TEDGlobal 2013
Andras Forgacs: Leather and meat without killing animals
Andras Forgaš (Andras Forgacs): Koža i meso bez ubijanja životinja
Filmed:
Readability: 4.3
1,315,256 views
Do 2050. biće potrebno sto milijardi kopnenih životinja da bi se svjetska populacija snabdjela mesom, mliječnim proizvodima i kožom. Održavanje ovog krda će da uzme, moguće neodrživ danak na planeti. Šta ako postoji drugi način? U ovom prosvjetljujućem govoru, zagovornik tkivnog inženjeringa Andras Forgas, iznosi argumente o tome kako je bioproizvodnja mesa i kože civilizovan način da se prevaziđe ubijanje životinja zbog hamburgera i tašni.
Andras Forgacs - Bioprinting entrepreneur
Andras Forgacs produces animal products -- meat and leather -- without the animal. Full bio
Andras Forgacs produces animal products -- meat and leather -- without the animal. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
When my father and I started a company
0
418
2738
Kada smo moj otac i ja otvorili preduzeće
00:15
to 3D print human tissues and organs,
1
3156
3276
za 3D štampu ljudskih tkiva i organa
00:18
some people initially thought we were a little crazy.
2
6432
3356
ljudi su mislili da smo malčice ludi
00:21
But since then, much progress has been made,
3
9788
2691
Ali je od tada napravljen ogroman napredak
00:24
both in our lab and other labs around the world.
4
12479
3207
kako u našim laboratorijama
tako i generalno u svijetu
tako i generalno u svijetu
00:27
And given this, we started getting questions like,
5
15686
3267
Stoga smo počeli da dobijamo pitanja poput
00:30
"If you can grow human body parts,
6
18953
2727
''Ako možete da razvijate
dijelove ljudskog tijela,
dijelove ljudskog tijela,
00:33
can you also grow animal products like meat and leather?"
7
21680
5380
da li to možete raditi
i sa životinjskim mesom i kožom?
i sa životinjskim mesom i kožom?
00:39
When someone first suggested this to me,
8
27060
2442
Kada mi je prvi put to predloženo,
00:41
quite frankly I thought they were a little crazy,
9
29502
2954
iskreno pomislio sam
da su oni malčice ludi
da su oni malčice ludi
00:44
but what I soon came to realize
10
32456
2103
ali sam ubrzo shvatio
00:46
was that this is not so crazy after all.
11
34559
3246
da to nije baš tolika ludost
00:49
What's crazy is what we do today.
12
37805
2969
Ono što je ludo je to što mi danas radimo
00:52
I'm convinced that in 30 years,
13
40774
2189
Siguran sam da ćemo za 30 godina
00:54
when we look back on today
14
42963
1722
kada se osvrnemo unazad
00:56
and on how we raise and slaughter billions of animals
15
44685
3610
i pogledamo kako smo gajili
i klali milijarde životinja
i klali milijarde životinja
01:00
to make our hamburgers and our handbags,
16
48295
2903
da bi smo pravili hamburgere i tašne
01:03
we'll see this as being wasteful
17
51198
2182
shvatiti kakvi smo bili rasipnici
01:05
and indeed crazy.
18
53380
2290
i ludaci.
01:07
Did you know that today we maintain
19
55670
3112
Da li ste znali da danas uzgajamo
01:10
a global herd of 60 billion animals
20
58782
3341
globalno krdo od 60 milijardi životinja
01:14
to provide our meat, dairy, eggs and leather goods?
21
62123
5576
kako bi snadbjeli potrebe
za mesom, jajima i kožom?
za mesom, jajima i kožom?
01:19
And over the next few decades,
22
67699
2070
I kako ćemo za budućih nekoliko decenija,
01:21
as the world's population expands to 10 billion,
23
69769
2760
s rastom populacije na preko 10 milijardi,
01:24
this will need to nearly double
24
72529
1645
skoro udvostručiti ovu cifru na
01:26
to 100 billion animals.
25
74174
2585
100 milijardi životinja.
01:28
But maintaining this herd
26
76759
1609
No održavanje ovako velikog krda
01:30
takes a major toll on our planet.
27
78368
2299
uzima veliki danak našoj planeti.
01:32
Animals are not just raw materials.
28
80667
3619
Životinje nisu samo sirovine
01:36
They're living beings,
29
84286
1623
One su živa bića,
01:37
and already our livestock
30
85909
1918
a uzgajačnice su već
01:39
is one of the largest users of land,
31
87827
2579
jedan od najvećih uzurpatora
korisne površine
korisne površine
01:42
fresh water,
32
90406
1352
svježe vode,
01:43
and one of the biggest producers of greenhouse gases
33
91758
2733
i jedan od najvećih uzročnika
efekta staklene bašte
efekta staklene bašte
01:46
which drive climate change.
34
94491
1629
koji dovode do klimatskih promjena
01:48
On top of this,
35
96120
1330
Kao da nije dovoljno,
01:49
when you get so many animals so close together,
36
97450
3224
kada stavite toliko životinja
jedne pored drugih,
jedne pored drugih,
01:52
it creates a breeding ground for disease
37
100674
2470
stvarate pogodno tle za razvoj bolesti,
01:55
and opportunities for harm and abuse.
38
103144
3583
i mogućnost za povrede i nasilje.
01:58
Clearly, we cannot continue on this path
39
106727
2530
Jasno je da ne možemo
nastaviti ovim putem,
nastaviti ovim putem,
02:01
which puts the environment, public health,
40
109257
3823
koji dovodi okolinu, javno zdravlje,
02:05
and food security at risk.
41
113080
2442
i bezbjednost hrane u rizik.
02:07
There is another way, because essentially,
42
115522
3566
Postoji drugačiji put jer su u suštini
02:11
animal products are just collections of tissues,
43
119088
4286
životinjski produkti prosto zbir tkiva,
02:15
and right now we breed and raise
44
123374
2424
a mi trenutno uzgajamo i podižemo
02:17
highly complex animals
45
125798
1929
životinje koje su kompleksna bića
02:19
only to create products
46
127727
1691
samo da bi dobili proizvode
02:21
that are made of relatively simple tissues.
47
129418
2715
napravljene
od relativno jednostavnog tkiva.
od relativno jednostavnog tkiva.
02:24
What if, instead of starting with a complex
48
132133
3210
Šta ako bismo
umjesto da krenemo od kompleksnog
umjesto da krenemo od kompleksnog
02:27
and sentient animal,
49
135343
2122
sa osjećajnim životinjama,
02:29
we started with what the tissues are made of,
50
137465
3548
krenuli od onog
od čega su tkiva napravljena,
od čega su tkiva napravljena,
02:33
the basic unit of life,
51
141013
2546
osnovne jedinice života
02:35
the cell?
52
143559
2481
ćelije?
02:38
This is biofabrication, where cells themselves
53
146040
3720
Ovo je biofabrikacija, gdje se ćelije
02:41
can be used to grow biological products
54
149760
2626
koriste za proizvodnju bioloških dobara
02:44
like tissues and organs.
55
152386
1892
kao što su tkiva i organi.
02:46
Already in medicine,
56
154278
1698
U medicini se biofabrikacija
02:47
biofabrication techniques have been used
57
155976
2203
već koristi za izrastanje
02:50
to grow sophisticated body parts,
58
158179
2436
sofisticiranih dijelova tijela,
02:52
like ears, windpipes, skin, blood vessels and bone,
59
160615
4898
kao što su uši, dušnik,
koža, krvni sudovi i kosti,
koža, krvni sudovi i kosti,
02:57
that have been successfully implanted into patients.
60
165513
3234
koji su s uspjehom
presađeni kod pacijenata.
presađeni kod pacijenata.
03:00
And beyond medicine, biofabrication can be
61
168747
4108
A povrh medicine, biofabrikacija može biti
03:04
a humane, sustainable and scalable new industry.
62
172855
4766
humana, održiva
i prilagodljiva nova industrija.
i prilagodljiva nova industrija.
03:09
And we should begin by reimagining leather.
63
177621
5810
I trebalo bi krenuti od kože
03:15
I emphasize leather because it is so widely used.
64
183431
4270
Stavljam akcenat na kožu
jer se puno koristi,
jer se puno koristi,
03:19
It is beautiful, and it has long been a part of our history.
65
187701
4903
prelijepa je,
i toliko dugo je dio naše istorije.
i toliko dugo je dio naše istorije.
03:24
Growing leather is also technically simpler
66
192604
1901
Razvoj kože je i tehnički jednostavniji
03:26
than growing other animal products like meat.
67
194505
2775
od razvoja drugih životinjskih proizvoda,
kao što je meso.
kao što je meso.
03:29
It mainly uses one cell type,
68
197280
2110
Koristi se samo jedan tip ćelije,
03:31
and it is largely two-dimensional.
69
199390
3125
i uglavnom je dvodimenzionalan.
03:34
It is also less polarizing for consumers and regulators.
70
202515
4168
Takođe je manje polarizujući
za potrošače i zakonodavce.
za potrošače i zakonodavce.
03:38
Until biofabrication is better understood,
71
206683
3098
Sve dok biofabrikacija
ne bude bolje shvaćena,
ne bude bolje shvaćena,
03:41
it is clear that, initially at least,
72
209781
2185
jasno je da će, makar u početku,
03:43
more people would be willing to wear novel materials
73
211966
4051
više ljudi biti spremno
da nosi nove materijale
da nosi nove materijale
03:48
than would be willing to eat novel foods,
74
216017
2635
nego što bi jelo novu hranu,
03:50
no matter how delicious.
75
218652
1951
bez obzira koliko ukusna bila.
03:52
In this sense, leather is a gateway material,
76
220603
3107
U tom smislu,
kožom će se ući na velika vrata
kožom će se ući na velika vrata
03:55
a beginning for the mainstream biofabrication industry.
77
223710
5072
početka biofabrikacije
kao glavne industrije.
kao glavne industrije.
04:00
If we can succeed here,
78
228782
1884
Ako uspijemo ovdje,
04:02
it brings our other consumer bioproducts like meat
79
230666
3276
to će približiti druge bioprodukte, kao
04:05
closer on the horizon.
80
233942
2764
što je meso, bliže realnosti.
04:08
Now how do we do it?
81
236706
2465
Kako mi to radimo?
04:11
To grow leather, we begin by taking cells
82
239171
3272
Razvoj kože, počinjemo uzimajući ćelije
04:14
from an animal, through a simple biopsy.
83
242443
2832
od životinje, jednostavnom biopsijom.
04:17
The animal could be a cow,
84
245275
2008
To može biti krava,
04:19
lamb, or even something more exotic.
85
247283
2697
jagnje, ili nešto malo egzotičnije.
04:21
This process does no harm,
86
249980
2052
Ovaj proces nije štetan po životinju,
04:24
and Daisy the cow can live a happy life.
87
252032
2902
a Daisy krava
može nastaviti sa srećnim životom.
može nastaviti sa srećnim životom.
04:26
We then isolate the skin cells
88
254934
1735
Onda izdvajamo ćelije kože,
04:28
and multiply them in a cell culture medium.
89
256669
2869
i umnožavamo ih
u sredstvu za ćelijske kulture.
u sredstvu za ćelijske kulture.
04:31
This takes millions of cells
90
259538
1173
Ono uzima milione ćelija,
04:32
and expands them into billions.
91
260711
3119
i razmnožava ih u milijarde.
04:35
And we then coax these cells to produce collagen,
92
263830
2614
Onda privoljevamo ćelije
da proizvode kolagen,
da proizvode kolagen,
04:38
as they would naturally.
93
266444
1427
kao što to prirodno rade.
04:39
This collagen is the stuff between cells.
94
267871
2329
Kolagen je materija
koja se nalazi između ćelija.
koja se nalazi između ćelija.
04:42
It's natural connective tissue.
95
270200
2493
To je prirodno vezivno tkivo.
04:44
It's the extracellular matrix,
96
272693
1560
To je vanćelijska matrica,
04:46
but in leather, it's the main building block.
97
274253
3209
ali u koži,
on je glavni građevinski materijal.
on je glavni građevinski materijal.
04:49
And what we next do is we take the cells and their collagen
98
277462
3713
Ono što dalje radimo
jeste da uzimamo kolagen i ćelije
jeste da uzimamo kolagen i ćelije
04:53
and we spread them out to form sheets,
99
281175
1977
i razvlačimo ih u listove,
04:55
and then we layer these thin sheets on top of one another,
100
283152
3442
koje kasnije stavljamo jedne preko drugih,
04:58
like phyllo pastry, to form thicker sheets,
101
286594
3529
kao lisnato tijesto,
da bi stvorili deblje listove
da bi stvorili deblje listove
05:02
which we then let mature.
102
290123
1854
koje ostavljamo da se onda razviju.
05:03
And finally, we take this multilayered skin
103
291977
3212
Konačno, uzimamo ovaj višeslojni pokrivač
05:07
and through a shorter and much less chemical tanning process,
104
295189
3923
i nakon kratkog hemijskog procesa bojenja,
05:11
we create leather.
105
299112
2176
stvaramo kožu.
05:13
And so I'm very excited to show you,
106
301288
2194
I zato sam veoma uzbuđen da vam pokažem,
05:15
for the first time,
107
303482
2149
po prvi put,
05:17
the first batch of our cultured leather,
108
305631
4010
prvu seriju naše odgajane kože,
05:21
fresh from the lab.
109
309641
1563
svježe iz laboratorije.
05:23
This is real, genuine leather,
110
311204
3579
Ovo je stvarna, prava koža,
05:26
without the animal sacrifice.
111
314783
3523
bez žrtvovanja životinja.
05:30
It can have all the characteristics of leather
112
318306
3178
Može imati sve karakteristike kože
05:33
because it is made of the same cells,
113
321484
3485
jer je napravljena od istih ćelija,
05:36
and better yet,
114
324969
1949
i još bolje,
05:38
there is no hair to remove,
115
326918
3875
nema dlaka koje se moraju uklanjati
05:42
no scars or insect's bites,
116
330793
2533
bez ožiljaka ili ujeda insekata,
05:45
and no waste.
117
333326
1440
i naravno bez otpada.
05:46
This leather can be grown in the shape of a wallet,
118
334766
3424
Može biti uzgajana u obliku novčanika,
05:50
a handbag or a car seat.
119
338190
3086
ručne torbe ili kolskih sjedišta.
05:53
It is not limited to the irregular shape of a cow
120
341276
3216
Nije ograničena nepravilnim oblikom krave
05:56
or an alligator.
121
344492
2815
ili aligatora.
05:59
And because we make this material,
122
347322
2554
I zato što mi pravimo ovaj materijal,
06:01
we grow this leather from the ground up,
123
349876
2282
mi ga razvijamo od samog početka,
06:04
we can control its properties in very interesting ways.
124
352158
3033
možemo kontrolisati njegova svojstva
na zanimljiv način.
na zanimljiv način.
06:07
This piece of leather
125
355191
2535
Ovo parče kože
06:09
is a mere seven tissue layers thick,
126
357726
3518
je tričavih sedam slojeva debelo,
06:13
and as you can see, it is nearly transparent.
127
361244
3803
i kao što vidite, skoro je providno.
06:17
And this leather is 21 layers thick and quite opaque.
128
365047
9167
A ova koža ima 21 sloj
i prilično je neprozirna.
i prilično je neprozirna.
06:26
You don't have that kind of fine control
129
374214
3010
Nemate takvu vrstu kontrole
06:29
with conventional leather.
130
377224
2289
sa standardnom kožom.
06:31
And we can tune this leather for other desirable qualities,
131
379513
3245
I možemo naštelovati ovu kožu
s drugim kvalitetima,
s drugim kvalitetima,
06:34
like softness, breathability,
132
382758
3765
poput mekoće, propustljivosti,
06:38
durability, elasticity and even things like pattern.
133
386523
5197
izdržljivosti, elastičnosti
i čak različitih šara.
i čak različitih šara.
06:43
We can mimic nature,
134
391720
2171
Možemo imitirarti prirodu,
06:45
but in some ways also improve upon it.
135
393891
3288
ali je i nadograditi.
06:49
This type of leather can do what today's leather does,
136
397179
3998
Ovaj tip kože
može sve što i sadašnja koža,
može sve što i sadašnja koža,
06:53
but with imagination, probably much more.
137
401177
3441
ali s malo mašte, vjerovatno i više.
06:56
What could the future of animal products look like?
138
404618
4229
Kako bi mogli izgledati
budući životinjski proizvodi.
budući životinjski proizvodi.
07:00
It need not look like this,
139
408847
2359
Ne mora biti ovako,
07:03
which is actually the state of the art today.
140
411206
2733
kako zapravo zaista izgledaju danas.
07:05
Rather, it could be much more like this.
141
413939
2992
Već, više nešto slično ovome.
07:08
Already, we have been manufacturing with cell cultures
142
416931
2233
Mi se već bavimo
kultivisanjem ćelijskih kultura
kultivisanjem ćelijskih kultura
07:11
for thousands of years, beginning with products
143
419164
2765
hiljadama godina, počevši od proizvoda
07:13
like wine, beer and yogurt.
144
421929
2629
poput vina, piva i jogurta.
07:16
And speaking of food, our cultured food has evolved,
145
424558
3334
A kad smo već kod hrane,
naša kultivisana hrana je evoluirala
naša kultivisana hrana je evoluirala
07:19
and today we prepare cultured food
146
427892
2261
i danas je mi pripremamo na
07:22
in beautiful, sterile facilities like this.
147
430153
2318
prelijepim sterilisanim mjestima,
poput ovog.
poput ovog.
07:24
A brewery is essentially a bioreactor.
148
432471
3200
Pivnica je u suštini bioreaktor.
07:27
It is where cell culture takes place.
149
435671
2769
To je mjesto đe se događa uzgoj ćelija.
07:30
Imagine that in this facility,
150
438440
2545
Zamislite da na ovom mjestu,
07:32
instead of brewing beer,
151
440985
1746
umjesto kvašenja piva,
07:34
we were brewing leather
152
442731
2581
možemo uzgajati kožu
07:37
or meat.
153
445312
2697
ili meso.
07:40
Imagine touring this facility,
154
448009
2645
Zamislite posjetu ovoj fabrici,
07:42
learning about how the leather or meat is cultured,
155
450654
3731
učenje o procesu stvaranja kože ili mesa,
07:46
seeing the process from beginning to end,
156
454385
2761
posmatranju procesa od početka do kraja
07:49
and even trying some.
157
457146
1396
pa čak i testiranju.
07:50
It's clean, open and educational,
158
458542
3106
Čista je, otvorena i edukativna,
07:53
and this is in contrast to the hidden,
159
461648
2420
a suprotna je sakrivenoj,
07:56
guarded and remote factories
160
464068
2078
čuvanoj i zabačenoj fabrici
07:58
where leather and meat is produced today.
161
466146
3481
đe se danas proizvode meso i koža.
08:01
Perhaps biofabrication
162
469627
2827
Možda je biofabrikacija
08:04
is a natural evolution of manufacturing for mankind.
163
472454
4280
prirodna evoluvcija proizvodnje
za čovečanstvo.
za čovečanstvo.
08:08
It's environmentally responsible,
164
476734
2453
Ne zagađuje okruženje,
08:11
efficient and humane.
165
479187
3162
efikasna je i humana.
08:14
It allows us to be creative.
166
482349
2194
Dozvoljava nam da budemo kreativni.
08:16
We can design new materials, new products,
167
484543
3220
Možemo dizajnirati
nove materijale, produkte
nove materijale, produkte
08:19
and new facilities.
168
487763
3199
i fabrike.
08:22
We need to move past just killing animals
169
490962
3840
Moramo zamijeniti ubijanje životinja
08:26
as a resource
170
494802
1833
kao resursa
08:28
to something more civilized and evolved.
171
496635
5921
za nešto više civilizovano i naprednije.
08:34
Perhaps we are ready for something
172
502556
2685
Možda smo spremni za
08:37
literally and figuratively more cultured.
173
505241
5585
bukvalno i figurativno bolje kultivisanje
(kulturnije - igra riječi)
(kulturnije - igra riječi)
08:42
Thank you.
174
510826
1381
Hvala
08:44
(Applause)
175
512207
5970
(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Andras Forgacs - Bioprinting entrepreneurAndras Forgacs produces animal products -- meat and leather -- without the animal.
Why you should listen
An entrepreneur in tissue engineering, Andras Forgacs is the co-founder and CEO of Modern Meadow, a company developing novel biomaterials. These include cultured meat and leather which, as they put it, "will require no animal slaughter and much lower inputs of land, water, energy and chemicals". This approach involves sourcing cells from living animals, multiplying these cells into billions, and then assembling them into the tissue precursors of meat or leather. The products, for now, are at a prototype stage.
Previously, Andras co-founded Organovo, which uses 3D bioprinting to create human tissues for pharmaceutical research and medical applications, such as drug development and replacement tissues. Organovo’s bioprinting technology was recognized by MIT Technology Review on its TR50 list of most innovative companies for 2012.
Andras Forgacs | Speaker | TED.com