the change in him was amazing.
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je bila sprememba neverjetna.
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Within a period of 60 days,
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V roku 60-ih dni
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his vocabulary went from two to three words
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se je njegov besednjak z dveh do treh besed
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to 300 words.
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povečal na tristo besed.
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And his communication and social interaction
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Njegove sposobnosti sporazumevanja
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were improved so dramatically
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so se tako izboljšale,
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that he was enrolled into a regular school
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da so ga lahko vpisali v redno šolo,
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and even became a karate super champ.
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kjer je celo postal prvak v karateju.
05:09
Research shows that 50 percent of children,
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Raziskave kažejo, da polovica otrok,
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almost 50 percent of children
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skoraj polovica otrok,
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diagnosed with autism
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ki naj bi trpela za avtizmom,
05:15
are actually suffering from hidden brain seizures.
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ima pravzaprav skrite možganske napade.
05:20
These are the faces of the children
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To so obrazi otrok,
05:22
that I have tested
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ki sem jih pregledala,
05:24
with stories just like Justin.
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s podobnimi zgodbami kot Justin.
05:27
All these children
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Vsi ti otroci so prišli
05:29
came to our clinic with a diagnosis
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na kliniko z diagnozami
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of autism, attention deficit disorder,
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avtizma, težavami z zbranostjo,
05:34
mental retardation, language problems.
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umsko zaostalostjo, težavami z jezikom.
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Instead, our EEG scans revealed
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Naši EEG pregledi so odkrili,
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very specific problems hidden within their brains
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da imajo bolj specifične težave z možgani,
05:44
that couldn't possibly have been detected
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ki jih ne bi mogli odkriti
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by their behavioral assessments.
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le z opazovanjem vedenja.
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So these EEG scans
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Z EEG slikami
05:51
enabled us to provide these children
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lahko tem otrokom naredimo
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with a much more accurate neurological diagnosis
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natančnejše nevrološke diagnoze
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and much more targeted treatment.
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in določimo boljše načine zdravljenja.
06:00
For too long now, children with developmental disorders
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Dolgo časa so otroci z motnjami v razvoju
06:03
have suffered from misdiagnosis
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trpeli zaradi napačnih diagnoz,
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while their real problems have gone undetected
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medtem ko so bile prave težave neopažene
06:07
and left to worsen.
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in so zato postale hujše.
06:09
And for too long, these children and their parents
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Dolgo časa so ti otroci in njihovi starši
06:12
have suffered undue frustration and desperation.
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trpeli zaradi frustracij in depresije.
06:15
But we are now in a new era of neuroscience,
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A vstopili smo v novo obdobje nevroznanosti,
06:18
one in which we can finally look
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obdobje, v katerem lahko končno
06:21
directly at brain function in real time
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neposredno opazujemo možgane,
06:24
with no risks and no side effects, non-invasively,
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brez tveganj in stranskih učinkov,
06:27
and find the true source
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da najdemo resnični izvor
06:29
of so many disabilities in children.
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težav mnogih otrok.
06:32
So if I could inspire
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Če lahko nagovorim
06:34
even a fraction of you in the audience today
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vsaj del poslušalcev,
06:37
to share this pioneering diagnostic approach
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in delim ta napredni pristop
06:40
with even one parent whose child
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z vsaj enim staršem, čigar
06:42
is suffering from a developmental disorder,
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otrok trpi zaradi motenj v razvoju.
06:45
then perhaps one more puzzle
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Mogoče bo potem razvozlana še ena uganka
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in one more brain will be solved.
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še enih možganov.
06:49
One more mind will be unlocked.
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Odklenili bomo še en um.
06:51
And one more child who has been misdiagnosed
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In še en otrok z napačno diagnozo
06:53
or even undiagnosed by the system
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ali celo brez nje,
06:56
will finally realize his or her true potential
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se bo končno zavedal svojega potenciala,
06:59
while there's still time
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medtem, ko bo še vedno čas,
07:01
for his or her brain to recover.
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da se njegovi možgani opomorejo.
07:03
And all this by simply watching the child's brainwaves.
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Vse to le z opazovanjem otrokovih možganov.
07:06
Thank you.
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Hvala.
07:08
(Applause)
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(Aplavz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Aditi Shankardass - NeuroscientistAditi Shankardass is pioneering the use of EEG technology to give children with developmental disorders their most accurate diagnosis.
Why you should listen
Aditi Shankardass is a neuroscientist trained across three disciplines of the field: neurophysiology, neuroanatomy and neuropsychology. She has also worked across different levels of the field, from cellular to cognitive neuroscience, and been based in research labs as well as diagnostic clinics. Currently, she leads the Neurophysiology Lab of the Communicative Disorders Department at California State University.
Much of Shankardass' work has been devoted to the use of an advanced form of digital quantitative EEG (electroencephalography) technology that records the brain's activity in real time, and then analyzes it using complex display schematics and statistical comparisons to norms, enabling far more accurate diagnoses for children with developmental disorders. She is also actively involved in public outreach to increase understanding of brain disorders as a board member of the Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation and a consultant for the BBC Science Line.
Aditi Shankardass | Speaker | TED.com