TEDSummit
Christopher Soghoian: Your smartphone is a civil rights issue
克里斯托弗·索戈扬: 你的智能手机关乎公民权利
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你的智能手机代表的不仅仅是个人品味 ... 它也可以决定你被跟踪的可能性有多大。隐私权专家，TED伙伴克里斯托弗·索戈扬详细阐述了苹果系统和安卓系统间有关加密的设置，并督促我们关注增长的数字安全分化现象。“如果那些能保护他们数据隐私不受政府监视的只是有钱有权的人，就有问题了，”他说，“这不仅是一个网络安全的问题——这是公民权利的问题。”
Christopher Soghoian - Privacy researcher and activist
Christopher Soghoian researches and exposes the high-tech surveillance tools that governments use to spy on their own citizens, and he is a champion of digital privacy rights. Full bio
Christopher Soghoian researches and exposes the high-tech surveillance tools that governments use to spy on their own citizens, and he is a champion of digital privacy rights. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
In the spring of 2016,
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在2016年的春季，
一场在苹果公司和美国联邦调查局
之间的战争
之间的战争
00:15
a legal battle between Apple
and the Federal Bureau of Investigation
and the Federal Bureau of Investigation
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吸引了全世界的注意。
00:19
captured the world's attention.
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00:21
Apple has built security features
into its mobile products
into its mobile products
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苹果在其出产的手机产品里
设置了安全系统，
设置了安全系统，
00:24
which protect data on its devices
from everyone but the owner.
from everyone but the owner.
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能够保护使用者的数据不被泄露。
这意味着，犯罪分子、黑客，
是的，甚至是政府
是的，甚至是政府
00:28
That means that criminals, hackers
and yes, even governments
and yes, even governments
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都被拒之门外。
00:33
are all locked out.
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对于苹果的客户而言，
这太棒了。
这太棒了。
00:35
For Apple's customers,
this is a great thing.
this is a great thing.
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00:38
But governments are not so happy.
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但政府就不那么高兴了。
00:41
You see, Apple has made
a conscious decision
a conscious decision
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苹果公司做了一个清醒的决定，
让自己远离监视活动。
00:43
to get out of the surveillance business.
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苹果让监视变得极其困难，
00:46
Apple has tried to make surveillance
as difficult as possible
as difficult as possible
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不论是政府还是其他任何他人。
00:49
for governments and any other actors.
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00:53
There are really two
smartphone operating systems
smartphone operating systems
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在全球智能手机市场上
只有两个（主流）操作系统：
00:56
in the global smartphone market:
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iOS和安卓。
00:57
iOS and Android.
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00:59
iOS is made by Apple.
Android is made by Google.
Android is made by Google.
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iOS是苹果公司的，
安卓系统是Google开发的。
安卓系统是Google开发的。
01:03
Apple has spent a lot of time and money
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苹果花了很长时间和金钱
来确保其产品具备极佳的安全性。
01:06
to make sure that its products
are as secure as possible.
are as secure as possible.
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01:10
Apple encrypts all data
stored on iPhones by default,
stored on iPhones by default,
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苹果为储存在iPhone里的
数据默认加密，
数据默认加密，
苹果手机间传送的短信
01:13
and text messages sent from one
Apple customer to another Apple customer
Apple customer to another Apple customer
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也被默认加密，
01:17
are encrypted by default
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无需用户进行任何设置。
01:19
without the user having
to take any actions.
to take any actions.
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01:22
What this means is that,
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这就意味着，
如果警察拿到一部
带有密码的苹果手机，
带有密码的苹果手机，
01:24
if the police seize an iPhone
and it has a password,
and it has a password,
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01:28
they'll have a difficult time
getting any data off of it,
getting any data off of it,
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他们将很难从手机中拿到任何数据，
几乎不可能。
01:32
if they can do it at all.
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01:34
In contrast, the security of Android
just really isn't as good.
just really isn't as good.
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相反的，安卓系统的安全性
就没有那么好了。
就没有那么好了。
安卓手机，或者至少是
大部分售卖给顾客的
大部分售卖给顾客的
01:38
Android phones, or at least
most of the Android phones
most of the Android phones
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安卓手机，
01:41
that have been sold to consumers,
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没有默认加密手机中储存的数据，
01:43
do not encrypt data stored
on the device by default,
on the device by default,
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安卓中内置的短信应用
也没有使用加密。
也没有使用加密。
01:46
and the built-in text messaging app
in Android does not use encryption.
in Android does not use encryption.
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01:51
So if the police seize an Android phone,
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如果警察拿到了一部安卓手机，
他们很有可能从那部手机中拿到想要
01:54
chances are, they'll be able to get
all the data they want
all the data they want
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获得的全部数据。
01:57
off of that device.
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01:59
Two smartphones
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两种智能手机，
由世界上最大的两个公司出产，
02:01
from two of the biggest
companies in the world;
companies in the world;
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02:04
one that protects data by default,
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一个默认保护用户数据，
02:06
and one that doesn't.
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一个不是。
02:08
Apple is a seller of luxury goods.
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苹果售卖的是昂贵的产品，
占据高端市场。
02:12
It dominates the high end of the market.
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02:14
And we would expect a manufacturer
of luxury goods to have products
of luxury goods to have products
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我们自然会期待奢侈品制造商的产品
有更多功能。
02:19
that include more features.
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02:21
But not everyone can afford an iPhone.
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但并不是每个人
都能买得起一部iPhone。
都能买得起一部iPhone。
这就是安卓系统真正占领的市场：
02:23
That's where Android
really, really dominates:
really, really dominates:
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中低端市场，
02:26
at the middle and low end of the market,
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十五亿无法负担，
02:29
smartphones for the billion
and a half people
and a half people
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或是不愿意花600美元
02:32
who cannot or will not spend
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02:34
600 dollars on a phone.
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购买手机的用户。
但安卓系统手机的市场优势
导致了我所说的
导致了我所说的
02:41
But the dominance of Android
has led to what I call
has led to what I call
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“数字安全分化”。
02:47
the "digital security divide."
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也就是，穷人和富人的隐私安全状况
02:49
That is, there is now increasingly a gap
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出现了越来越大的差异。
02:52
between the privacy
and security of the rich,
and security of the rich,
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那些买得起默认保护数据的
电子产品的富人，
电子产品的富人，
02:56
who can afford devices
that secure their data by default,
that secure their data by default,
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03:00
and of the poor,
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以及那些使用
03:01
whose devices do very little
to protect them by default.
to protect them by default.
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无法保证安全的电子产品的穷人。
03:07
So, think of the average Apple customer:
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想想看，苹果的用户一般来说是：
03:12
a banker, a lawyer,
a doctor, a politician.
a doctor, a politician.
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银行家，律师，医生，政客。
03:17
These individuals now increasingly have
smartphones in their pockets
smartphones in their pockets
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这些人越来越倾向于使用这些手机，
能够默认保护他们的通话，
他们的短信息，
他们的短信息，
03:22
that encrypt their calls,
their text messages,
their text messages,
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以及手机上的所有数据，
03:26
all the data on the device,
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而不需要做任何额外设置。
03:27
without them doing really anything
to secure their information.
to secure their information.
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03:32
In contrast, the poor
and the most vulnerable in our societies
and the most vulnerable in our societies
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相对的，那些穷人，
和那些社会里最不受保护的人，
和那些社会里最不受保护的人，
使用的电子设备却将他们轻易地
暴露于被监控的危险。
暴露于被监控的危险。
03:36
are using devices that leave them
completely vulnerable to surveillance.
completely vulnerable to surveillance.
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03:43
In the United States, where I live,
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在美国，我居住的地方，
非洲裔美国人更容易被怀疑，
03:45
African-Americans are more likely
to be seen as suspicious
to be seen as suspicious
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或是更容易被记录在案，
03:49
or more likely to be profiled,
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03:51
and are more likely to be targeted
by the state with surveillance.
by the state with surveillance.
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更容易被国家列为监视目标。
03:56
But African-Americans
are also disproportionately likely
are also disproportionately likely
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但是，非洲裔美国人大多使用
03:58
to use Android devices
that do nothing at all
that do nothing at all
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那些无法保护他们隐私的
安卓系统手机。
04:01
to protect them from that surveillance.
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04:04
This is a problem.
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这是个问题。
04:07
We must remember
that surveillance is a tool.
that surveillance is a tool.
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我们必须记住，监视是一个工具。
04:10
It's a tool used by those in power
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一个被有权力的人掌控，
04:13
against those who have no power.
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用来对付没有权力的人的工具。
04:17
And while I think it's absolutely great
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我认为苹果这样的公司自动加密
保护用户的隐私，真的值得称赞，
04:21
that companies like Apple
are making it easy for people to encrypt,
are making it easy for people to encrypt,
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04:26
if the only people
who can protect themselves
who can protect themselves
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但如果那些能够保护自己
不被政府轻易监视的人
04:30
from the gaze of the government
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是有钱且有权的，
04:31
are the rich and powerful,
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04:33
that's a problem.
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这就是个问题。
04:35
And it's not just a privacy
or a cybersecurity problem.
or a cybersecurity problem.
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这不仅仅是一个关于隐私
或是网络安全的问题。
或是网络安全的问题。
04:39
It's a civil rights problem.
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这是关于公民权利的问题。
04:42
So the lack of default security in Android
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因此，安卓系统
没有默认安全设置的问题，
没有默认安全设置的问题，
不仅仅是关乎
那些使用这部电子产品的
那些使用这部电子产品的
04:45
is not just a problem
for the poor and vulnerable users
for the poor and vulnerable users
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贫穷且容易受伤害的用户。
04:51
who are depending on these devices.
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这其实是个事关我们民主的问题。
04:53
This is actually a problem
for our democracy.
for our democracy.
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04:56
I'll explain what I mean.
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我解释下这是什么意思。
04:58
Modern social movements
rely on technology --
rely on technology --
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当代的社会运动依赖科技——
从“珍视黑人生命”到“阿拉伯之春”，
再到“占领华尔街”。
再到“占领华尔街”。
05:01
from Black Lives Matter to the Arab Spring
to Occupy Wall Street.
to Occupy Wall Street.
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05:07
The organizers of these movements
and the members of these movements
and the members of these movements
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这些运动的组织者
和参与这些运动的人们
和参与这些运动的人们
越来越多地使用智能手机
来联络和组织活动。
来联络和组织活动。
05:11
increasingly communicate
and coordinate with smartphones.
and coordinate with smartphones.
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05:16
And so, naturally governments
that feel threatened by these movements
that feel threatened by these movements
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于是，那些感到自身政权
被这些运动所威胁的政府，
被这些运动所威胁的政府，
会盯上组织者和他们的智能手机。
05:20
will also target the organizers
and their smartphones.
and their smartphones.
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05:25
Now, it's quite possible
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很有可能，
未来的马丁路德金，或是曼德拉，
又或者是甘地，
又或者是甘地，
05:27
that a future Martin Luther King
or a Mandela or a Gandhi
or a Mandela or a Gandhi
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会用iPhone来保护自己
不受政府监视。
不受政府监视。
05:31
will have an iPhone and be protected
from government surveillance.
from government surveillance.
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05:36
But chances are,
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但也有可能，
他们的口袋里只有一个便宜的
20美元的安卓手机。
20美元的安卓手机。
05:37
they'll probably have a cheap,
$20 Android phone in their pocket.
$20 Android phone in their pocket.
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05:42
And so if we do nothing
to address the digital security divide,
to address the digital security divide,
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如果我们对电子设备安全问题
置之不理，
置之不理，
如果我们不确保社会里的每个人
05:46
if we do nothing to ensure
that everyone in our society
that everyone in our society
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05:51
gets the same benefits of encryption
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都能得到电子产品安全加密的保护，
能够平等地保护自身不被国家监视，
05:53
and is equally able to protect themselves
from surveillance by the state,
from surveillance by the state,
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不仅仅是那些贫穷和易受伤害的人
会暴露在监视下，
会暴露在监视下，
05:57
not only will the poor and vulnerable
be exposed to surveillance,
be exposed to surveillance,
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06:02
but future civil rights
movements may be crushed
movements may be crushed
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未来的公民权利运动也有可能
在它们真正兴起之前被扼杀。
06:05
before they ever reach
their full potential.
their full potential.
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谢谢。
06:07
Thank you.
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（鼓掌）
06:09
(Applause)
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06:15
Helen Walters: Chris, thank you so much.
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海伦·沃特(HW)：
克里斯，非常感谢你。
克里斯，非常感谢你。
我有一个问题想要问你。
06:17
I have a question for you.
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我们近期从媒体获知，
06:19
We saw recently in the press
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06:21
that Mark Zuckerberg from Facebook
covers over his camera
covers over his camera
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脸书的马克·扎克伯格
把（电脑）摄像头遮盖起来了，
把（电脑）摄像头遮盖起来了，
并且也对自己的耳机麦克风
做了些保护。
做了些保护。
06:27
and does something
with his headphone mic jack.
with his headphone mic jack.
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我想问你一个比较私人的问题：
06:30
So I wanted to ask you
a personal question, which is:
a personal question, which is:
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你也这样做吗？
06:32
Do you do that?
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另外，我们在座的各位，包括我自己，
06:33
And, on behalf of everyone
here, particularly myself,
here, particularly myself,
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需要这样做吗？
06:36
Should we be doing that?
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我们也需要把这些都遮盖起来吗？
06:37
Should we be covering these things?
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06:39
Christopher Soghoian: Putting a sticker --
actually, I like Band-Aids,
actually, I like Band-Aids,
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克里斯托弗·索戈扬（CS）：
我喜欢用创可贴来贴住他们，
我喜欢用创可贴来贴住他们，
因为你可以反复把它们撕掉再贴上，
06:43
because you can remove them
and put them back on
and put them back on
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当你需要打电话，
或是用skype视频通话的时候。
或是用skype视频通话的时候。
06:46
whenever you want to make
a call or a Skype call.
a call or a Skype call.
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把摄像头贴起来可能是
06:48
Putting a sticker over your web cam
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保护自己的隐私最好的方式，
06:50
is probably the best thing
you can do for your privacy
you can do for your privacy
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这是最简单易行的。
06:52
in terms of bang for buck.
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真的有很多恶意程序，病毒软件
06:54
There really is malware,
malicious software out there
malicious software out there
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能够侵入你的摄像头，
06:58
that can take over your web cam,
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甚至都不会有
（摄像头开启指示）灯亮起来。
（摄像头开启指示）灯亮起来。
07:00
even without the light turning on.
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犯罪分子、跟踪狂
可能会使用这样的软件。
可能会使用这样的软件。
07:02
This is used by criminals.
This is used by stalkers.
This is used by stalkers.
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你可以在网上用19.99美元买到
“窥视你的前女友”软件。
“窥视你的前女友”软件。
07:05
You can buy $19.99 "spy
on your ex-girlfriend" software online.
on your ex-girlfriend" software online.
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这真的很可怕。
07:10
It's really terrifying.
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当然，政府也会使用这些。
07:11
And then, of course,
it's used by governments.
it's used by governments.
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这同样也会导致性侵害案件，
07:14
And there's obviously
a sexual violence component to this,
a sexual violence component to this,
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07:17
which is that this kind of surveillance
can be used most effectively
can be used most effectively
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这样的偷窥监视活动很可能被用来
侵害妇女或是任何人，
让他们在社会上抬不起头。
让他们在社会上抬不起头。
07:20
against women and other people
who can be shamed in our society.
who can be shamed in our society.
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07:28
Even if you think
you have nothing to hide,
you have nothing to hide,
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即使你认为自己没什么要隐藏的，
但是，如果你和孩子，
或是青少年一起生活，
或是青少年一起生活，
07:30
at the very least, if you have
children, teenagers in your lives,
children, teenagers in your lives,
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请确保贴住他们的摄像头，
来保护他们。
来保护他们。
07:35
make sure you put a sticker
on their camera and protect them.
on their camera and protect them.
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HW: 太棒了，谢谢你。
CS: 谢谢。
CS: 谢谢。
07:38
HW: Wow. Thank you so much.
CS: Thank you.
CS: Thank you.
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HW: 谢谢，克里斯。
07:40
HW: Thanks, Chris.
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（鼓掌）
07:41
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Christopher Soghoian - Privacy researcher and activistChristopher Soghoian researches and exposes the high-tech surveillance tools that governments use to spy on their own citizens, and he is a champion of digital privacy rights.
Why you should listen
TED Fellow Christopher Soghoian is a champion of digital privacy rights, with a focus on the role that third-party service providers play in enabling governments to monitor citizens. As the principal technologist at the American Civil Liberties Union, he explores the intersection of federal surveillance and citizen's rights.
Before joining the ACLU, he was the first-ever technologist for the Federal Trade Commision's Division of Privacy and Identity Protection, where he worked on investigations of Facebook, Twitter, MySpace and Netflix. Soghoian is also the creator of Do Not Track, an anti-tracking device that all major web browsers now use, and his work has been cited in court.
Christopher Soghoian | Speaker | TED.com