TEDGlobal 2013
Andras Forgacs: Leather and meat without killing animals
安卓斯·福格思: 不杀害动物的皮革与肉
Filmed:
Readability: 4.3
1,315,256 views
到2050年，全球需要1000亿的陆上动物才能提供所需的肉、奶制品、蛋、和皮具。饲养如此多的牲畜，对地球是沉重、可能无法持续的负担。有没有别的解决办法？这场演讲令人大开眼界，组织工程倡导者Andras Forgacs主张。我们不应该再为了汉堡包和手袋而杀生，生物制造的肉和皮革才是文明之道。
Andras Forgacs - Bioprinting entrepreneur
Andras Forgacs produces animal products -- meat and leather -- without the animal. Full bio
Andras Forgacs produces animal products -- meat and leather -- without the animal. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
When my father and I started a company
0
418
2738
当父亲和我创立公司
00:15
to 3D print human tissues and organs,
1
3156
3276
从事3D打印人体组织和器官时
00:18
some people initially thought we were a little crazy.
2
6432
3356
有些人觉得我们有点疯狂
00:21
But since then, much progress has been made,
3
9788
2691
但进展已今非昔比
00:24
both in our lab and other labs around the world.
4
12479
3207
不只在我们的实验室 全球皆然
00:27
And given this, we started getting questions like,
5
15686
3267
因此有人开始问我们
00:30
"If you can grow human body parts,
6
18953
2727
“如果你们能制造人体部位
00:33
can you also grow animal products like meat and leather?"
7
21680
5380
能否制造动物产品？例如肉和皮革”
00:39
When someone first suggested this to me,
8
27060
2442
当我第一次听到有人这么提议
00:41
quite frankly I thought they were a little crazy,
9
29502
2954
老实说我觉得他们才有点疯狂
00:44
but what I soon came to realize
10
32456
2103
但是我很快就发现
00:46
was that this is not so crazy after all.
11
34559
3246
其实这并不疯狂
00:49
What's crazy is what we do today.
12
37805
2969
真正疯狂的是我们现在做的事情
00:52
I'm convinced that in 30 years,
13
40774
2189
我确信30年以后
00:54
when we look back on today
14
42963
1722
回顾今天
00:56
and on how we raise and slaughter billions of animals
15
44685
3610
我们如何饲养并屠宰数十亿牲畜
01:00
to make our hamburgers and our handbags,
16
48295
2903
以制作汉堡肉和手袋
01:03
we'll see this as being wasteful
17
51198
2182
我们会明白这既浪费
01:05
and indeed crazy.
18
53380
2290
又疯狂
01:07
Did you know that today we maintain
19
55670
3112
你是否知道我们现在饲养了
01:10
a global herd of 60 billion animals
20
58782
3341
全球共600亿牲畜
01:14
to provide our meat, dairy, eggs and leather goods?
21
62123
5576
提供我们所需的肉 奶制品 蛋 和皮具？
01:19
And over the next few decades,
22
67699
2070
在未来数十年
01:21
as the world's population expands to 10 billion,
23
69769
2760
当世界人口将增至100亿时
01:24
this will need to nearly double
24
72529
1645
这个数目将几乎倍增
01:26
to 100 billion animals.
25
74174
2585
到1000亿牲畜
01:28
But maintaining this herd
26
76759
1609
但是养这么多牲畜
01:30
takes a major toll on our planet.
27
78368
2299
会造成地球的沉重负担
01:32
Animals are not just raw materials.
28
80667
3619
牲畜不仅是原料
01:36
They're living beings,
29
84286
1623
也是生灵
01:37
and already our livestock
30
85909
1918
我们的牲畜已经是
01:39
is one of the largest users of land,
31
87827
2579
最大的土地使用以及
01:42
fresh water,
32
90406
1352
淡水消耗者之一
01:43
and one of the biggest producers of greenhouse gases
33
91758
2733
以及最大的温室气体排放者之一
01:46
which drive climate change.
34
94491
1629
导致气候变迁
01:48
On top of this,
35
96120
1330
除此之外
01:49
when you get so many animals so close together,
36
97450
3224
当这么多动物如此密集地饲养
01:52
it creates a breeding ground for disease
37
100674
2470
会变成疾病的温床
01:55
and opportunities for harm and abuse.
38
103144
3583
动物也容易被伤害和虐待
01:58
Clearly, we cannot continue on this path
39
106727
2530
显然这条路难以为继
02:01
which puts the environment, public health,
40
109257
3823
因为环境 公众健康
02:05
and food security at risk.
41
113080
2442
以及粮食安全都将面临风险
02:07
There is another way, because essentially,
42
115522
3566
但是有另一条路 因为基本上
02:11
animal products are just collections of tissues,
43
119088
4286
动物制品是由组织构成
02:15
and right now we breed and raise
44
123374
2424
我们现在饲养的
02:17
highly complex animals
45
125798
1929
高度复杂的牲畜
02:19
only to create products
46
127727
1691
我们需要的却只是
02:21
that are made of relatively simple tissues.
47
129418
2715
他们身上相对简单的组织
02:24
What if, instead of starting with a complex
48
132133
3210
如果我们与其着手于复杂
02:27
and sentient animal,
49
135343
2122
并有知觉的动物
02:29
we started with what the tissues are made of,
50
137465
3548
不如着手于组织的成分
02:33
the basic unit of life,
51
141013
2546
也就是生命的基本单位
02:35
the cell?
52
143559
2481
细胞会如何？
02:38
This is biofabrication, where cells themselves
53
146040
3720
这是生物制造(biofabrication) 利用细胞
02:41
can be used to grow biological products
54
149760
2626
培养生物产品
02:44
like tissues and organs.
55
152386
1892
例如组织和器官
02:46
Already in medicine,
56
154278
1698
医学界已经
02:47
biofabrication techniques have been used
57
155976
2203
使用生物制造技术
02:50
to grow sophisticated body parts,
58
158179
2436
去培养复杂的身体部位
02:52
like ears, windpipes, skin, blood vessels and bone,
59
160615
4898
例如耳朵 气管 皮肤 血管 骨骼
02:57
that have been successfully implanted into patients.
60
165513
3234
都已成功地植入了病人体内
03:00
And beyond medicine, biofabrication can be
61
168747
4108
医疗用途之外 生物制造也可以是
03:04
a humane, sustainable and scalable new industry.
62
172855
4766
人道 可持续 容易调整规模的新产业
03:09
And we should begin by reimagining leather.
63
177621
5810
我们应该从从新思考皮革开始
03:15
I emphasize leather because it is so widely used.
64
183431
4270
我着重于皮革因为其使用广泛
03:19
It is beautiful, and it has long been a part of our history.
65
187701
4903
它美丽且历史悠久
03:24
Growing leather is also technically simpler
66
192604
1901
制造皮革的技术相对较简单
03:26
than growing other animal products like meat.
67
194505
2775
不像制造肉那么困难
03:29
It mainly uses one cell type,
68
197280
2110
皮革以一种细胞为主
03:31
and it is largely two-dimensional.
69
199390
3125
大体上是平面的构造
03:34
It is also less polarizing for consumers and regulators.
70
202515
4168
对于消费者和监管单位也较无争议
03:38
Until biofabrication is better understood,
71
206683
3098
在更暸解生物制造之前
03:41
it is clear that, initially at least,
72
209781
2185
显然 至少刚开始时
03:43
more people would be willing to wear novel materials
73
211966
4051
较多人会愿意穿戴新奇的材料
03:48
than would be willing to eat novel foods,
74
216017
2635
较少人会愿意吃新奇的食物
03:50
no matter how delicious.
75
218652
1951
无论有多好吃
03:52
In this sense, leather is a gateway material,
76
220603
3107
从这个角度 皮革是个途径
03:55
a beginning for the mainstream biofabrication industry.
77
223710
5072
开创主流生物制造工业的起点
04:00
If we can succeed here,
78
228782
1884
如果皮革成功了
04:02
it brings our other consumer bioproducts like meat
79
230666
3276
将会为其他例如肉的生物消费品
04:05
closer on the horizon.
80
233942
2764
带来一线希望
04:08
Now how do we do it?
81
236706
2465
我们是怎么做到的？
04:11
To grow leather, we begin by taking cells
82
239171
3272
制造皮革首先要取出动物的细胞
04:14
from an animal, through a simple biopsy.
83
242443
2832
做简单的活检
04:17
The animal could be a cow,
84
245275
2008
动物可以是牛
04:19
lamb, or even something more exotic.
85
247283
2697
羊 甚至较奇特的动物
04:21
This process does no harm,
86
249980
2052
这个步骤不会伤害动物
04:24
and Daisy the cow can live a happy life.
87
252032
2902
牛小姐可以继续快乐生活
04:26
We then isolate the skin cells
88
254934
1735
我们然后分离皮肤细胞
04:28
and multiply them in a cell culture medium.
89
256669
2869
以便在培养液里繁殖
04:31
This takes millions of cells
90
259538
1173
从数百万细胞
04:32
and expands them into billions.
91
260711
3119
繁殖到数十亿
04:35
And we then coax these cells to produce collagen,
92
263830
2614
然后我们诱导细胞制造胶原蛋白
04:38
as they would naturally.
93
266444
1427
这是其天然功能
04:39
This collagen is the stuff between cells.
94
267871
2329
在细胞之间的胶原蛋白
04:42
It's natural connective tissue.
95
270200
2493
是天然的结缔组织
04:44
It's the extracellular matrix,
96
272693
1560
是细胞外基质
04:46
but in leather, it's the main building block.
97
274253
3209
但在皮革里是主要的成分
04:49
And what we next do is we take the cells and their collagen
98
277462
3713
下一步是萃取细胞及胶原蛋白
04:53
and we spread them out to form sheets,
99
281175
1977
将其铺展成薄片
04:55
and then we layer these thin sheets on top of one another,
100
283152
3442
再把薄片堆迭起来
04:58
like phyllo pastry, to form thicker sheets,
101
286594
3529
形成较厚层 像酥皮糕点
05:02
which we then let mature.
102
290123
1854
然后待其成熟
05:03
And finally, we take this multilayered skin
103
291977
3212
最后这种多层的皮肤
05:07
and through a shorter and much less chemical tanning process,
104
295189
3923
再经过较短少的化学鞣制程序
05:11
we create leather.
105
299112
2176
我们制造了皮革
05:13
And so I'm very excited to show you,
106
301288
2194
我以激动的心情
05:15
for the first time,
107
303482
2149
向各位首次展示
05:17
the first batch of our cultured leather,
108
305631
4010
第一批培养出来的皮革
05:21
fresh from the lab.
109
309641
1563
实验室刚刚出炉
05:23
This is real, genuine leather,
110
311204
3579
这是真的皮革
05:26
without the animal sacrifice.
111
314783
3523
没有动物被杀害
05:30
It can have all the characteristics of leather
112
318306
3178
它能具有皮革全部的特性
05:33
because it is made of the same cells,
113
321484
3485
因为组成的细胞相同
05:36
and better yet,
114
324969
1949
但更棒的是
05:38
there is no hair to remove,
115
326918
3875
它不用除毛
05:42
no scars or insect's bites,
116
330793
2533
没有疤痕或虫咬
05:45
and no waste.
117
333326
1440
没有碎料
05:46
This leather can be grown in the shape of a wallet,
118
334766
3424
这种皮革能一体成型 长成皮夹
05:50
a handbag or a car seat.
119
338190
3086
手提包 或汽车座位的形状
05:53
It is not limited to the irregular shape of a cow
120
341276
3216
不像牛或鳄鱼的皮
05:56
or an alligator.
121
344492
2815
形状不规则
05:59
And because we make this material,
122
347322
2554
因为这是我们制造的
06:01
we grow this leather from the ground up,
123
349876
2282
从头开始培养的皮革
06:04
we can control its properties in very interesting ways.
124
352158
3033
我们可以以有去的方式控制其属性
06:07
This piece of leather
125
355191
2535
这个皮革
06:09
is a mere seven tissue layers thick,
126
357726
3518
组织仅有七层
06:13
and as you can see, it is nearly transparent.
127
361244
3803
可以看得出几乎是透明的
06:17
And this leather is 21 layers thick and quite opaque.
128
365047
9167
这个皮革是21层 相当不透明
06:26
You don't have that kind of fine control
129
374214
3010
这种细致的操控
06:29
with conventional leather.
130
377224
2289
是普通的皮革无法达到的
06:31
And we can tune this leather for other desirable qualities,
131
379513
3245
我们能调整其他想要的性质
06:34
like softness, breathability,
132
382758
3765
例如柔软性 透气性
06:38
durability, elasticity and even things like pattern.
133
386523
5197
耐久性 弹性 甚至花样
06:43
We can mimic nature,
134
391720
2171
我们可以模仿自然
06:45
but in some ways also improve upon it.
135
393891
3288
但有些方面也能加以改进
06:49
This type of leather can do what today's leather does,
136
397179
3998
现有皮革的功能 这种皮革都有
06:53
but with imagination, probably much more.
137
401177
3441
但运用想象力 功能还可能更多
06:56
What could the future of animal products look like?
138
404618
4229
动物产品的未来如何？
07:00
It need not look like this,
139
408847
2359
不必像这个样子
07:03
which is actually the state of the art today.
140
411206
2733
其实这已是目前最先进的
07:05
Rather, it could be much more like this.
141
413939
2992
但是更可以像这样
07:08
Already, we have been manufacturing with cell cultures
142
416931
2233
我们把培养的细胞用于生产
07:11
for thousands of years, beginning with products
143
419164
2765
已有数千年历史 最早的产品
07:13
like wine, beer and yogurt.
144
421929
2629
包括酒 啤酒 酸奶
07:16
And speaking of food, our cultured food has evolved,
145
424558
3334
说到食品 培养食品历经演变
07:19
and today we prepare cultured food
146
427892
2261
现在的培养食品来自
07:22
in beautiful, sterile facilities like this.
147
430153
2318
这种美丽 消过毒的厂房
07:24
A brewery is essentially a bioreactor.
148
432471
3200
啤酒厂基本上是生物反应器
07:27
It is where cell culture takes place.
149
435671
2769
细胞的培养在此进行
07:30
Imagine that in this facility,
150
438440
2545
试想在这个厂房
07:32
instead of brewing beer,
151
440985
1746
不是酿造啤酒
07:34
we were brewing leather
152
442731
2581
而是培养皮革
07:37
or meat.
153
445312
2697
或肉
07:40
Imagine touring this facility,
154
448009
2645
想想看参观这个厂房
07:42
learning about how the leather or meat is cultured,
155
450654
3731
学习皮革和肉的培养
07:46
seeing the process from beginning to end,
156
454385
2761
观察从头到尾的制造程序
07:49
and even trying some.
157
457146
1396
甚至试一试
07:50
It's clean, open and educational,
158
458542
3106
清洁 开放 具教育意义
07:53
and this is in contrast to the hidden,
159
461648
2420
这截然不同于现在
07:56
guarded and remote factories
160
464068
2078
隐秘 门禁森严 偏远的
07:58
where leather and meat is produced today.
161
466146
3481
皮革工厂和肉工厂
08:01
Perhaps biofabrication
162
469627
2827
或许生物制造
08:04
is a natural evolution of manufacturing for mankind.
163
472454
4280
是人类制造方式的自然演进
08:08
It's environmentally responsible,
164
476734
2453
它环保
08:11
efficient and humane.
165
479187
3162
有效率又人道
08:14
It allows us to be creative.
166
482349
2194
我们得以发挥创造力
08:16
We can design new materials, new products,
167
484543
3220
我们能设计新材质 新产品
08:19
and new facilities.
168
487763
3199
新厂房
08:22
We need to move past just killing animals
169
490962
3840
我们应该超越将动物
08:26
as a resource
170
494802
1833
作为资源而杀害
08:28
to something more civilized and evolved.
171
496635
5921
应该转向更文明与进化的方式
08:34
Perhaps we are ready for something
172
502556
2685
或许我们已准备迎接
08:37
literally and figuratively more cultured.
173
505241
5585
更多培养的 文明的产品
08:42
Thank you.
174
510826
1381
谢谢
08:44
(Applause)
175
512207
5970
（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Andras Forgacs - Bioprinting entrepreneurAndras Forgacs produces animal products -- meat and leather -- without the animal.
Why you should listen
An entrepreneur in tissue engineering, Andras Forgacs is the co-founder and CEO of Modern Meadow, a company developing novel biomaterials. These include cultured meat and leather which, as they put it, "will require no animal slaughter and much lower inputs of land, water, energy and chemicals". This approach involves sourcing cells from living animals, multiplying these cells into billions, and then assembling them into the tissue precursors of meat or leather. The products, for now, are at a prototype stage.
Previously, Andras co-founded Organovo, which uses 3D bioprinting to create human tissues for pharmaceutical research and medical applications, such as drug development and replacement tissues. Organovo’s bioprinting technology was recognized by MIT Technology Review on its TR50 list of most innovative companies for 2012.
Andras Forgacs | Speaker | TED.com