TED2017
Susan Pinker: The secret to living longer may be your social life
蘇珊平克: 長壽的秘密可能是你的社交生活
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義大利島嶼薩丁尼亞的人瑞數是義大利本土的六倍，北美的十倍。為什麼？根據心理學家蘇珊平克所言，島民能健康，並非因為開朗性情或低脂無麩質飲食──而是因為他們重視親密個人關係以及面對面互動。聽聽平克解釋如何才能活過百歲，來對超人瑞有更多的了解。
Susan Pinker - Developmental psychologist
Susan Pinker reveals how in-person social interactions are not only necessary for human happiness but also could be a key to health and longevity. Full bio
Susan Pinker reveals how in-person social interactions are not only necessary for human happiness but also could be a key to health and longevity. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Here's an intriguing fact.
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告訴你們一個有趣的事實。
00:15
In the developed world,
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在已開發國家，
00:17
everywhere, women live an average
of six to eight years longer than men do.
of six to eight years longer than men do.
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不論在哪，女性的平均壽命
都比男性高出六到八年。
都比男性高出六到八年。
00:22
Six to eight years longer.
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高出六到八年。
00:25
That's, like, a huge gap.
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那是個很大的落差。
在 2015 年，「刺胳針」
刊出了一篇文章，
刊出了一篇文章，
00:28
In 2015, the "Lancet" published an article
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00:31
showing that men in rich countries
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在富有的國家中，比起女人，
00:34
are twice as likely to die as women are
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男人的死亡可能性是兩倍高，
00:37
at any age.
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不論任何年齡。
00:39
But there is one place in the world
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但世界上有一個地方，
00:42
where men live as long as women.
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那兒的男人跟女人一樣長壽。
00:44
It's a remote, mountainous zone,
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它是個遍遠、多山的地區，
00:46
a blue zone,
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一個藍色慢活區，
00:47
where super longevity
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對兩種性別來說，
00:49
is common to both sexes.
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超長壽都很常見。
這個藍色慢活區位在薩丁尼亞，
00:52
This is the blue zone in Sardinia,
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00:53
an Italian island in the Mediterranean,
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地中海的一個義大利島嶼，
00:55
between Corsica and Tunisia,
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在科西嘉島與突尼西亞之間，
00:58
where there are six times
as many centenarians
as many centenarians
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在那兒的百歲人瑞數量，
01:01
as on the Italian mainland,
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是義大利本土的六倍之多。
01:03
less than 200 miles away.
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距離只差不到 200 英哩。
01:05
There are 10 times as many centenarians
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那兒的人瑞數量是
01:07
as there are in North America.
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北美的十倍。
01:10
It's the only place
where men live as long as women.
where men live as long as women.
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只有在那裡，
男人才與女人一樣長壽。
男人才與女人一樣長壽。
01:13
But why?
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但，為什麼？
01:14
My curiosity was piqued.
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我十分好奇。
01:16
I decided to research the sights
and the habits of the place,
and the habits of the place,
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我決定研究那個地方的
科學以及習慣，
科學以及習慣，
01:20
and I started with the genetic profile.
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我從基因資料開始研究。
01:22
I discovered soon enough
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我很快就發現，
01:24
that genes account for just
25 percent of their longevity.
25 percent of their longevity.
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他們的長壽原因只有 25% 是基因。
01:28
The other 75 percent is lifestyle.
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另外 75% 是生活方式。
01:32
So what does it take
to live to 100 or beyond?
to live to 100 or beyond?
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所以，要做什麼才能活到百歲以上？
01:35
What are they doing right?
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他們做對了什麼？
01:37
What you're looking at
is an aerial view of Villagrande.
is an aerial view of Villagrande.
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這張照片是從鳥瞰視角
看到的維拉格蘭德。
看到的維拉格蘭德。
01:40
It's a village at the epicenter
of the blue zone
of the blue zone
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它是藍色慢活區中心的村子，
01:43
where I went to investigate this,
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我到這個村子來做調查此事，
01:45
and as you can see, architectural beauty
is not its main virtue,
is not its main virtue,
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你們可以看到，建築之美
並非它的主要強項，
並非它的主要強項，
01:50
density is:
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密度才是：
01:52
tightly spaced houses,
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緊密分佈的房子、
01:54
interwoven alleys and streets.
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交織的巷弄和街道。
01:57
It means that the villagers' lives
constantly intersect.
constantly intersect.
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這意味著村民的生活經常有交集。
02:01
And as I walked through the village,
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我走過村子時，
02:03
I could feel hundreds
of pairs of eyes watching me
of pairs of eyes watching me
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我可以感受到
有數百雙眼睛正在看我，
有數百雙眼睛正在看我，
02:06
from behind doorways and curtains,
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他們躲在門後、窗簾後、
02:08
from behind shutters.
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百葉窗後。
02:10
Because like all ancient villages,
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因為和所有古老的村子一樣，
02:13
Villagrande couldn't have survived
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維拉格蘭德若沒有這個結構、
02:15
without this structure,
without its walls, without its cathedral,
without its walls, without its cathedral,
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它的牆壁、它的大教堂、
它的村子廣場，
它的村子廣場，
02:18
without its village square,
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就不可能存活下來的，
02:20
because defense and social cohesion
defined its design.
defined its design.
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因為防禦以及社會凝聚
定義了它的設計。
定義了它的設計。
02:25
Urban priorities changed as we moved
towards the industrial revolution
towards the industrial revolution
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隨著我們走向工業革命，
都市的優先順序改變了，
都市的優先順序改變了，
02:29
because infectious disease
became the risk of the day.
became the risk of the day.
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因為感染性疾病變成了日常風險。
02:32
But what about now?
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但現在呢？
02:34
Now, social isolation
is the public health risk of our time.
is the public health risk of our time.
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現在，我們時代面對的
公共健康風險是社交隔離。
公共健康風險是社交隔離。
02:39
Now, a third of the population says
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現在，有三分之一的人口說，
02:42
they have two or fewer people to lean on.
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他們能依靠的人只有兩個以下。
02:45
But let's go to Villagrande
now as a contrast
now as a contrast
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我們去看看維拉格蘭德
這個對比的例子，
這個對比的例子，
02:48
to meet some centenarians.
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來見見一些百歲人瑞。
02:50
Meet Giuseppe Murinu.
He's 102, a supercentenarian
He's 102, a supercentenarian
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見見吉賽皮莫里諾，
102 歲，是個超級人瑞，
102 歲，是個超級人瑞，
02:54
and a lifelong resident
of the village of Villagrande.
of the village of Villagrande.
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一生都住在維拉格蘭德村裡。
02:57
He was a gregarious man.
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他很愛交際，
02:59
He loved to recount stories
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他很愛詳細敘述故事，
03:02
such as how he lived like a bird
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比如，在不只一次世界大戰，
03:03
from what he could find
on the forest floor
on the forest floor
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而是在兩次世界大戰中，他如何能
03:06
during not one but two world wars,
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用他在森林地上找到的東西，
像鳥兒般地生活，
像鳥兒般地生活，
03:09
how he and his wife,
who also lived past 100,
who also lived past 100,
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他和同樣也活過百歲的太太，
03:12
raised six children
in a small, homey kitchen
in a small, homey kitchen
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如何在一個小型家庭廚房中
養大六個孩子，
養大六個孩子，
03:16
where I interviewed him.
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也就是我訪問他的地方。
03:17
Here he is with his sons
Angelo and Domenico,
Angelo and Domenico,
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這是他和他的兒子：
安吉羅與多明尼柯，
安吉羅與多明尼柯，
03:20
both in their 70s
and looking after their father,
and looking after their father,
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他們都七十多歲了，
並照顧著他們的父親，
並照顧著他們的父親，
03:23
and who were quite frankly
very suspicious of me and my daughter
very suspicious of me and my daughter
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他們其實非常懷疑我以及
03:27
who came along with me
on this research trip,
on this research trip,
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在這趟研究之旅中陪同我的女兒，
03:30
because the flip side of social cohesion
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因為社會凝聚的另一面，
03:33
is a wariness of strangers and outsiders.
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就是對陌生人、外來者都小心翼翼。
03:36
But Giuseppe, he wasn't suspicious at all.
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但吉賽皮完全不懷疑。
03:40
He was a happy-go-lucky guy,
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他是隨遇而安的人，
03:42
very outgoing with a positive outlook.
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非常外向，看法都很正面。
03:45
And I wondered: so is that what it takes
to live to be 100 or beyond,
to live to be 100 or beyond,
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我很好奇：這是活過百歲的原因？
03:50
thinking positively?
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因為正面思考？
事實上，不是。
03:54
Actually, no.
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03:55
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
04:00
Meet Giovanni Corrias. He's 101,
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見見吉瓦尼柯里亞斯，101 歲，
04:03
the grumpiest person I have ever met.
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我遇過最性情乖戾的人。
04:06
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
04:08
And he put a lie to the notion
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如果說一定要正面才能長壽，
04:09
that you have to be positive
to live a long life.
to live a long life.
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他就是個反例。
04:13
And there is evidence for this.
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這是有證據的。
04:15
When I asked him why he lived so long,
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當我問他為什麼他如此長壽，
04:17
he kind of looked at me
under hooded eyelids and he growled,
under hooded eyelids and he growled,
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他用有點被眼皮蓋住的眼睛
看著我，然後低吼：
看著我，然後低吼：
04:21
"Nobody has to know my secrets."
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「沒有人能知道我的秘密。」
04:23
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
04:25
But despite being a sourpuss,
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儘管他是個令人掃興的人，
04:27
the niece who lived with him
and looked after him
and looked after him
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與他同住並照料他的姪女
04:30
called him "Il Tesoro," "my treasure."
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稱他是「我的寶藏」。
04:33
And she respected him and loved him,
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她尊敬他，愛他，
04:36
and she told me, when I questioned
this obvious loss of her freedom,
this obvious loss of her freedom,
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當我質疑她明顯失去了
她的自由時，她告訴我：
她的自由時，她告訴我：
04:41
"You just don't understand, do you?
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「你就是搞不懂，對吧？
04:43
Looking after this man is a pleasure.
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照顧這個人是種樂趣。
04:46
It's a huge privilege for me.
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對我來說是個榮幸。
04:48
This is my heritage."
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這是我的家庭。」
04:50
And indeed, wherever I went
to interview these centenarians,
to interview these centenarians,
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的確，不論我去哪兒
訪問這些百歲人瑞，
訪問這些百歲人瑞，
我都會找到一個廚房派對。
04:53
I found a kitchen party.
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04:55
Here's Giovanni with his two nieces,
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這是吉瓦尼和他的兩個姪女，
04:57
Maria above him
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上面是瑪莉亞，
04:58
and beside him his great-niece Sara,
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旁邊是姪孫女莎拉，
05:00
who came when I was there
to bring fresh fruits and vegetables.
to bring fresh fruits and vegetables.
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當時我遇到莎拉帶著
新鮮水果和蔬菜過去。
新鮮水果和蔬菜過去。
05:04
And I quickly discovered by being there
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身處那兒，我很快就發現，
05:07
that in the blue zone, as people age,
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在藍色慢活區內，隨著人們長大，
05:09
and indeed across their lifespans,
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的確在他們的一生中，
05:12
they're always surrounded
by extended family, by friends,
by extended family, by friends,
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他們身邊總是圍繞著
許多家人、友人、
許多家人、友人、
05:16
by neighbors, the priest,
the barkeeper, the grocer.
the barkeeper, the grocer.
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鄰居、牧師、酒保、雜貨老闆。
05:19
People are always there or dropping by.
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人們總是會在那裡，或是路過拜訪。
05:22
They are never left
to live solitary lives.
to live solitary lives.
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他們從來不用過獨居生活。
05:25
This is unlike the rest
of the developed world,
of the developed world,
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這點和已開發世界很不一樣，
喬治伯恩斯嘲弄它：
05:28
where as George Burns quipped,
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05:29
"Happiness is having a large,
loving, caring family in another city."
loving, caring family in another city."
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「幸福就是有個慈愛、關懷的
大家庭，但它在另一個城市裡。」
大家庭，但它在另一個城市裡。」
05:34
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
05:36
Now, so far we've only met men,
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目前我們只說到男人，
05:39
long-living men, but I met women too,
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長壽的男人，但我也有見到女人，
05:41
and here you see Zia Teresa.
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這位是吉雅泰莉莎。
05:43
She, at over 100, taught me
how to make the local specialty,
how to make the local specialty,
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她超過一百歲，還能教我
如何做當地的特色菜，
如何做當地的特色菜，
05:48
which is called culurgiones,
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稱為「culurgiones」，
05:49
which are these large pasta pockets
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是種大型的義大利麵袋餅，
05:52
like ravioli about this size,
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就像餃子，但有這麼大，
05:55
this size,
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這麼大，
05:56
and they're filled
with high-fat ricotta and mint
with high-fat ricotta and mint
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裡面裝滿高脂的軟酪及薄荷，
05:59
and drenched in tomato sauce.
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且泡在蕃茄醬裡。
06:01
And she showed me
how to make just the right crimp
how to make just the right crimp
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她教我如何做到最剛好的皺褶，
06:05
so they wouldn't open,
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讓它不會破開，
06:06
and she makes them
with her daughters every Sunday
with her daughters every Sunday
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每個星期日她都會
與女兒們做這道菜，
與女兒們做這道菜，
06:09
and distributes them
by the dozens to neighbors and friends.
by the dozens to neighbors and friends.
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再分給許多鄰居及友人。
06:13
And that's when I discovered
a low-fat, gluten-free diet
a low-fat, gluten-free diet
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那時我才發現，低脂無麩質飲食
06:16
is not what it takes
to live to 100 in the blue zone.
to live to 100 in the blue zone.
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並非讓人在藍色慢活區
活過百歲的原因。
活過百歲的原因。
06:19
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
06:22
Now, these centenarians' stories
along with the science that underpins them
along with the science that underpins them
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這些百歲人瑞的故事、
以及其背後的科學，
以及其背後的科學，
06:27
prompted me to ask myself
some questions too,
some questions too,
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使我也開始問我自己一些問題，
06:30
such as, when am I going to die
and how can I put that day off?
and how can I put that day off?
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比如，當我快要死了，
我要如何延後死期？
我要如何延後死期？
06:34
And as you will see,
the answer is not what we expect.
the answer is not what we expect.
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你們將會看到，
答案和我們預期的不一樣。
答案和我們預期的不一樣。
06:38
Julianne Holt-Lunstad is a researcher
at Brigham Young University
at Brigham Young University
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茱莉安霍特朗斯戴
是楊百翰大學的研究者，
是楊百翰大學的研究者，
06:42
and she addressed this very question
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她為了說明這個問題，
06:44
in a series of studies
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做了一系列的研究，
06:46
of tens of thousands of middle aged people
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對象是數萬名中年人，
06:49
much like this audience here.
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很像在座各位。
06:51
And she looked at every
aspect of their lifestyle:
aspect of their lifestyle:
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她研究了他們
生活方式中的每個面向：
生活方式中的每個面向：
06:54
their diet, their exercise,
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他們的飲食、運動、
06:56
their marital status,
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婚姻狀況、
06:57
how often they went to the doctor,
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多常去看醫生、
06:59
whether they smoked or drank, etc.
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是否抽煙或喝酒等等。
07:02
She recorded all of this
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她把這些全都記錄下來，
07:04
and then she and her colleagues
sat tight and waited for seven years
sat tight and waited for seven years
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她和同事耐心等待了七年，
07:08
to see who would still be breathing.
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再去看誰還活著。
07:11
And of the people left standing,
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還活著的人當中，
07:14
what reduced their chances
of dying the most?
of dying the most?
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降低他們死亡的機率的主因是什麼？
那是她想研究的問題。
07:18
That was her question.
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07:20
So let's now look at her data in summary,
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我們現在來看看她的資料的總整，
07:23
going from the least powerful
predictor to the strongest.
predictor to the strongest.
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從最弱到最強的預測變數。
07:28
OK?
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好嗎？
07:29
So clean air, which is great,
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乾淨的空氣，這很棒，
07:31
it doesn't predict how long you will live.
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但不能預測你能活多久。
07:35
Whether you have your hypertension treated
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你有沒有去治療你的高血壓，
07:37
is good.
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很好。
07:39
Still not a strong predictor.
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但仍然不是強力的預測變數。
07:40
Whether you're lean or overweight,
you can stop feeling guilty about this,
you can stop feeling guilty about this,
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你是胖還是瘦，你們可以
不用再為此有罪惡感了，
不用再為此有罪惡感了，
07:44
because it's only in third place.
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因為這只排第三。
07:46
How much exercise you get is next,
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下一位是你做了多少運動，
07:49
still only a moderate predictor.
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只是中等的預測變數。
07:51
Whether you've had a cardiac event
and you're in rehab and exercising,
and you're in rehab and exercising,
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你是否曾有心臟病發作
及你是否在做復健及運動，
及你是否在做復健及運動，
07:56
getting higher now.
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預測力越來越高了。
07:58
Whether you've had a flu vaccine.
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你是否接種過流感疫苗。
07:59
Did anybody here know
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這裡有人知道
08:00
that having a flu vaccine
protects you more than doing exercise?
protects you more than doing exercise?
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3800
流感疫苗比做運動更能保護你嗎？
08:06
Whether you were drinking and quit,
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你曾喝酒但戒了、
08:09
or whether you're a moderate drinker,
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1976
或你是中度飲酒者，
08:11
whether you don't smoke,
or if you did, whether you quit,
or if you did, whether you quit,
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你不抽煙或曾抽煙是否已戒掉，
08:15
and getting towards the top predictors
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接著是最強的預測變數
08:19
are two features of your social life.
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是社交生活中的兩項特徵。
08:22
First, your close relationships.
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第一，你的親密關係。
08:25
These are the people
that you can call on for a loan
that you can call on for a loan
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這些人是如果你突然需要錢時，
08:29
if you need money suddenly,
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2616
可以打電話去借的對象，
08:32
who will call the doctor
if you're not feeling well
if you're not feeling well
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如果你覺得不舒服，會叫醫生
08:34
or who will take you to the hospital,
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或帶你去醫院的人，
08:36
or who will sit with you
if you're having an existential crisis,
if you're having an existential crisis,
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4816
或是如果你有危機、
如果你很絕望時，
如果你很絕望時，
08:41
if you're in despair.
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1976
會陪在你身邊的人。
08:43
Those people, that little clutch of people
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那些人，那一小群人，
08:46
are a strong predictor, if you have them,
of how long you'll live.
of how long you'll live.
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3537
如果你有這些人，這因素是
你能活多久的強度預測變數。
你能活多久的強度預測變數。
08:49
And then something that surprised me,
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接著，出乎我意料的是，
08:51
something that's called
social integration.
social integration.
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所謂的社會整合。
08:54
This means how much
you interact with people
you interact with people
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這是指你每一天和他人有多少互動。
08:58
as you move through your day.
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1400
09:00
How many people do you talk to?
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你會跟幾個人說話？
09:02
And these mean both
your weak and your strong bonds,
your weak and your strong bonds,
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這包括你的弱連結及強連結，
09:06
so not just the people
you're really close to,
you're really close to,
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不單單是指你很親近的人、
09:09
who mean a lot to you,
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對你很重要的人，
09:10
but, like, do you talk to the guy
who every day makes you your coffee?
who every day makes you your coffee?
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4536
但也包括，你是否會和每天
幫你做咖啡的那個人說話？
幫你做咖啡的那個人說話？
09:14
Do you talk to the postman?
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你會和郵差說話嗎？
09:16
Do you talk to the woman who walks
by your house every day with her dog?
by your house every day with her dog?
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3456
你會和每天遛狗
經過你家的女人說話嗎？
經過你家的女人說話嗎？
09:20
Do you play bridge or poker,
have a book club?
have a book club?
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你會玩橋牌或撲克牌、
參加讀書俱樂部嗎？
參加讀書俱樂部嗎？
09:23
Those interactions
are one of the strongest predictors
are one of the strongest predictors
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3176
那些互動就是用來預測你能活多久的
09:26
of how long you'll live.
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重要變數之一。
09:27
Now, this leads me to the next question:
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這就帶出了我的下一個問題：
09:30
if we now spend more time online
than on any other activity,
than on any other activity,
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5416
如果現在我們花更多時間
在上網而非其他活動，
在上網而非其他活動，
09:36
including sleeping,
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包括睡覺，
09:37
we're now up to 11 hours a day,
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我們現在達到一天 11 小時之多，
09:40
one hour more than last year, by the way,
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順便一提，比去年成長了 1 小時，
09:42
does it make a difference?
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這樣會有差別嗎？
09:44
Why distinguish
between interacting in person
between interacting in person
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為什麼要區別當面互動
09:48
and interacting via social media?
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與透過社交媒體互動？
09:50
Is it the same thing as being there
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2856
比如，如果你常常透過傳訊息
09:53
if you're in contact constantly
with your kids through text, for example?
with your kids through text, for example?
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3680
來和你的孩子聯絡，
這和親自在他們身邊一樣嗎？
這和親自在他們身邊一樣嗎？
09:58
Well, the short answer
to the question is no,
to the question is no,
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2136
簡短答案是：不一樣。
10:00
it's not the same thing.
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1656
兩者是不同的。
10:02
Face-to-face contact releases
a whole cascade of neurotransmitters,
a whole cascade of neurotransmitters,
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4816
面對面接觸會釋放很多
神經傳遞介質，
神經傳遞介質，
10:06
and like a vaccine,
they protect you now in the present
they protect you now in the present
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3296
就像疫苗，它能在當前保護你，
10:10
and well into the future.
213
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1856
也能在未來保護你。
10:12
So simply making
eye contact with somebody,
eye contact with somebody,
214
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2520
所以單單和一個人對到眼、
10:15
shaking hands, giving somebody a high-five
215
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2576
握個手、擊個掌，
10:18
is enough to release oxytocin,
216
606200
2056
就足以釋放這些催產素，
10:20
which increases your level of trust
217
608280
2216
它能增加你的信賴度，
10:22
and it lowers your cortisol levels.
218
610520
1840
降低你的皮質醇。
10:24
So it lowers your stress.
219
612920
1840
所以它能降低你的壓力。
10:27
And dopamine is generated,
which gives us a little high
which gives us a little high
220
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2816
也會產生多巴胺，能讓
我們情緒稍微高漲，
我們情緒稍微高漲，
10:30
and it kills pain.
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且能除去痛苦。
10:31
It's like a naturally produced morphine.
222
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2920
它就像是天然嗎啡。
10:35
Now, all of this passes
under our conscious radar,
under our conscious radar,
223
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2696
這個都不是我們的
意識雷達能偵測到的，
意識雷達能偵測到的，
10:37
which is why we conflate
online activity with the real thing.
online activity with the real thing.
224
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3680
這就是為什麼我們會把
線上活動和真實活動混淆。
線上活動和真實活動混淆。
10:42
But we do have evidence now,
fresh evidence,
fresh evidence,
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2336
但我們現在確實有新的證據了，
10:44
that there is a difference.
226
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1336
能證明兩者有差別。
10:45
So let's look at some of the neuroscience.
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2056
我們來看一些神經科學。
10:48
Elizabeth Redcay, a neuroscientist
at the University of Maryland,
at the University of Maryland,
228
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3296
伊麗莎白瑞德凱是
馬里蘭大學的神經科學家，
馬里蘭大學的神經科學家，
10:51
tried to map the difference
229
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1816
她試圖描繪出
10:53
between what goes on in our brains
when we interact in person
when we interact in person
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3656
當我們當面與人互動時、
及當觀看靜態目標時，
及當觀看靜態目標時，
10:56
versus when we're watching
something that's static.
something that's static.
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3216
腦中的反應有什麼差別。
11:00
And what she did was
she compared the brain function
she compared the brain function
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2429
她的做法是比較大腦功能差異，
11:02
of two groups of people,
233
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2043
她用了這兩組人：
11:04
those interacting live with her
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3296
在動態的對話中，一組是
11:07
or with one of her research associates
235
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2136
和她或是她其中一名同事
11:10
in a dynamic conversation,
236
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2176
進行互動的人，
11:12
and she compared that
to the brain activity of people
to the brain activity of people
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2496
然後把這組人的大腦活動
11:14
who were watching her talk
about the same subject
about the same subject
238
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3736
跟另一群只是從預錄影片，
如 YouTube 影片，
如 YouTube 影片，
11:18
but in a canned video, like on YouTube.
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2480
觀看她談論同主題的人做比較。
11:21
And by the way, if you want to know
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1696
順道一提，如果你們想知道
11:23
how she fit two people
in an MRI scanner at the same time,
in an MRI scanner at the same time,
241
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2816
她如何同時把兩個人
放進 MRI 掃瞄機，
放進 MRI 掃瞄機，
11:26
talk to me later.
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1200
晚點再來找我。
11:28
So what's the difference?
243
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2400
所以，差異是什麼？
11:31
This is your brain
on real social interaction.
on real social interaction.
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2720
在真實社交互動時，
你的大腦是這樣的。
你的大腦是這樣的。
11:34
What you're seeing
is the difference in brain activity
is the difference in brain activity
245
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2896
你所看到的是大腦活動的差異，
11:37
between interacting in person
and taking in static content.
and taking in static content.
246
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5136
在與人當面互動跟
接收靜態內容時的差異。
接收靜態內容時的差異。
11:42
In orange, you see the brain areas
that are associated with attention,
that are associated with attention,
247
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4976
橘色的大腦區域在掌管注意力、
社交智慧──
11:47
social intelligence --
248
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1216
11:49
that means anticipating
what somebody else is thinking
what somebody else is thinking
249
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2576
也就是預測其他人在想什麼、
11:51
and feeling and planning --
250
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1736
感受如何、有何計畫──
11:53
and emotional reward.
251
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1536
及情緒報酬。
11:55
And these areas become much more engaged
252
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2776
當我們與真實伙伴互動時，
11:57
when we're interacting
with a live partner.
with a live partner.
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這些區域就會被大量使用。
12:02
Now, these richer brain signatures
254
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2696
這些較豐富的大腦特徵，
12:04
might be why recruiters
from Fortune 500 companies
from Fortune 500 companies
255
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4056
可能就是為什麼財富 500 強公司中
負責評估新員工候選人的招聘人員，
12:08
evaluating candidates
256
716920
1936
12:10
thought that the candidates were smarter
257
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2776
對同一個候選人，
在能聽到他的聲音時，
在能聽到他的聲音時，
12:13
when they heard their voices
258
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1480
判定他的聰明程度，
12:16
compared to when they just
read their pitches in a text, for example,
read their pitches in a text, for example,
259
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3256
會高於只看他寫的簡介、
電子郵件、信件時，
電子郵件、信件時，
12:19
or an email or a letter.
260
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1416
所判定的聰明度。
12:20
Now, our voices and body language
convey a rich signal.
convey a rich signal.
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2776
我們的聲音和肢體語言
能傳遞很豐富的訊息，
能傳遞很豐富的訊息，
12:23
It shows that we're thinking, feeling,
262
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2016
展現出我們是會思考、有感覺、
12:25
sentient human beings
263
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有感情的人類，
12:27
who are much more than an algorithm.
264
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2496
絕對不只是一個演算法。
12:29
Now, this research by Nicholas Epley
265
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2056
芝加哥大學商學院的
12:32
at the University of Chicago
Business School
Business School
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3280
尼可拉斯艾普利做了一項研究，
12:36
is quite amazing because
it tells us a simple thing.
it tells us a simple thing.
267
744440
2680
很驚人的是這研究
告訴我們的事很簡單：
告訴我們的事很簡單：
12:39
If somebody hears your voice,
268
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如果有人聽到你的聲音，
12:41
they think you're smarter.
269
749840
1320
他們就會覺得你比較聰明。
12:43
I mean, that's quite a simple thing.
270
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2080
那是很簡單的一件事。
12:47
Now, to return to the beginning,
271
755320
1920
現在，回到最開頭，
12:50
why do women live longer than men?
272
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1896
為什麼女性的壽命比男性長？
12:51
And one major reason
is that women are more likely
is that women are more likely
273
759960
2336
一個主要原因是，女人比較有可能
12:54
to prioritize and groom
their face-to-face relationships
their face-to-face relationships
274
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3376
在她們的人生中
把面對面的關係排為優先，
把面對面的關係排為優先，
12:57
over their lifespans.
275
765720
1656
並好好照料這些關係。
12:59
Fresh evidence shows
276
767400
1656
新的證據顯示，
13:01
that these in-person friendships
277
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1696
這些親自參與的友誼，
13:02
create a biological force field
against disease and decline.
against disease and decline.
278
770800
3976
能創造出生物力場，
來對抗疾病和衰退。
來對抗疾病和衰退。
13:06
And it's not just true of humans
279
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2176
不只對人類是如此，
13:09
but their primate relations,
our primate relations as well.
our primate relations as well.
280
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3376
靈長類的關係都是如此。
13:12
Anthropologist Joan Silk's work
shows that female baboons
shows that female baboons
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3656
人類學家瓊安西爾克的研究指出，
有一群雌性朋友的母狒狒，
13:16
who have a core of female friends
282
784080
2896
13:19
show lower levels of stress
via their cortisol levels,
via their cortisol levels,
283
787000
3576
從皮質醇量可以顯示
牠們的壓力比較低，
牠們的壓力比較低，
13:22
they live longer and they have
more surviving offspring.
more surviving offspring.
284
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3480
牠們壽命較長，
且孩子比較有機會存活。
且孩子比較有機會存活。
13:26
At least three stable relationships.
285
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2376
至少要有三個穩定的關係，
13:29
That was the magic number.
286
797040
1496
這就是魔術數字。
13:30
Think about it.
287
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1216
好好想想。
13:31
I hope you guys have three.
288
799800
1286
我希望你們有三個。
13:34
The power of such face-to-face contact
289
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3280
這種面對面接觸的力量，
13:38
is really why there are
the lowest rates of dementia
the lowest rates of dementia
290
806480
2816
就是為什麼社交參與度高的人
13:41
among people who are socially engaged.
291
809320
2816
會痴呆的比例比較低。
13:44
It's why women who have breast cancer
292
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它也是為何有乳癌的女人
13:46
are four times more likely
to survive their disease than loners are.
to survive their disease than loners are.
293
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5296
存活率還比獨來獨往者高四倍。
13:51
Why men who've had a stroke
who meet regularly to play poker
who meet regularly to play poker
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也就是為什麼曾中風過的男人，
如果常與人見面玩牌、
如果常與人見面玩牌、
13:55
or to have coffee
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或喝咖啡、
13:57
or to play old-timer's hockey --
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或打老人曲棍──
13:59
I'm Canadian, after all --
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畢竟我是加拿大人──
14:00
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
14:01
are better protected
by that social contact
by that social contact
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他們受到社交接觸的保護，
14:04
than they are by medication.
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高於受到藥物的保護。
14:06
Why men who've had a stroke
who meet regularly --
who meet regularly --
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也是為什麼曾中風過的男人，
如果常見面──
14:09
this is something very
powerful they can do.
powerful they can do.
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這是他們能做的一件非常強大的事。
14:11
This face-to-face contact
provides stunning benefits,
provides stunning benefits,
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這種面對面接觸提供了驚人的益處，
14:15
yet now almost a quarter of the population
says they have no one to talk to.
says they have no one to talk to.
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但幾乎有四分之一的人口，
說他們沒有人可以談話。
說他們沒有人可以談話。
14:21
We can do something about this.
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對此，我們可以做點什麼，
14:23
Like Sardinian villagers,
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像薩丁尼亞的村民，
14:25
it's a biological imperative
to know we belong,
to know we belong,
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知道我們屬於團體，
是一種生物需求，
是一種生物需求，
14:29
and not just the women among us.
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不只是我們當中的女性獨有。
14:31
Building in-person interaction
into our cities, into our workplaces,
into our cities, into our workplaces,
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將當面的互動建立到我們的
城市中、我們的工作地點中、
城市中、我們的工作地點中、
14:35
into our agendas
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我們的議程中，
能強化免疫系統，
14:37
bolsters the immune system,
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14:39
sends feel-good hormones
surging through the bloodstream and brain
surging through the bloodstream and brain
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透過血液和大腦來傳送
感覺很好的荷爾蒙，
感覺很好的荷爾蒙，
14:43
and helps us live longer.
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協助我們更長壽。
14:45
I call this building your village,
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我稱這個叫做建立你的村子，
14:48
and building it and sustaining it
is a matter of life and death.
is a matter of life and death.
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建立它、維護它，它悠關生死。
14:52
Thank you.
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謝謝大家。
14:54
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
15:00
Helen Walters: Susan, come back.
I have a question for you.
I have a question for you.
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海倫華特斯：蘇珊，請回來。
我有個問題想請教你。
我有個問題想請教你。
我很好奇是否有條中道？
15:02
I'm wondering if there's a middle path.
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你談到在面對面時會有
神經傳遞介質在做連結，
神經傳遞介質在做連結，
15:04
So you talk about the neurotransmitters
connecting when in face-to-face,
connecting when in face-to-face,
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15:08
but what about digital technology?
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但數位科技呢？
15:09
We've seen enormous improvements
in digital technology
in digital technology
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我們已經在數位科技上
看到巨大的改善，
看到巨大的改善，
15:12
like FaceTime, things like that.
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就像 FaceTime 之類的。
（註：視訊通話應用程式）
（註：視訊通話應用程式）
15:15
Does that work too?
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那也有用嗎？
15:16
I mean, I see my nephew.
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我看我的姪兒，
15:17
He plays Minecraft
and he's yelling at his friends.
and he's yelling at his friends.
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他會玩 Minecraft （創世神），
他會對他的朋友吼叫。
他會對他的朋友吼叫。
15:20
It seems like he's connecting pretty well.
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他的連結似乎挺好的。
那有用嗎？那有幫助嗎？
15:22
Is that useful? Is that helpful?
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15:23
Susan Pinker: Some of the data
are just emerging.
are just emerging.
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蘇珊平克：有些
這類的資料正在產生中。
這類的資料正在產生中。
15:26
The data are so fresh
that the digital revolution happened
that the digital revolution happened
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資料還很新，數位革命發生了，
15:29
and the health data trailed behind.
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而健康資料還落在後面。
15:32
So we're just learning,
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所以我們還在學習，
15:33
but I would say
there are some improvements
there are some improvements
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但我會說，對於科技，
15:35
that we could make in the technology.
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我們可以做些改善。
比如，筆記型電腦的攝影機
是在螢幕的上方，
是在螢幕的上方，
15:37
For example, the camera on your laptop
is at the top of the screen,
is at the top of the screen,
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15:40
so for example, when you're
looking into the screen,
looking into the screen,
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所以如果，當你看著螢幕的時候，
15:43
you're not actually making eye contact.
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你無法與對方真的對到眼。
15:45
So something as simple
as even just looking into the camera
as even just looking into the camera
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就像看著攝影機這麼簡單的事，
15:48
can increase those neurotransmitters,
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也能增加那些神經傳遞介質，
15:51
or maybe changing
the position of the camera.
the position of the camera.
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也許能改變攝影機的位置也可行。
15:53
So it's not identical, but I think
we are getting closer with the technology.
we are getting closer with the technology.
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不完全一樣，但我想科技
的確有越來越接近真實。
的確有越來越接近真實。
15:57
HW: Great. Thank you so much.
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海倫：非常謝謝你。
15:59
SP: Thank you.
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蘇珊：謝謝你。
16:00
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
Translated by Lilian Chiu
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Susan Pinker - Developmental psychologistSusan Pinker reveals how in-person social interactions are not only necessary for human happiness but also could be a key to health and longevity.
Why you should listen
In her award-winning book The Sexual Paradox, psychologist Susan Pinker argued that biological differences could play an unexpectedly large role in creating classroom, lifespan and workplace gender gaps. With The Village Effect, she tracks another current: how social, face-to-face interactions are critical not only for our happiness but also for our survival, and how technology can isolate us from these life-saving bonds. As she writes: "Neglecting to keep in close contact with people who are important to you is at least as dangerous to your health as a pack-a-day cigarette habit, hypertension or obesity."
In addition to her books, Pinker writes a column for the Wall Street Journal, "Mind and Matter," which illuminates surprising advances in human behavior research. Pinker’s numerous writings (including her weekly columns "Problem Solving" and "The Business Brain") have appeared in the Guardian, the New York Times and Financial Times, among many others.
Susan Pinker | Speaker | TED.com