TED2017
Susan Pinker: The secret to living longer may be your social life
Suzan Pinker (Susan Pinker): Tajna dužeg života bi mogla da bude vaš društveni život
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Na italijanskom ostrvu Sardinija ima šest puta više stogodišnjaka nego u čitavoj Italiji, i deset puta više nego u Severnoj Americi. Zašto? Prema psihološkinji Suzan Pinker, vedra narav ili niskokalorična, bezglutenska ishrana nisu razlog zbog kog su ostrvljani zdravi - već to što na prvo mesto stavljaju bliske lične veze i interakcije licem u lice. Naučite više o izvanrednoj dugovečnosti, dok vam Pinker objašnjava šta je potrebno da živite stotinu i više godina.
Susan Pinker - Developmental psychologist
Susan Pinker reveals how in-person social interactions are not only necessary for human happiness but also could be a key to health and longevity. Full bio
Susan Pinker reveals how in-person social interactions are not only necessary for human happiness but also could be a key to health and longevity. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Here's an intriguing fact.
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Evo fascinantne činjenice.
00:15
In the developed world,
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U razvijenom svetu,
00:17
everywhere, women live an average
of six to eight years longer than men do.
of six to eight years longer than men do.
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svuda, žene žive u proseku
šest do osam godina duže od muškaraca.
šest do osam godina duže od muškaraca.
00:22
Six to eight years longer.
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Šest do osam godina duže.
00:25
That's, like, a huge gap.
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To je ogroman jaz.
00:28
In 2015, the "Lancet" published an article
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Godine 2015, "Lanset" je objavio članak
00:31
showing that men in rich countries
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koji je pokazao da muškarci
u bogatim državama
u bogatim državama
00:34
are twice as likely to die as women are
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imaju duplo veće šanse od žena da umru
00:37
at any age.
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u bilo kom dobu.
00:39
But there is one place in the world
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Međutim, postoji jedno mesto na svetu
00:42
where men live as long as women.
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gde muškarci žive koliko i žene.
00:44
It's a remote, mountainous zone,
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Radi se o udaljenoj, planinskoj oblasti,
00:46
a blue zone,
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plavoj zoni,
00:47
where super longevity
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gde je izuzetna dugovečnost
00:49
is common to both sexes.
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uobičajena kod oba roda.
00:52
This is the blue zone in Sardinia,
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Ovo je plava zona u Sardiniji,
00:53
an Italian island in the Mediterranean,
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italijanskom ostrvu u Mediteranu,
00:55
between Corsica and Tunisia,
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između Korzike i Tunisa,
00:58
where there are six times
as many centenarians
as many centenarians
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gde ima šest puta više stogodišnjaka
01:01
as on the Italian mainland,
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nego u ostatku Italije,
01:03
less than 200 miles away.
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manje od 320 kilometra dalje.
01:05
There are 10 times as many centenarians
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Tamo ima deset puta više stogodišnjaka
01:07
as there are in North America.
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nego u Severnoj Americi.
01:10
It's the only place
where men live as long as women.
where men live as long as women.
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To je jedino mesto
gde muškarci žive koliko i žene.
gde muškarci žive koliko i žene.
01:13
But why?
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Ali zašto?
01:14
My curiosity was piqued.
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Znatiželja me je golicala.
01:16
I decided to research the sights
and the habits of the place,
and the habits of the place,
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Odlučila sam da istražim znamenitosti
i navike tog mesta,
i navike tog mesta,
01:20
and I started with the genetic profile.
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a započela sam sa genetskim profilom.
01:22
I discovered soon enough
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Ubrzo sam otkrila
01:24
that genes account for just
25 percent of their longevity.
25 percent of their longevity.
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da su geni svega 25 procenata
zaslužni za njihovu dugovečnost.
zaslužni za njihovu dugovečnost.
01:28
The other 75 percent is lifestyle.
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Ostalih 75 procenata je način života.
01:32
So what does it take
to live to 100 or beyond?
to live to 100 or beyond?
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Dakle, šta je potrebno
da se živi 100 i više godina?
da se živi 100 i više godina?
01:35
What are they doing right?
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Šta oni rade kako treba?
01:37
What you're looking at
is an aerial view of Villagrande.
is an aerial view of Villagrande.
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Gledate Vilagrande iz ptičje perspektive.
01:40
It's a village at the epicenter
of the blue zone
of the blue zone
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Radi se o selu u epicentru plave zone
01:43
where I went to investigate this,
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kuda sam išla da istražujem o ovome
01:45
and as you can see, architectural beauty
is not its main virtue,
is not its main virtue,
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i, kao što vidite, arhitektonska lepota
im nije glavna vrlina,
im nije glavna vrlina,
01:50
density is:
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gustina jeste:
01:52
tightly spaced houses,
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tesni razmaci između kuća,
01:54
interwoven alleys and streets.
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isprepletene uličice i ulice.
01:57
It means that the villagers' lives
constantly intersect.
constantly intersect.
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To znači da se životi seljana
stalno ukrštaju.
stalno ukrštaju.
02:01
And as I walked through the village,
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I dok sam šetala kroz selo
02:03
I could feel hundreds
of pairs of eyes watching me
of pairs of eyes watching me
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mogla sam da osetim na stotine
pari očiju kako me posmatraju
pari očiju kako me posmatraju
02:06
from behind doorways and curtains,
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iza ulaznih vrata i prozora,
02:08
from behind shutters.
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iza roletni.
02:10
Because like all ancient villages,
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Jer kao i u drugim drevnim selima,
02:13
Villagrande couldn't have survived
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selo Vilagrande ne bi preživelo
02:15
without this structure,
without its walls, without its cathedral,
without its walls, without its cathedral,
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bez ove strukture,
bez zidova, bez katedrale,
bez zidova, bez katedrale,
02:18
without its village square,
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bez seoskog trga,
02:20
because defense and social cohesion
defined its design.
defined its design.
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zato što su odbrana i društvena kohezija
definisale njegov dizajn.
definisale njegov dizajn.
02:25
Urban priorities changed as we moved
towards the industrial revolution
towards the industrial revolution
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Gradski prioriteti su se promenili dok smo
se približavali industrijskoj revoluciji
se približavali industrijskoj revoluciji
02:29
because infectious disease
became the risk of the day.
became the risk of the day.
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jer su zarazne bolesti
postale svakodnevni rizik.
postale svakodnevni rizik.
02:32
But what about now?
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Međutim, kako je danas?
02:34
Now, social isolation
is the public health risk of our time.
is the public health risk of our time.
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Sada, društvena izolacija
je rizik za javno zdravlje našeg doba.
je rizik za javno zdravlje našeg doba.
02:39
Now, a third of the population says
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Sad, trećina populacije kaže
02:42
they have two or fewer people to lean on.
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da imaju dve ili manje osoba
na koje mogu da se oslone.
na koje mogu da se oslone.
02:45
But let's go to Villagrande
now as a contrast
now as a contrast
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Međutim, pođimo sada
nasuprot tome u Vilagrande
nasuprot tome u Vilagrande
02:48
to meet some centenarians.
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da upoznamo neke stogodišnjake.
02:50
Meet Giuseppe Murinu.
He's 102, a supercentenarian
He's 102, a supercentenarian
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Upoznajte Đuzepea Murinu.
Ima 102 godine, superstogodišnjak
Ima 102 godine, superstogodišnjak
02:54
and a lifelong resident
of the village of Villagrande.
of the village of Villagrande.
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i celoživotni stanovnik sela Vilagrande.
02:57
He was a gregarious man.
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Bio je društven čovek.
02:59
He loved to recount stories
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Voleo je da prepričava priče,
03:02
such as how he lived like a bird
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poput one kako je živeo kao ptica
03:03
from what he could find
on the forest floor
on the forest floor
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od onoga što je mogao
da nađe na šumskom tlu
da nađe na šumskom tlu
03:06
during not one but two world wars,
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tokom, ne jednog, već dva svetska rata,
kako su on i njegova supruga,
koja je takođe živela preko 100 godina,
koja je takođe živela preko 100 godina,
03:09
how he and his wife,
who also lived past 100,
who also lived past 100,
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03:12
raised six children
in a small, homey kitchen
in a small, homey kitchen
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podigli šestoro dece
u maloj, udobnoj kuhinji
u maloj, udobnoj kuhinji
03:16
where I interviewed him.
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gde sam ga intervjuisala.
03:17
Here he is with his sons
Angelo and Domenico,
Angelo and Domenico,
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Ovde je sa sinovima, Anđelom i Domenikom,
03:20
both in their 70s
and looking after their father,
and looking after their father,
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obojica su u 70-im i paze svog oca,
03:23
and who were quite frankly
very suspicious of me and my daughter
very suspicious of me and my daughter
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i koji su, iskreno, bili veoma sumnjičavi
prema meni i mojoj kćerki,
prema meni i mojoj kćerki,
03:27
who came along with me
on this research trip,
on this research trip,
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koja je pošla sa mnom
na ovo istraživačko putovanje,
na ovo istraživačko putovanje,
03:30
because the flip side of social cohesion
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jer je druga strana društvene kohezije
03:33
is a wariness of strangers and outsiders.
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podozrivost prema strancima i izvanjcima.
03:36
But Giuseppe, he wasn't suspicious at all.
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Međutim, Đuzepe uopšte nije bio sumnjičav.
03:40
He was a happy-go-lucky guy,
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Bio je bezbrižan čovek,
03:42
very outgoing with a positive outlook.
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veoma društven i sa pozitivnim stavom.
03:45
And I wondered: so is that what it takes
to live to be 100 or beyond,
to live to be 100 or beyond,
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Zapitala sam se: dakle to je potrebno
da se živi 100 i više godina,
da se živi 100 i više godina,
03:50
thinking positively?
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pozitivno razmišljanje?
03:54
Actually, no.
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Zapravo nije.
03:55
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
04:00
Meet Giovanni Corrias. He's 101,
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Upoznajte Đovanija Korijasa.
Ima 101 godinu,
Ima 101 godinu,
04:03
the grumpiest person I have ever met.
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najćudljivija je osoba
koju sam ikad upoznala.
koju sam ikad upoznala.
04:06
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
Pokazao je da je lažna pretpostavka
04:08
And he put a lie to the notion
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04:09
that you have to be positive
to live a long life.
to live a long life.
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da morate da budete pozitivni
da biste bili dugovečni.
da biste bili dugovečni.
04:13
And there is evidence for this.
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A imamo dokaze za to.
04:15
When I asked him why he lived so long,
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Kada sam ga upitala
zašto je toliko dugo živ,
zašto je toliko dugo živ,
04:17
he kind of looked at me
under hooded eyelids and he growled,
under hooded eyelids and he growled,
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nekako me je pogledao,
spuštenih obrva i zamumlao:
spuštenih obrva i zamumlao:
04:21
"Nobody has to know my secrets."
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"Niko ne mora da zna moje tajne."
04:23
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
04:25
But despite being a sourpuss,
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No, uprkos njegovoj zlovolji,
04:27
the niece who lived with him
and looked after him
and looked after him
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nećaka koja je živela s njim i pazila ga,
04:30
called him "Il Tesoro," "my treasure."
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nazivala ga je "Il Tesoro", "moje blago".
04:33
And she respected him and loved him,
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I poštovala ga je i volela,
04:36
and she told me, when I questioned
this obvious loss of her freedom,
this obvious loss of her freedom,
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a rekla mi je, kada sam propitivala
o ovom očiglednom gubitku njene slobode:
o ovom očiglednom gubitku njene slobode:
04:41
"You just don't understand, do you?
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"Prosto ne razumete, zar ne?
04:43
Looking after this man is a pleasure.
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Paženje ovog čoveka je zadovoljstvo.
04:46
It's a huge privilege for me.
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Meni je to izuzetna privilegija.
04:48
This is my heritage."
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Ovo je moje nasleđe."
04:50
And indeed, wherever I went
to interview these centenarians,
to interview these centenarians,
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I, zaista, kuda god bih pošla
da intervjuišem ove stogodišnjake,
da intervjuišem ove stogodišnjake,
04:53
I found a kitchen party.
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zatekla bih kuhinjsku zabavu.
04:55
Here's Giovanni with his two nieces,
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Ovo je Đovani sa njegove dve nećake,
04:57
Maria above him
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Marija iznad njega,
04:58
and beside him his great-niece Sara,
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a pored njega je pranećaka Sara,
05:00
who came when I was there
to bring fresh fruits and vegetables.
to bring fresh fruits and vegetables.
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koja je navratila, dok sam bila tamo,
da donese sveže voće i povrće.
da donese sveže voće i povrće.
05:04
And I quickly discovered by being there
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I ubrzo sam otkrila dok sam bila tamo
05:07
that in the blue zone, as people age,
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da u plavoj zoni, kako ljudi stare,
05:09
and indeed across their lifespans,
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i zaista tokom njihovog životnog veka,
05:12
they're always surrounded
by extended family, by friends,
by extended family, by friends,
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uvek su okruženi
širom porodicom, prijateljima,
širom porodicom, prijateljima,
05:16
by neighbors, the priest,
the barkeeper, the grocer.
the barkeeper, the grocer.
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komšijama, sveštenikom,
kafedžijom, piljarom.
kafedžijom, piljarom.
05:19
People are always there or dropping by.
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Ljudi su uvek tu ili navraćaju.
05:22
They are never left
to live solitary lives.
to live solitary lives.
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Nikada nisu prepušteni da žive usamljeno.
05:25
This is unlike the rest
of the developed world,
of the developed world,
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Tako nije u ostatku razvijenog sveta,
gde, kako se Džordž Barns šalio:
05:28
where as George Burns quipped,
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05:29
"Happiness is having a large,
loving, caring family in another city."
loving, caring family in another city."
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"Sreća je imati veliku, punu ljubavi,
brižnu porodicu u drugom gradu."
brižnu porodicu u drugom gradu."
05:34
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
05:36
Now, so far we've only met men,
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Sad, do sad smo samo upoznali muškarce,
05:39
long-living men, but I met women too,
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dugovečne muškarce,
ali upoznala sam i žene,
ali upoznala sam i žene,
05:41
and here you see Zia Teresa.
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a ovde vidite Ziju Terezu.
05:43
She, at over 100, taught me
how to make the local specialty,
how to make the local specialty,
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Ona, sa preko 100 godina, me je naučila
kako da spremam lokalni specijalitet,
kako da spremam lokalni specijalitet,
05:48
which is called culurgiones,
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koji nazivaju kulurđonima,
05:49
which are these large pasta pockets
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a to su ovi veliki džepovi od testenine,
05:52
like ravioli about this size,
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poput raviola, otprilike ove veličine,
05:55
this size,
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ove veličine,
05:56
and they're filled
with high-fat ricotta and mint
with high-fat ricotta and mint
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a punjeni su punomasnom rikotom i mentom
05:59
and drenched in tomato sauce.
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i natopljeni su u sosu od paradajza.
06:01
And she showed me
how to make just the right crimp
how to make just the right crimp
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Naučila me je kako da napravim
odgovarajući nabor,
odgovarajući nabor,
06:05
so they wouldn't open,
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kako se ne bi otvarale,
06:06
and she makes them
with her daughters every Sunday
with her daughters every Sunday
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a ona ih sprema svake nedelje
sa njenim kćerkama
sa njenim kćerkama
06:09
and distributes them
by the dozens to neighbors and friends.
by the dozens to neighbors and friends.
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i poklanja na desetine
komšijama i prijateljima.
komšijama i prijateljima.
06:13
And that's when I discovered
a low-fat, gluten-free diet
a low-fat, gluten-free diet
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I tako sam otkrila
da niskomasna, bezglutenska ishrana
da niskomasna, bezglutenska ishrana
nije to što je potrebno
da se doživi 100 godina u plavoj zoni.
da se doživi 100 godina u plavoj zoni.
06:16
is not what it takes
to live to 100 in the blue zone.
to live to 100 in the blue zone.
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06:19
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
06:22
Now, these centenarians' stories
along with the science that underpins them
along with the science that underpins them
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Sad, priče ovih stogodišnjaka,
zajedno sa naukom koja ih potkrepljuje,
zajedno sa naukom koja ih potkrepljuje,
06:27
prompted me to ask myself
some questions too,
some questions too,
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podstakli su me
da se i sama zapitam neka pitanja,
da se i sama zapitam neka pitanja,
06:30
such as, when am I going to die
and how can I put that day off?
and how can I put that day off?
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poput: kada ću da umrem,
i kako mogu to da odložim?
i kako mogu to da odložim?
06:34
And as you will see,
the answer is not what we expect.
the answer is not what we expect.
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I, kao što ćete da vidite,
odgovor nije onaj koji očekujemo.
odgovor nije onaj koji očekujemo.
06:38
Julianne Holt-Lunstad is a researcher
at Brigham Young University
at Brigham Young University
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Džulijen Holt-Lanstad je istraživačica
na Univerzitetu Birgam Jang
na Univerzitetu Birgam Jang
06:42
and she addressed this very question
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i ona se bavila baš ovim pitanjem
06:44
in a series of studies
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u nizu istraživanja
06:46
of tens of thousands of middle aged people
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o desetinama hiljada sredovečnih ljudi,
06:49
much like this audience here.
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nalik ovoj publici ovde.
06:51
And she looked at every
aspect of their lifestyle:
aspect of their lifestyle:
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I posmatrala je svaki aspekt
njihovog načina života:
njihovog načina života:
06:54
their diet, their exercise,
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njihovu ishranu, vežbanje,
06:56
their marital status,
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bračni status,
06:57
how often they went to the doctor,
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koliko često odlaze kod doktora,
06:59
whether they smoked or drank, etc.
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da li puše ili piju isl.
07:02
She recorded all of this
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Sve ovo je zabeležila,
07:04
and then she and her colleagues
sat tight and waited for seven years
sat tight and waited for seven years
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a onda su ona i njene kolege
mirno sedeli i čekali sedam godina
mirno sedeli i čekali sedam godina
07:08
to see who would still be breathing.
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da vide ko će i dalje biti živ.
07:11
And of the people left standing,
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A kod onih koji su preživeli,
07:14
what reduced their chances
of dying the most?
of dying the most?
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šta im je najviše umanjilo
šanse od umiranja?
šanse od umiranja?
07:18
That was her question.
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To je bilo njeno pitanje.
07:20
So let's now look at her data in summary,
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Dakle, pogledajmo sada
sažeto njene podatke,
sažeto njene podatke,
07:23
going from the least powerful
predictor to the strongest.
predictor to the strongest.
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krećući od najslabijeg
predskazivača do najjačeg.
predskazivača do najjačeg.
07:28
OK?
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U redu?
07:29
So clean air, which is great,
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Dakle, čist vazduh, što je sjajno,
07:31
it doesn't predict how long you will live.
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ne predskazuje koliko dugo ćete da živite.
07:35
Whether you have your hypertension treated
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Ukoliko primate terapiju
za visok krvni pritisak,
za visok krvni pritisak,
07:37
is good.
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to je dobro.
07:39
Still not a strong predictor.
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I dalje nije snažan predskazatelj.
07:40
Whether you're lean or overweight,
you can stop feeling guilty about this,
you can stop feeling guilty about this,
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Da li ste vitki ili gojazni,
možete prestati da osećate krivicu,
možete prestati da osećate krivicu,
07:44
because it's only in third place.
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jer je tek na trećem mestu.
07:46
How much exercise you get is next,
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Sledi to koliko vežbate,
07:49
still only a moderate predictor.
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i dalje umeren predskazatelj.
07:51
Whether you've had a cardiac event
and you're in rehab and exercising,
and you're in rehab and exercising,
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Da li ste imali srčani problem
i na rehabilitaciji ste i vežbate,
i na rehabilitaciji ste i vežbate,
07:56
getting higher now.
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penjemo se više.
Da li ste vakcinisani protiv gripa.
07:58
Whether you've had a flu vaccine.
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07:59
Did anybody here know
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Da li neko ovde zna
08:00
that having a flu vaccine
protects you more than doing exercise?
protects you more than doing exercise?
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da vas vakcina protiv gripa
više štiti od fizičkih vežbi?
više štiti od fizičkih vežbi?
08:06
Whether you were drinking and quit,
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Da li ste pili i prestali
08:09
or whether you're a moderate drinker,
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ili ste umereni alkoholičar,
08:11
whether you don't smoke,
or if you did, whether you quit,
or if you did, whether you quit,
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da li ne pušite ili, ako ste pušili,
da li ste prestali,
da li ste prestali,
08:15
and getting towards the top predictors
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a približavajući se
najvećim predskazateljima
najvećim predskazateljima
08:19
are two features of your social life.
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dolazimo do dve crte
vašeg društvenog života.
vašeg društvenog života.
08:22
First, your close relationships.
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Prva su vaše bliske veze.
08:25
These are the people
that you can call on for a loan
that you can call on for a loan
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To su ljudi od kojih možete
da zatražite zajam,
da zatražite zajam,
08:29
if you need money suddenly,
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ako vam je iznenada potreban novac,
08:32
who will call the doctor
if you're not feeling well
if you're not feeling well
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koji će da pozovu doktora,
ako se ne osećate dobro
ako se ne osećate dobro
08:34
or who will take you to the hospital,
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ili koji će vas povesti u bolnicu
08:36
or who will sit with you
if you're having an existential crisis,
if you're having an existential crisis,
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ili koji će da sede uz vas,
ako imate egzistencijalnu krizu,
ako imate egzistencijalnu krizu,
08:41
if you're in despair.
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ako ste u očaju.
08:43
Those people, that little clutch of people
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Ti ljudi, ta šačica ljudi
08:46
are a strong predictor, if you have them,
of how long you'll live.
of how long you'll live.
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su snažan predskazatelj, ako ih imate,
toga koliko dugo ćete da živite.
toga koliko dugo ćete da živite.
08:49
And then something that surprised me,
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A potom nešto što me je iznenadilo,
08:51
something that's called
social integration.
social integration.
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nešto što se naziva
društvenom integracijom.
društvenom integracijom.
08:54
This means how much
you interact with people
you interact with people
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To znači koliko interagujete s ljudima
08:58
as you move through your day.
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u toku vašeg dana.
09:00
How many people do you talk to?
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S koliko ljudi razgovarate?
09:02
And these mean both
your weak and your strong bonds,
your weak and your strong bonds,
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A ovo podrazumeva
i vaše slabe i vaše čvrste veze,
i vaše slabe i vaše čvrste veze,
09:06
so not just the people
you're really close to,
you're really close to,
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dakle, ne samo ljude
koji su vam zaista bliski,
koji su vam zaista bliski,
09:09
who mean a lot to you,
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koji vam mnogo znače,
09:10
but, like, do you talk to the guy
who every day makes you your coffee?
who every day makes you your coffee?
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4536
već i da li razgovarate sa čovekom
koji vam svakog dana sprema kafu?
koji vam svakog dana sprema kafu?
09:14
Do you talk to the postman?
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Da li razgovarate sa poštarom?
09:16
Do you talk to the woman who walks
by your house every day with her dog?
by your house every day with her dog?
195
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3456
Da li razgovarate sa ženom
koja svakog dana šeta psa pored vaše kuće?
koja svakog dana šeta psa pored vaše kuće?
09:20
Do you play bridge or poker,
have a book club?
have a book club?
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Da li igrate bridž ili poker,
imate čitalački klub?
imate čitalački klub?
09:23
Those interactions
are one of the strongest predictors
are one of the strongest predictors
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551240
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Ove interakcije su neki
od najsnažnijih predskazatelja
od najsnažnijih predskazatelja
09:26
of how long you'll live.
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toga koliko ćete da živite.
09:27
Now, this leads me to the next question:
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Sad, ovo me dovodi do sledećeg pitanja:
09:30
if we now spend more time online
than on any other activity,
than on any other activity,
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ako trenutno provodimo više vremena na
internetu nego na bilo kojoj aktivnosti,
internetu nego na bilo kojoj aktivnosti,
09:36
including sleeping,
201
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uključujući i spavanje,
09:37
we're now up to 11 hours a day,
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trenutno stižemo do 11 sati dnevno,
09:40
one hour more than last year, by the way,
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sat duže nego prošle godine, usput,
09:42
does it make a difference?
204
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da li je to značajno?
09:44
Why distinguish
between interacting in person
between interacting in person
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U čemu je razlika
između interakcije licem u lice
između interakcije licem u lice
09:48
and interacting via social media?
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i interakcije putem društvenih mreža?
09:50
Is it the same thing as being there
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Da li je to isto kao da ste tu,
09:53
if you're in contact constantly
with your kids through text, for example?
with your kids through text, for example?
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3680
ako ste stalno u kontaktu
sa decom preko poruka, na primer?
sa decom preko poruka, na primer?
09:58
Well, the short answer
to the question is no,
to the question is no,
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Pa, kratak odgovor na pitanje je: ne,
10:00
it's not the same thing.
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nije isto.
10:02
Face-to-face contact releases
a whole cascade of neurotransmitters,
a whole cascade of neurotransmitters,
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4816
Kontakt licem u lice pokreće
čitavu bujicu neurotransmitera
čitavu bujicu neurotransmitera
10:06
and like a vaccine,
they protect you now in the present
they protect you now in the present
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i, poput vakcine, štite vas
u ovom trenutku u sadašnjosti
u ovom trenutku u sadašnjosti
10:10
and well into the future.
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i daleko u budućnosti.
10:12
So simply making
eye contact with somebody,
eye contact with somebody,
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2520
Dakle, prost kontakt očima s nekim,
10:15
shaking hands, giving somebody a high-five
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rukovanje, bacanje petaka
10:18
is enough to release oxytocin,
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je dovoljno da se oslobodi oksitocin,
10:20
which increases your level of trust
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koji kod vas povećava nivo poverenja
10:22
and it lowers your cortisol levels.
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1840
i snižava vrednosti kortizola.
10:24
So it lowers your stress.
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1840
Dakle, snižava stres kod vas.
10:27
And dopamine is generated,
which gives us a little high
which gives us a little high
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A proizvodi se dopamin,
koji nam pruža nešto elana
koji nam pruža nešto elana
10:30
and it kills pain.
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i uništava bol.
10:31
It's like a naturally produced morphine.
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Poput prirodno proizvedenog morfijuma.
10:35
Now, all of this passes
under our conscious radar,
under our conscious radar,
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Sad, sve se ovo dešava
bez našeg svesnog znanja,
bez našeg svesnog znanja,
10:37
which is why we conflate
online activity with the real thing.
online activity with the real thing.
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zbog čega mešamo aktivnost
na internetu sa stvarnom.
na internetu sa stvarnom.
10:42
But we do have evidence now,
fresh evidence,
fresh evidence,
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Ali trenutno imamo dokaze, sveže dokaze,
10:44
that there is a difference.
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da postoji razlika.
10:45
So let's look at some of the neuroscience.
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Dakle, pogledajmo malo neuronauku.
10:48
Elizabeth Redcay, a neuroscientist
at the University of Maryland,
at the University of Maryland,
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Elizabet Redkej, neuronaučnica
sa Univerziteta Merilend,
sa Univerziteta Merilend,
10:51
tried to map the difference
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pokušala je da odredi razliku
10:53
between what goes on in our brains
when we interact in person
when we interact in person
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između toga šta se dešava u vašim
mozgovima kad interagujemo uživo,
mozgovima kad interagujemo uživo,
10:56
versus when we're watching
something that's static.
something that's static.
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nasuprot tome kad posmatramo
nešto što je statično.
nešto što je statično.
11:00
And what she did was
she compared the brain function
she compared the brain function
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A ona je upoređivala rad mozga
11:02
of two groups of people,
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dve grupe ljudi,
11:04
those interacting live with her
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onih koji su s njom interagovali uživo,
ili s jednim od njenih
asistenata istraživača,
asistenata istraživača,
11:07
or with one of her research associates
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11:10
in a dynamic conversation,
236
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u dinamičnom razgovoru,
11:12
and she compared that
to the brain activity of people
to the brain activity of people
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i to je uporedila
sa moždanom aktivnošću ljudi
sa moždanom aktivnošću ljudi
11:14
who were watching her talk
about the same subject
about the same subject
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koji su je posmatrali
kako govori o istoj temi,
kako govori o istoj temi,
11:18
but in a canned video, like on YouTube.
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ali na video snimku,
nalik onim na Jutjubu.
nalik onim na Jutjubu.
11:21
And by the way, if you want to know
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I, usput, ako želite da znate
11:23
how she fit two people
in an MRI scanner at the same time,
in an MRI scanner at the same time,
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kako je smestila dvoje ljudi
istovremeno u MR skener,
istovremeno u MR skener,
11:26
talk to me later.
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1200
pitajte me kasnije.
11:28
So what's the difference?
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Dakle, u čemu je razlika?
11:31
This is your brain
on real social interaction.
on real social interaction.
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2720
Ovo je vaš mozak
tokom stvarne društevene interakcije.
tokom stvarne društevene interakcije.
11:34
What you're seeing
is the difference in brain activity
is the difference in brain activity
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Gledate razliku u moždanoj aktivnosti
11:37
between interacting in person
and taking in static content.
and taking in static content.
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između žive interakcije
i primanja statičnog sadržaja.
i primanja statičnog sadržaja.
11:42
In orange, you see the brain areas
that are associated with attention,
that are associated with attention,
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Narandžasto su obojene oblasti mozga
koje su u vezi sa pažnjom,
koje su u vezi sa pažnjom,
društvenom inteligencijom -
11:47
social intelligence --
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11:49
that means anticipating
what somebody else is thinking
what somebody else is thinking
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to znači predosećanje
o čemu neko drugi razmišlja,
o čemu neko drugi razmišlja,
11:51
and feeling and planning --
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1736
saosećanje i planiranje -
11:53
and emotional reward.
251
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i emotivna nagrada.
11:55
And these areas become much more engaged
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A ove oblasti postaju daleko angažovanije
11:57
when we're interacting
with a live partner.
with a live partner.
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kada interagujemo s partnerom uživo.
12:02
Now, these richer brain signatures
254
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Sad, ovi bogatiji moždani potpisi
12:04
might be why recruiters
from Fortune 500 companies
from Fortune 500 companies
255
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4056
su možda razlog zašto su agenti
iz Forčun 500 firmi,
iz Forčun 500 firmi,
12:08
evaluating candidates
256
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1936
koji su ocenjivali kandidate,
12:10
thought that the candidates were smarter
257
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smatrali da su kandidati pametniji
12:13
when they heard their voices
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kada su im čuli glas,
12:16
compared to when they just
read their pitches in a text, for example,
read their pitches in a text, for example,
259
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nasutprot mišljenju formiranom
na osnovu pisanih preporuka, na primer,
na osnovu pisanih preporuka, na primer,
12:19
or an email or a letter.
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1416
ili imejla ili pisma.
12:20
Now, our voices and body language
convey a rich signal.
convey a rich signal.
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2776
Sad, naši glasovi i govor tela
prenose obilje signala.
prenose obilje signala.
12:23
It shows that we're thinking, feeling,
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2016
Pokazuju da smo misleća, osećajuća,
12:25
sentient human beings
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svesna ljudska bića
12:27
who are much more than an algorithm.
264
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koja su mnogo više od algoritma.
12:29
Now, this research by Nicholas Epley
265
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Sad, ovo istraživanje od Nikolasa Eplija
12:32
at the University of Chicago
Business School
Business School
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sa Poslovne škole Univerziteta Čikago
12:36
is quite amazing because
it tells us a simple thing.
it tells us a simple thing.
267
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je prilično zadivljujuće
jer nam saopštava nešto prosto.
jer nam saopštava nešto prosto.
12:39
If somebody hears your voice,
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Ako vam neko čuje glas,
12:41
they think you're smarter.
269
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smatraće vas pametnijim.
12:43
I mean, that's quite a simple thing.
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2080
Mislim, to je nešto prilično prosto.
12:47
Now, to return to the beginning,
271
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Sad, vratimo se na početak:
12:50
why do women live longer than men?
272
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zašto žene žive duže od muškaraca?
12:51
And one major reason
is that women are more likely
is that women are more likely
273
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2336
A jedan od bitnijih razloga
je da su žene sklonije
je da su žene sklonije
12:54
to prioritize and groom
their face-to-face relationships
their face-to-face relationships
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da daju prednost i neguju
svoje odnose licem u lice
svoje odnose licem u lice
12:57
over their lifespans.
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1656
tokom svog životnog veka.
12:59
Fresh evidence shows
276
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1656
Noviji dokazi ukazuju
13:01
that these in-person friendships
277
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da ova prijateljstva licem u lice
13:02
create a biological force field
against disease and decline.
against disease and decline.
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stvaraju biološko polje sile
protiv bolesti i propadanja.
protiv bolesti i propadanja.
13:06
And it's not just true of humans
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2176
A nije to jedino tačno za ljude,
13:09
but their primate relations,
our primate relations as well.
our primate relations as well.
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već i za njihove rođake primate,
za naše rođake primate, takođe.
za naše rođake primate, takođe.
13:12
Anthropologist Joan Silk's work
shows that female baboons
shows that female baboons
281
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Rad Antropološkinje Džoan Silk
pokazuje da ženke babuna
pokazuje da ženke babuna
13:16
who have a core of female friends
282
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koje imaju jezgro ženskih prijateljstava
13:19
show lower levels of stress
via their cortisol levels,
via their cortisol levels,
283
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pokazuju, preko nivoa kortizola,
niže nivoe stresa
niže nivoe stresa
13:22
they live longer and they have
more surviving offspring.
more surviving offspring.
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žive duže i imaju više
preživelih potomaka.
preživelih potomaka.
13:26
At least three stable relationships.
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2376
Bar tri stabilne veze.
13:29
That was the magic number.
286
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1496
To je čarobni broj.
13:30
Think about it.
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Razmislite o tome.
13:31
I hope you guys have three.
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1286
Nadam se da imate tri.
13:34
The power of such face-to-face contact
289
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Moć takvog kontakta licem u lice
13:38
is really why there are
the lowest rates of dementia
the lowest rates of dementia
290
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je istinski razlog
zašto su najniže stope demencije
zašto su najniže stope demencije
13:41
among people who are socially engaged.
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među ljudima koji su društveno angažovani.
13:44
It's why women who have breast cancer
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To je razlog zašto žene sa rakom dojke
13:46
are four times more likely
to survive their disease than loners are.
to survive their disease than loners are.
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imaju četiri puta veće šanse
da prežive od usamljenih žena.
da prežive od usamljenih žena.
13:51
Why men who've had a stroke
who meet regularly to play poker
who meet regularly to play poker
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Zašto muškarci koji su imali moždani udar,
a koji se redovno sastaju da igraju poker
a koji se redovno sastaju da igraju poker
13:55
or to have coffee
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ili piju kafu
13:57
or to play old-timer's hockey --
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ili igraju seniorski hokej -
13:59
I'm Canadian, after all --
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ja sam ipak Kanađanka -
14:00
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
14:01
are better protected
by that social contact
by that social contact
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su bolje zaštićeni
tim društvenim kontaktom
tim društvenim kontaktom
14:04
than they are by medication.
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nego lekovima.
Zašto muškarci koji su imali moždani udar
a koji se redovno sastaju -
a koji se redovno sastaju -
14:06
Why men who've had a stroke
who meet regularly --
who meet regularly --
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14:09
this is something very
powerful they can do.
powerful they can do.
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to je veoma moćna aktivnost.
14:11
This face-to-face contact
provides stunning benefits,
provides stunning benefits,
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Ovaj kontakt licem u lice
pruža zapanjujuće prednosti,
pruža zapanjujuće prednosti,
14:15
yet now almost a quarter of the population
says they have no one to talk to.
says they have no one to talk to.
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pa ipak, skoro četvrtina populacije
izjavljuje da nemaju s kim da pričaju.
izjavljuje da nemaju s kim da pričaju.
14:21
We can do something about this.
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Možemo da uradimo nešto povodom toga.
14:23
Like Sardinian villagers,
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Poput sardinijskih seljana,
14:25
it's a biological imperative
to know we belong,
to know we belong,
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biološki je imperativ znati da pripadamo,
14:29
and not just the women among us.
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i to ne samo žene među nama.
14:31
Building in-person interaction
into our cities, into our workplaces,
into our cities, into our workplaces,
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Ugradnjom interakcije licem u lice
u naše gradove, u naše radne prostore,
u naše gradove, u naše radne prostore,
14:35
into our agendas
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u naš dnevni red
14:37
bolsters the immune system,
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ćemo da ojačamo imunitet,
14:39
sends feel-good hormones
surging through the bloodstream and brain
surging through the bloodstream and brain
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hormoni dobrog raspoloženja
će da prokuljaju kroz naš krvotok i mozak
će da prokuljaju kroz naš krvotok i mozak
14:43
and helps us live longer.
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i pomoći će nam da živimo duže.
14:45
I call this building your village,
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Ovo nazivam izgradnjom ličnog sela,
14:48
and building it and sustaining it
is a matter of life and death.
is a matter of life and death.
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a njegova izgradnja i održavanje
su pitanja života i smrti.
su pitanja života i smrti.
14:52
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
14:54
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
15:00
Helen Walters: Susan, come back.
I have a question for you.
I have a question for you.
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Helen Volters: Suzan, vrati se.
Imam pitanje za tebe.
Imam pitanje za tebe.
15:02
I'm wondering if there's a middle path.
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Pitam se da li postoji srednji put.
15:04
So you talk about the neurotransmitters
connecting when in face-to-face,
connecting when in face-to-face,
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Dakle, govoriš o neurotransimterima
koji se povezuju tokom suočavanja,
koji se povezuju tokom suočavanja,
no šta je sa digitalnom tehnologijom?
15:08
but what about digital technology?
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15:09
We've seen enormous improvements
in digital technology
in digital technology
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Videli smo ogroman napredak
u digitalnoj tehnologiji,
u digitalnoj tehnologiji,
15:12
like FaceTime, things like that.
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poput Fejs tajma, i slično.
15:15
Does that work too?
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Da li to deluje takođe?
15:16
I mean, I see my nephew.
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Mislim, gledam mog nećaka.
15:17
He plays Minecraft
and he's yelling at his friends.
and he's yelling at his friends.
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Igra Majnkraft i viče na prijatelje.
15:20
It seems like he's connecting pretty well.
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Čini se da je prilično dobro povezan.
15:22
Is that useful? Is that helpful?
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Da li je to korisno? Da li to pomaže?
15:23
Susan Pinker: Some of the data
are just emerging.
are just emerging.
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Suzan Pinker: Neki podaci
se tek pojavljuju.
se tek pojavljuju.
15:26
The data are so fresh
that the digital revolution happened
that the digital revolution happened
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Podaci su toliko sveži
jer se digitalna revolucija desila,
jer se digitalna revolucija desila,
15:29
and the health data trailed behind.
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a zdravstveni podaci zaostaju.
15:32
So we're just learning,
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Dakle, tek saznajemo,
15:33
but I would say
there are some improvements
there are some improvements
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ali bih rekla da postoje neka poboljšanja
koja možemo
da postignemo kod tehnologije.
da postignemo kod tehnologije.
15:35
that we could make in the technology.
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15:37
For example, the camera on your laptop
is at the top of the screen,
is at the top of the screen,
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Na primer, kamera na vašem laptopu
je na vrhu ekrana,
je na vrhu ekrana,
15:40
so for example, when you're
looking into the screen,
looking into the screen,
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pa, na primer, kada gledate u ekran,
15:43
you're not actually making eye contact.
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zapravo ne održavate kontakt očima.
15:45
So something as simple
as even just looking into the camera
as even just looking into the camera
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Dakle, nešto prosto kao gledanje u kameru
15:48
can increase those neurotransmitters,
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može da umnoži te neurotransmitere
15:51
or maybe changing
the position of the camera.
the position of the camera.
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ili, pak, menjanje mesta kamere.
15:53
So it's not identical, but I think
we are getting closer with the technology.
we are getting closer with the technology.
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Dakle, nije identično, ali mislim
da smo sve bliži što se tiče tehnologije.
da smo sve bliži što se tiče tehnologije.
15:57
HW: Great. Thank you so much.
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HV: Sjajno. Mnogo ti hvala.
15:59
SP: Thank you.
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SP: Hvala vam.
16:00
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Susan Pinker - Developmental psychologistSusan Pinker reveals how in-person social interactions are not only necessary for human happiness but also could be a key to health and longevity.
Why you should listen
In her award-winning book The Sexual Paradox, psychologist Susan Pinker argued that biological differences could play an unexpectedly large role in creating classroom, lifespan and workplace gender gaps. With The Village Effect, she tracks another current: how social, face-to-face interactions are critical not only for our happiness but also for our survival, and how technology can isolate us from these life-saving bonds. As she writes: "Neglecting to keep in close contact with people who are important to you is at least as dangerous to your health as a pack-a-day cigarette habit, hypertension or obesity."
In addition to her books, Pinker writes a column for the Wall Street Journal, "Mind and Matter," which illuminates surprising advances in human behavior research. Pinker’s numerous writings (including her weekly columns "Problem Solving" and "The Business Brain") have appeared in the Guardian, the New York Times and Financial Times, among many others.
Susan Pinker | Speaker | TED.com