TED2017
Susan Pinker: The secret to living longer may be your social life
苏珊 · 平克: 社交生活可能是长寿的秘籍
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意大利撒丁岛上的百岁老人是大陆的六倍多，也是北美的十倍。这是为什么呢？根据心理学家苏珊·平克的研究，使得那里的人们长寿的，既不是阳光普照，也不是低脂无糖饮食，而是他们对亲密关系和面对面互动关系的重视。想要了解怎样长寿，就看看平克是解释如何才能活到百岁及百岁以上的。
Susan Pinker - Developmental psychologist
Susan Pinker reveals how in-person social interactions are not only necessary for human happiness but also could be a key to health and longevity. Full bio
Susan Pinker reveals how in-person social interactions are not only necessary for human happiness but also could be a key to health and longevity. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Here's an intriguing fact.
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有一个非常奇妙的现象：
00:15
In the developed world,
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在发达国家，
普遍来说，女性的寿命
平均比男性多出六到八年。
平均比男性多出六到八年。
00:17
everywhere, women live an average
of six to eight years longer than men do.
of six to eight years longer than men do.
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00:22
Six to eight years longer.
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多活六到八年
00:25
That's, like, a huge gap.
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这就像一个鸿沟。
00:28
In 2015, the "Lancet" published an article
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在2015年，《柳叶刀》杂志
发表了一篇文章，
发表了一篇文章，
描述了经济发达国家的男性
00:31
showing that men in rich countries
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的死亡率是同龄女性的
00:34
are twice as likely to die as women are
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两倍。
00:37
at any age.
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00:39
But there is one place in the world
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但是世界上有一个国家
在那里，男性女性的寿命没差别。
00:42
where men live as long as women.
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00:44
It's a remote, mountainous zone,
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那是一个偏远的山区，
一片长寿区。
00:46
a blue zone,
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在那里，
00:47
where super longevity
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男性女性都普遍长寿。
00:49
is common to both sexes.
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00:52
This is the blue zone in Sardinia,
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这是一个在塞尔迪纳的长寿区
00:53
an Italian island in the Mediterranean,
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身处地中海的一座意大利小岛，
位于科西嘉岛和突尼斯之间。
00:55
between Corsica and Tunisia,
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在那里，
百岁及百岁以上的老人的数目
百岁及百岁以上的老人的数目
00:58
where there are six times
as many centenarians
as many centenarians
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是意大利本土的六倍，
01:01
as on the Italian mainland,
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而两者相距不到200英里。
01:03
less than 200 miles away.
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01:05
There are 10 times as many centenarians
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这里百岁及百岁以上的老人的数目
是北美洲的十倍。
01:07
as there are in North America.
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01:10
It's the only place
where men live as long as women.
where men live as long as women.
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它是唯一一个男性与女性
同寿的地方。
同寿的地方。
01:13
But why?
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这是为什么呢？
这激起了我的好奇心。
01:14
My curiosity was piqued.
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01:16
I decided to research the sights
and the habits of the place,
and the habits of the place,
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我决定对这个地区的环境和
人们生活习惯做一些调查，
人们生活习惯做一些调查，
我一开始是从基因方面入手的。
01:20
and I started with the genetic profile.
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我很快就发现
01:22
I discovered soon enough
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基因对长寿的影响只占了25%，
01:24
that genes account for just
25 percent of their longevity.
25 percent of their longevity.
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剩下的75%是由生活习惯决定的。
01:28
The other 75 percent is lifestyle.
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01:32
So what does it take
to live to 100 or beyond?
to live to 100 or beyond?
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那么到底要怎么做才能
活到100岁甚至100岁以上呢？
活到100岁甚至100岁以上呢？
01:35
What are they doing right?
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他们做了些什么对的事呢？
01:37
What you're looking at
is an aerial view of Villagrande.
is an aerial view of Villagrande.
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而你现在所看到的是
维拉格兰德的鸟瞰图，
维拉格兰德的鸟瞰图，
村庄位于长寿区的中心，
01:40
It's a village at the epicenter
of the blue zone
of the blue zone
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这就是我去调查的地方，
01:43
where I went to investigate this,
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你们可以看到，
建筑美景并不是它吸引人的地方，
建筑美景并不是它吸引人的地方，
01:45
and as you can see, architectural beauty
is not its main virtue,
is not its main virtue,
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01:50
density is:
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特点在于房屋的密集：
密密麻麻紧挨着的房屋，
01:52
tightly spaced houses,
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交织的小巷和街道，
01:54
interwoven alleys and streets.
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意味着这里居民的生活是
紧密联系着的。
紧密联系着的。
01:57
It means that the villagers' lives
constantly intersect.
constantly intersect.
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02:01
And as I walked through the village,
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当我穿梭在这村庄里的时候，
我觉得有上百双眼睛在门背后、
在窗帘后、
在窗帘后、
02:03
I could feel hundreds
of pairs of eyes watching me
of pairs of eyes watching me
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02:06
from behind doorways and curtains,
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在百叶窗后
关注着我。
02:08
from behind shutters.
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就像所有古老的村落一样，
02:10
Because like all ancient villages,
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维拉格兰德不可能存活下来
02:13
Villagrande couldn't have survived
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倘若没了这结构，没了这墙，
没了大教堂，
没了大教堂，
02:15
without this structure,
without its walls, without its cathedral,
without its walls, without its cathedral,
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倘若没了广场。
02:18
without its village square,
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因为它的防御设施和社会凝聚力
决定了它的设计风格。
决定了它的设计风格。
02:20
because defense and social cohesion
defined its design.
defined its design.
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02:25
Urban priorities changed as we moved
towards the industrial revolution
towards the industrial revolution
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现代城市的首要顾虑
随着我们进入工业革命改变了，
随着我们进入工业革命改变了，
因为传染病是当时社会的主要威胁。
02:29
because infectious disease
became the risk of the day.
became the risk of the day.
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那么现在的情况呢？
02:32
But what about now?
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02:34
Now, social isolation
is the public health risk of our time.
is the public health risk of our time.
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现在，社会孤立已经成为了
我们当下公共健康的主要风险。
我们当下公共健康的主要风险。
02:39
Now, a third of the population says
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现在，三分之一的人口认为
他们只有两个或者更少的人可以依靠。
02:42
they have two or fewer people to lean on.
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02:45
But let's go to Villagrande
now as a contrast
now as a contrast
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那我们来跟维拉格兰德的村民们
做一个对比吧
做一个对比吧
02:48
to meet some centenarians.
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一起拜访那些百岁人瑞。
02:50
Meet Giuseppe Murinu.
He's 102, a supercentenarian
He's 102, a supercentenarian
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Giuseppe Murinu，102岁，
是一位超长寿的长者
是一位超长寿的长者
02:54
and a lifelong resident
of the village of Villagrande.
of the village of Villagrande.
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一生都生活在维拉格兰德。
02:57
He was a gregarious man.
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他热爱交际，
很喜欢讲述故事
02:59
He loved to recount stories
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03:02
such as how he lived like a bird
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比如说他是怎样像鸟一样
03:03
from what he could find
on the forest floor
on the forest floor
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从树林草地上发现的食物，
就此存活过了不只一次，
而是两次世界大战,
而是两次世界大战,
03:06
during not one but two world wars,
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03:09
how he and his wife,
who also lived past 100,
who also lived past 100,
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以及他和他同样超过100岁的妻子
03:12
raised six children
in a small, homey kitchen
in a small, homey kitchen
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是怎么在一个小的家庭厨房里
把六个孩子拉扯大的，
把六个孩子拉扯大的，
03:16
where I interviewed him.
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而这个厨房正是我采访他的地方。
03:17
Here he is with his sons
Angelo and Domenico,
Angelo and Domenico,
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这是他和他的两个儿子
Angelo和Domenico
Angelo和Domenico
03:20
both in their 70s
and looking after their father,
and looking after their father,
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他们都70多了，
还在照顾他们的父亲，
还在照顾他们的父亲，
他们对我和我的女儿有些怀疑
03:23
and who were quite frankly
very suspicious of me and my daughter
very suspicious of me and my daughter
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我女儿跟我一起去那里做调查了，
03:27
who came along with me
on this research trip,
on this research trip,
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03:30
because the flip side of social cohesion
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因为社会凝聚力的另外一面
03:33
is a wariness of strangers and outsiders.
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就是对待陌生人和外来人员的
戒备。
戒备。
但是Giuseppe一点都不怀疑我们,
03:36
But Giuseppe, he wasn't suspicious at all.
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03:40
He was a happy-go-lucky guy,
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他是一个无忧无虑的人,
03:42
very outgoing with a positive outlook.
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有着积极的外表，非常外向.
03:45
And I wondered: so is that what it takes
to live to be 100 or beyond,
to live to be 100 or beyond,
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我在想：难道这就是能活到百岁
甚至百岁以上的原因吗？
甚至百岁以上的原因吗？
就总是积极乐观？
03:50
thinking positively?
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03:54
Actually, no.
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显然，不是的。
03:55
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
04:00
Meet Giovanni Corrias. He's 101,
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Giovanni Corrias，101岁
他是我见过最乖戾的人。
04:03
the grumpiest person I have ever met.
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（笑声）
04:06
(Laughter)
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因为他，我知道了
04:08
And he put a lie to the notion
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只要积极乐观
就可以长命百岁的说法是个谎言。
就可以长命百岁的说法是个谎言。
04:09
that you have to be positive
to live a long life.
to live a long life.
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04:13
And there is evidence for this.
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我可以证明。
当我问他，“是什么促成他长寿？”
04:15
When I asked him why he lived so long,
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在他松垂的眼皮下，
他盯着我看了一会，他吼道:
他盯着我看了一会，他吼道:
04:17
he kind of looked at me
under hooded eyelids and he growled,
under hooded eyelids and he growled,
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“没有人可以知道我的秘密。”
04:21
"Nobody has to know my secrets."
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（笑声）
04:23
(Laughter)
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其实他只是有些脾气不好，
04:25
But despite being a sourpuss,
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跟他一起住并且照顾他的侄女
04:27
the niece who lived with him
and looked after him
and looked after him
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称呼他为“我的宝藏”。
04:30
called him "Il Tesoro," "my treasure."
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04:33
And she respected him and loved him,
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她尊敬他而且很爱他，
我问她因照顾老人
而失去的自由时，她说
而失去的自由时，她说
04:36
and she told me, when I questioned
this obvious loss of her freedom,
this obvious loss of her freedom,
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04:41
"You just don't understand, do you?
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“你真的是不懂？
“我很开心可以照顾这个老人”
04:43
Looking after this man is a pleasure.
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“是我的特权”
04:46
It's a huge privilege for me.
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“这就是我的传承的遗产。”
04:48
This is my heritage."
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04:50
And indeed, wherever I went
to interview these centenarians,
to interview these centenarians,
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确实，每当我去采访这些高龄老人时
我都会看到一个厨房小聚会。
04:53
I found a kitchen party.
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04:55
Here's Giovanni with his two nieces,
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这是Giovanni和他的两个侄女
04:57
Maria above him
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上边的是Maria
04:58
and beside him his great-niece Sara,
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旁边的是他的曾侄女Sara，
我在那儿的时候，
Sara带来了新鲜的果蔬。
Sara带来了新鲜的果蔬。
05:00
who came when I was there
to bring fresh fruits and vegetables.
to bring fresh fruits and vegetables.
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我立马发现
05:04
And I quickly discovered by being there
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在这长寿区生活，
人们逐渐变老的过程中,
人们逐渐变老的过程中,
05:07
that in the blue zone, as people age,
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05:09
and indeed across their lifespans,
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甚至是在整个生命历程里,
05:12
they're always surrounded
by extended family, by friends,
by extended family, by friends,
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他们身边都围绕着家人，朋友，
甚至还有邻居，牧师，
酒吧吧主，杂铺店老板。
酒吧吧主，杂铺店老板。
05:16
by neighbors, the priest,
the barkeeper, the grocer.
the barkeeper, the grocer.
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人们永远都在身旁，也会经常顺路拜访
05:19
People are always there or dropping by.
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他们从不会独自生活。
05:22
They are never left
to live solitary lives.
to live solitary lives.
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05:25
This is unlike the rest
of the developed world,
of the developed world,
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这完全不像George Burns
05:28
where as George Burns quipped,
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调侃的高度发达的世界
05:29
"Happiness is having a large,
loving, caring family in another city."
loving, caring family in another city."
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“幸福就是在另外一座城市
拥有一个充满爱和关怀的大家庭。”
拥有一个充满爱和关怀的大家庭。”
05:34
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
现在我们只是看了一些高寿的男性，
05:36
Now, so far we've only met men,
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我也拜访了一些女性。
05:39
long-living men, but I met women too,
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这是Zia Teresa。
05:41
and here you see Zia Teresa.
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05:43
She, at over 100, taught me
how to make the local specialty,
how to make the local specialty,
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她一百多岁了，
还教我怎么做一种当地的特色美食，
还教我怎么做一种当地的特色美食，
叫“culurgiones”。
05:48
which is called culurgiones,
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就是这种很大的意面饺一样的
05:49
which are these large pasta pockets
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像这么大的意饺，
05:52
like ravioli about this size,
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05:55
this size,
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这么大，
填满了高脂肪的里科塔芝士和薄荷，
05:56
and they're filled
with high-fat ricotta and mint
with high-fat ricotta and mint
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然后浸在番茄酱汁里。
05:59
and drenched in tomato sauce.
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她还给我演示了怎么做出合适的褶皱
06:01
And she showed me
how to make just the right crimp
how to make just the right crimp
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06:05
so they wouldn't open,
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以至于它们不会撑开。
她每周日都会和女儿一起做这种食物
06:06
and she makes them
with her daughters every Sunday
with her daughters every Sunday
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然后分装成十几个一份，
送给邻居和朋友。
送给邻居和朋友。
06:09
and distributes them
by the dozens to neighbors and friends.
by the dozens to neighbors and friends.
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06:13
And that's when I discovered
a low-fat, gluten-free diet
a low-fat, gluten-free diet
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这时我发现了低脂肪和无糖饮食
并不是这长寿区人们长寿的原因。
06:16
is not what it takes
to live to 100 in the blue zone.
to live to 100 in the blue zone.
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（掌声）
06:19
(Applause)
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06:22
Now, these centenarians' stories
along with the science that underpins them
along with the science that underpins them
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这些百岁老人的故事和
其背后的科学
其背后的科学
同时也促使着我问了自己一些问题，
06:27
prompted me to ask myself
some questions too,
some questions too,
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比如，我将在何时死去？
我要怎么推迟那一天的到来？
我要怎么推迟那一天的到来？
06:30
such as, when am I going to die
and how can I put that day off?
and how can I put that day off?
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06:34
And as you will see,
the answer is not what we expect.
the answer is not what we expect.
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正如你们所看到的，
答案并不是我们想象的那样。
答案并不是我们想象的那样。
06:38
Julianne Holt-Lunstad is a researcher
at Brigham Young University
at Brigham Young University
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Julianne Holt-Lunstad是杨百翰大学的
一名研究员，
一名研究员，
她在一系列对于
06:42
and she addressed this very question
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在座大多数观众一样
06:44
in a series of studies
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成千上万中年人
06:46
of tens of thousands of middle aged people
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的研究中强调了这个问题。
06:49
much like this audience here.
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她观察了他们生活中的每一个方面
06:51
And she looked at every
aspect of their lifestyle:
aspect of their lifestyle:
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2936
饮食，锻炼
06:54
their diet, their exercise,
144
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2136
以及物质条件，
06:56
their marital status,
145
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1496
多久去一次医院，
06:57
how often they went to the doctor,
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是否吸烟饮酒等。
06:59
whether they smoked or drank, etc.
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07:02
She recorded all of this
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她把这些都记录了下来
07:04
and then she and her colleagues
sat tight and waited for seven years
sat tight and waited for seven years
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然后她和她的同事就静静的等了七年
观察七年后哪些人还健在。
07:08
to see who would still be breathing.
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07:11
And of the people left standing,
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那些所有健在的人
07:14
what reduced their chances
of dying the most?
of dying the most?
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是什么降低了他们死去的可能性呢？
07:18
That was her question.
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这就是她提出的问题。
07:20
So let's now look at her data in summary,
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3536
我们来简要地看看她收集的数据
07:23
going from the least powerful
predictor to the strongest.
predictor to the strongest.
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4736
从影响最低的到最高的。
好吗？
07:28
OK?
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首先是干净的空气，很棒。
07:29
So clean air, which is great,
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2256
但是它并不会预测你的寿命。
07:31
it doesn't predict how long you will live.
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2040
07:35
Whether you have your hypertension treated
159
443000
2736
其次是否治疗了高血压，
挺好，
07:37
is good.
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445760
1336
但也不是一个重要因素。
07:39
Still not a strong predictor.
161
447120
1776
是胖是瘦，
你们都可以不用有罪恶感了，
你们都可以不用有罪恶感了，
07:40
Whether you're lean or overweight,
you can stop feeling guilty about this,
you can stop feeling guilty about this,
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3496
07:44
because it's only in third place.
163
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2376
这只排到倒数第三呢。
07:46
How much exercise you get is next,
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接下来是你锻炼了多少，
但这也只是一个中等的影响因素。
07:49
still only a moderate predictor.
165
457360
2336
你是否心脏出现过问题，
现在在恢复期和锻炼着
现在在恢复期和锻炼着
07:51
Whether you've had a cardiac event
and you're in rehab and exercising,
and you're in rehab and exercising,
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4736
变得越来越关键咯。
07:56
getting higher now.
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1536
接下来是你是否注射过流感疫苗。
07:58
Whether you've had a flu vaccine.
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在座的有人知道
07:59
Did anybody here know
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接种流感疫苗其实比锻炼
更能保护我们的身体吗？
更能保护我们的身体吗？
08:00
that having a flu vaccine
protects you more than doing exercise?
protects you more than doing exercise?
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3800
08:06
Whether you were drinking and quit,
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2496
然后是，你是否酗酒然后戒掉了
08:09
or whether you're a moderate drinker,
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1976
又或许是你是适度饮酒。
08:11
whether you don't smoke,
or if you did, whether you quit,
or if you did, whether you quit,
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3480
然后，吸烟否，如果吸烟，
那么你是否戒掉了，
那么你是否戒掉了，
08:15
and getting towards the top predictors
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3616
马上到影响最大的因素了：
08:19
are two features of your social life.
175
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3536
这就是你社交生活的两大特点。
08:22
First, your close relationships.
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2376
第一，就是你亲近的关系。
08:25
These are the people
that you can call on for a loan
that you can call on for a loan
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就是那些你需要贷款时想到的人
08:29
if you need money suddenly,
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2616
如果你突然急需用钱，
08:32
who will call the doctor
if you're not feeling well
if you're not feeling well
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2576
身体不适的时候他会打电话给医生
08:34
or who will take you to the hospital,
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502720
1816
带你去医院，
08:36
or who will sit with you
if you're having an existential crisis,
if you're having an existential crisis,
181
504560
4816
在你感到存在危机的时候陪着你
08:41
if you're in despair.
182
509400
1976
在你感到绝望的时候陪着你。
08:43
Those people, that little clutch of people
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这些人，这一小部分人
如果你拥有了的话，
将是你能活多久的最大的影响因子。
将是你能活多久的最大的影响因子。
08:46
are a strong predictor, if you have them,
of how long you'll live.
of how long you'll live.
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3537
接下来的因素，让我觉得很震惊，
08:49
And then something that surprised me,
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2336
它就是所谓的社会融合。
08:51
something that's called
social integration.
social integration.
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意思就是你在每天的生活中
08:54
This means how much
you interact with people
you interact with people
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4056
与人们有着多少互动。
08:58
as you move through your day.
188
526680
1400
09:00
How many people do you talk to?
189
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2096
你同多少人交谈过?
09:02
And these mean both
your weak and your strong bonds,
your weak and your strong bonds,
190
530880
3576
这些同时意味着你的
或生疏或熟络的人脉。
或生疏或熟络的人脉。
09:06
so not just the people
you're really close to,
you're really close to,
191
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2496
并不只是你非常亲近的，
对你有着不同寻常的意义的人们。
09:09
who mean a lot to you,
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1376
就像你会跟那个每天给你做咖啡的
伙计说话吗？
伙计说话吗？
09:10
but, like, do you talk to the guy
who every day makes you your coffee?
who every day makes you your coffee?
193
538400
4536
你跟邮递员交谈过吗？
09:14
Do you talk to the postman?
194
542960
1776
你跟那个每天遛狗
经过你家门前的女士聊过天吗？
经过你家门前的女士聊过天吗？
09:16
Do you talk to the woman who walks
by your house every day with her dog?
by your house every day with her dog?
195
544760
3456
你玩桥牌或者扑克，
加入了读书俱乐部吗？
加入了读书俱乐部吗？
09:20
Do you play bridge or poker,
have a book club?
have a book club?
196
548240
2976
这些互动，都是最能影响寿命的
09:23
Those interactions
are one of the strongest predictors
are one of the strongest predictors
197
551240
3176
因素之一。
09:26
of how long you'll live.
198
554440
1336
这就引入了下一个问题：
09:27
Now, this leads me to the next question:
199
555800
1960
09:30
if we now spend more time online
than on any other activity,
than on any other activity,
200
558840
5416
如果我们在网上花费比
其他任何活动都多的时间，
其他任何活动都多的时间，
包括睡觉，
09:36
including sleeping,
201
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1656
我们每天最多就睡11个小时
09:37
we're now up to 11 hours a day,
202
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2176
顺便提一下，比去年多一个小时，
09:40
one hour more than last year, by the way,
203
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2496
这会有所改变吗？
09:42
does it make a difference?
204
570680
1816
怎么区分面对面的互动
09:44
Why distinguish
between interacting in person
between interacting in person
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4016
和通过社交平台与人们交谈呢？
09:48
and interacting via social media?
206
576560
2216
这两者是相同的吗？
09:50
Is it the same thing as being there
207
578800
2856
比如你长期和你的孩子
通过短信保持联系。
通过短信保持联系。
09:53
if you're in contact constantly
with your kids through text, for example?
with your kids through text, for example?
208
581680
3680
09:58
Well, the short answer
to the question is no,
to the question is no,
209
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2136
事实上，简单来说：
不是
不是
这不能相提并论。
10:00
it's not the same thing.
210
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1656
面对面的交谈会释放出
完整的级联神经递质
完整的级联神经递质
10:02
Face-to-face contact releases
a whole cascade of neurotransmitters,
a whole cascade of neurotransmitters,
211
590040
4816
就像疫苗，能立马保护你
10:06
and like a vaccine,
they protect you now in the present
they protect you now in the present
212
594880
3296
也能保证在未来
你不会遭受病毒的侵扰。
你不会遭受病毒的侵扰。
10:10
and well into the future.
213
598200
1856
10:12
So simply making
eye contact with somebody,
eye contact with somebody,
214
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2520
所以哪怕只是简单的
与他人进行眼神交流,
与他人进行眼神交流,
10:15
shaking hands, giving somebody a high-five
215
603600
2576
握手，与某人击掌,
都足以让我们释放催产素，
10:18
is enough to release oxytocin,
216
606200
2056
提高我们的信任水平，
10:20
which increases your level of trust
217
608280
2216
降低皮质醇水平。
10:22
and it lowers your cortisol levels.
218
610520
1840
10:24
So it lowers your stress.
219
612920
1840
进而减少我们的压力。
10:27
And dopamine is generated,
which gives us a little high
which gives us a little high
220
615440
2816
另外也会产生多巴胺，
给我们一种兴奋感
给我们一种兴奋感
10:30
and it kills pain.
221
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1216
还可以止疼。
10:31
It's like a naturally produced morphine.
222
619520
2920
就像天然的吗啡一样。
10:35
Now, all of this passes
under our conscious radar,
under our conscious radar,
223
623160
2696
所有的这些，我们的意识
都探测不到，
都探测不到，
10:37
which is why we conflate
online activity with the real thing.
online activity with the real thing.
224
625880
3680
这也就是我们常把现实和网络活动
混淆为一物的原因。
混淆为一物的原因。
10:42
But we do have evidence now,
fresh evidence,
fresh evidence,
225
630200
2336
而我们现在已经有了证据，
最新的证据
最新的证据
10:44
that there is a difference.
226
632560
1336
证明了它们有区别的。
10:45
So let's look at some of the neuroscience.
227
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2056
我们来看看神经科学，
10:48
Elizabeth Redcay, a neuroscientist
at the University of Maryland,
at the University of Maryland,
228
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3296
Elizabeth Redcay是马里兰大学的
一名神经科学家,
一名神经科学家,
她试图准确描述这些区别：
10:51
tried to map the difference
229
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1816
面对面互动
我们脑中产生的活动
我们脑中产生的活动
10:53
between what goes on in our brains
when we interact in person
when we interact in person
230
641160
3656
对比人们看着一些静态的东西时
脑中的变化。
脑中的变化。
10:56
versus when we're watching
something that's static.
something that's static.
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3216
她将大脑功能进行了对比
11:00
And what she did was
she compared the brain function
she compared the brain function
232
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2429
11:02
of two groups of people,
233
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2043
有两组实验人员,
一组是与她进行真实互动的,
11:04
those interacting live with her
234
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3296
或者跟她的研究员
11:07
or with one of her research associates
235
655920
2136
进行动态交谈的。
11:10
in a dynamic conversation,
236
658080
2176
她把这一组人员的大脑活动跟
11:12
and she compared that
to the brain activity of people
to the brain activity of people
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2496
另外一组只是静静得看
她讲述着同一个话题的视频
她讲述着同一个话题的视频
11:14
who were watching her talk
about the same subject
about the same subject
238
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3736
就像看YouTube视频一样。
11:18
but in a canned video, like on YouTube.
239
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2480
11:21
And by the way, if you want to know
240
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1696
另外，如果你想知道
她是怎么把两个人
同时塞进核磁共振仪的
同时塞进核磁共振仪的
11:23
how she fit two people
in an MRI scanner at the same time,
in an MRI scanner at the same time,
241
671600
2816
可以一会儿找我交谈。
11:26
talk to me later.
242
674440
1200
11:28
So what's the difference?
243
676360
2400
那么区别到底在哪儿呢？
11:31
This is your brain
on real social interaction.
on real social interaction.
244
679280
2720
这是在真实的社交互动中的大脑。
11:34
What you're seeing
is the difference in brain activity
is the difference in brain activity
245
682840
2896
你看到的是进行这两种互动方式时
大脑活动中的不同点。
11:37
between interacting in person
and taking in static content.
and taking in static content.
246
685760
5136
你们看到的橘色，
大脑的这个区域是与注意力
大脑的这个区域是与注意力
11:42
In orange, you see the brain areas
that are associated with attention,
that are associated with attention,
247
690920
4976
和社交智慧紧密联系的，
11:47
social intelligence --
248
695920
1216
意味着在想别人在想什么
11:49
that means anticipating
what somebody else is thinking
what somebody else is thinking
249
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2576
他们的感受是什么，在计划着什么
11:51
and feeling and planning --
250
699760
1736
以及情感反馈。
11:53
and emotional reward.
251
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1536
这些区域当我们在进行真实互动时
11:55
And these areas become much more engaged
252
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2776
就变得越来越多。
11:57
when we're interacting
with a live partner.
with a live partner.
253
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2280
12:02
Now, these richer brain signatures
254
710120
2696
这些丰富的大脑信号
12:04
might be why recruiters
from Fortune 500 companies
from Fortune 500 companies
255
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4056
可能解释了为什么世界500强的
招募人员
招募人员
在评估应聘者时
12:08
evaluating candidates
256
716920
1936
12:10
thought that the candidates were smarter
257
718880
2776
往往会觉得听到他们的声音之后
觉得应聘者更聪明，
12:13
when they heard their voices
258
721680
1480
12:16
compared to when they just
read their pitches in a text, for example,
read their pitches in a text, for example,
259
724160
3256
相比起简单阅读他们的想法
或读一封邮件或者信之类。
12:19
or an email or a letter.
260
727440
1416
我们的声音和肢体语言
传达着丰富的信号
传达着丰富的信号
12:20
Now, our voices and body language
convey a rich signal.
convey a rich signal.
261
728880
2776
12:23
It shows that we're thinking, feeling,
262
731680
2016
代表着我们在思考，
我们的切身体会
我们的切身体会
我们是有感情的人们
12:25
sentient human beings
263
733720
1656
非 一个公式就可以
简单计算得出的。
简单计算得出的。
12:27
who are much more than an algorithm.
264
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2496
Nicholas Epley在芝加哥大学商学院
12:29
Now, this research by Nicholas Epley
265
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2056
做出的研究
12:32
at the University of Chicago
Business School
Business School
266
740000
3280
12:36
is quite amazing because
it tells us a simple thing.
it tells us a simple thing.
267
744440
2680
非常了不起，
它告诉了我们一个简单的道理。
它告诉了我们一个简单的道理。
12:39
If somebody hears your voice,
268
747760
2056
当人们听到你的声音时
往往觉得你更加聪明一些。
12:41
they think you're smarter.
269
749840
1320
12:43
I mean, that's quite a simple thing.
270
751840
2080
我觉得，这就是很简单的一件事。
12:47
Now, to return to the beginning,
271
755320
1920
我们回到一开始的主题，
12:50
why do women live longer than men?
272
758040
1896
为什么女性普遍要比男性更长寿呢？
主要的一个原因就是
12:51
And one major reason
is that women are more likely
is that women are more likely
273
759960
2336
女性会优先考虑和培养
她们与人的面对面关系，
她们与人的面对面关系，
12:54
to prioritize and groom
their face-to-face relationships
their face-to-face relationships
274
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3376
在整个生命过程中都是这样。
12:57
over their lifespans.
275
765720
1656
最新的证据表明
12:59
Fresh evidence shows
276
767400
1656
这种亲自见面的友谊
13:01
that these in-person friendships
277
769080
1696
营造了一种生命力量
可以抵抗疾病和衰退。
可以抵抗疾病和衰退。
13:02
create a biological force field
against disease and decline.
against disease and decline.
278
770800
3976
13:06
And it's not just true of humans
279
774800
2176
而这并不仅仅适用于人类
13:09
but their primate relations,
our primate relations as well.
our primate relations as well.
280
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3376
同样适用于我们的灵长类近亲。
13:12
Anthropologist Joan Silk's work
shows that female baboons
shows that female baboons
281
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3656
人类学家Joan Silk的研究表明
13:16
who have a core of female friends
282
784080
2896
拥有亲密雌性朋友的雌性狒狒
由她们的皮质醇水平可以看出
其更不容易焦虑，
其更不容易焦虑，
13:19
show lower levels of stress
via their cortisol levels,
via their cortisol levels,
283
787000
3576
她们活得更久，
而且拥有更多存活下来的子孙。
而且拥有更多存活下来的子孙。
13:22
they live longer and they have
more surviving offspring.
more surviving offspring.
284
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3480
13:26
At least three stable relationships.
285
794640
2376
至少三种稳定的关系。
这是一个神奇的数字。
13:29
That was the magic number.
286
797040
1496
仔细想想。
13:30
Think about it.
287
798560
1216
我希望你们可以拥有这三种。
13:31
I hope you guys have three.
288
799800
1286
13:34
The power of such face-to-face contact
289
802440
3280
就像面对面交谈所带来的力量一样
13:38
is really why there are
the lowest rates of dementia
the lowest rates of dementia
290
806480
2816
正是为什么参与社交的人
往往拥有更低的痴呆率的原因。
13:41
among people who are socially engaged.
291
809320
2816
这也是为什么同样是乳腺癌患者
13:44
It's why women who have breast cancer
292
812160
1816
13:46
are four times more likely
to survive their disease than loners are.
to survive their disease than loners are.
293
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5296
参与社交的患者战胜疾病的可能性
是孤独者的四倍。
是孤独者的四倍。
这也就是为什么男人中风之后
13:51
Why men who've had a stroke
who meet regularly to play poker
who meet regularly to play poker
294
819320
3976
那些定期打牌，喝咖啡
13:55
or to have coffee
295
823320
1656
打老手的曲棍球的人，
13:57
or to play old-timer's hockey --
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毕竟我是加拿大人，
13:59
I'm Canadian, after all --
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14:00
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
社交比起药物治疗
14:01
are better protected
by that social contact
by that social contact
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14:04
than they are by medication.
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反而更好的保护了身体的原因。
14:06
Why men who've had a stroke
who meet regularly --
who meet regularly --
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中风之后的人，定期相见
14:09
this is something very
powerful they can do.
powerful they can do.
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这是他们能做的非常有用的一件事。
面对面的交谈提供了惊人的益处，
14:11
This face-to-face contact
provides stunning benefits,
provides stunning benefits,
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可如今接近四分之一的人口说
他们没有可以诉说的人。
他们没有可以诉说的人。
14:15
yet now almost a quarter of the population
says they have no one to talk to.
says they have no one to talk to.
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14:21
We can do something about this.
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我们可以改变这个情况的。
就像撒丁岛的村民们，
14:23
Like Sardinian villagers,
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知道我们所属于一个群体
是一种生物本能，
是一种生物本能，
14:25
it's a biological imperative
to know we belong,
to know we belong,
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不仅是女性拥有这种本能。
14:29
and not just the women among us.
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把建立一种亲自的互动联系，
在我们的城市，上班的地方
在我们的城市，上班的地方
14:31
Building in-person interaction
into our cities, into our workplaces,
into our cities, into our workplaces,
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写在日程安排里，
14:35
into our agendas
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14:37
bolsters the immune system,
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加强我们的免疫系统，
通过血液和大脑
传达感觉良好的荷尔蒙，
传达感觉良好的荷尔蒙，
14:39
sends feel-good hormones
surging through the bloodstream and brain
surging through the bloodstream and brain
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这能帮助我们活得更久一些。
14:43
and helps us live longer.
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14:45
I call this building your village,
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我把这叫做建立自己的村庄，
建立和维护它是生死攸关的事。
14:48
and building it and sustaining it
is a matter of life and death.
is a matter of life and death.
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14:52
Thank you.
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谢谢。
（掌声）
14:54
(Applause)
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15:00
Helen Walters: Susan, come back.
I have a question for you.
I have a question for you.
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Helen Walters：Susan请回。
我有个问题。
我有个问题。
15:02
I'm wondering if there's a middle path.
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我在想啊，
有没有一个适中的途径。
有没有一个适中的途径。
15:04
So you talk about the neurotransmitters
connecting when in face-to-face,
connecting when in face-to-face,
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你刚刚说了关于面对面交谈时
神经递质的释放，
神经递质的释放，
15:08
but what about digital technology?
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那么关于数字技术呢？
15:09
We've seen enormous improvements
in digital technology
in digital technology
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我们见证了数字技术巨大的进步，
15:12
like FaceTime, things like that.
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就像视频对话那样的。
15:15
Does that work too?
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这些也有用吗？
15:16
I mean, I see my nephew.
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我意思是，我看我的侄儿
15:17
He plays Minecraft
and he's yelling at his friends.
and he's yelling at his friends.
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他在玩“我的世界”，
一边对他的朋友大吼大叫，
一边对他的朋友大吼大叫，
15:20
It seems like he's connecting pretty well.
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看起来他与朋友联系的不错。
15:22
Is that useful? Is that helpful?
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这也有用吗？有帮助吗？
15:23
Susan Pinker: Some of the data
are just emerging.
are just emerging.
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Susan Pinker ：一些数据正在显现。
15:26
The data are so fresh
that the digital revolution happened
that the digital revolution happened
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数字时代革命发生时，
我们的数据刚获得不久
我们的数据刚获得不久
健康数据是落后的。
15:29
and the health data trailed behind.
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所以我们还在学习研究中，
15:32
So we're just learning,
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但是我可以说有些进步
15:33
but I would say
there are some improvements
there are some improvements
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是可以在科技中实现的。
15:35
that we could make in the technology.
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比如，你的摄像头
是在手提电脑屏幕的最上方，
是在手提电脑屏幕的最上方，
15:37
For example, the camera on your laptop
is at the top of the screen,
is at the top of the screen,
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当你在看屏幕的时候，
15:40
so for example, when you're
looking into the screen,
looking into the screen,
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你没有进行眼神交流，
15:43
you're not actually making eye contact.
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哪怕是仅仅看着摄像头，
15:45
So something as simple
as even just looking into the camera
as even just looking into the camera
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也可以促进神经递质的释放，
15:48
can increase those neurotransmitters,
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又或许可以改变一下摄像头的位置。
15:51
or maybe changing
the position of the camera.
the position of the camera.
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这并不相同，但是我觉得
我们正在利用科技达到我们的目标。
我们正在利用科技达到我们的目标。
15:53
So it's not identical, but I think
we are getting closer with the technology.
we are getting closer with the technology.
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HW：非常感谢。
15:57
HW: Great. Thank you so much.
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SP：谢谢。
15:59
SP: Thank you.
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（掌声）
16:00
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Susan Pinker - Developmental psychologistSusan Pinker reveals how in-person social interactions are not only necessary for human happiness but also could be a key to health and longevity.
Why you should listen
In her award-winning book The Sexual Paradox, psychologist Susan Pinker argued that biological differences could play an unexpectedly large role in creating classroom, lifespan and workplace gender gaps. With The Village Effect, she tracks another current: how social, face-to-face interactions are critical not only for our happiness but also for our survival, and how technology can isolate us from these life-saving bonds. As she writes: "Neglecting to keep in close contact with people who are important to you is at least as dangerous to your health as a pack-a-day cigarette habit, hypertension or obesity."
In addition to her books, Pinker writes a column for the Wall Street Journal, "Mind and Matter," which illuminates surprising advances in human behavior research. Pinker’s numerous writings (including her weekly columns "Problem Solving" and "The Business Brain") have appeared in the Guardian, the New York Times and Financial Times, among many others.
Susan Pinker | Speaker | TED.com