TED@UPS
Wanis Kabbaj: What a driverless world could look like
Wanis Kabbaj: 無人駕駛嘅世界會係點樣
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假如街上嘅車流好似血管裡面嘅血液咁流暢又高效嘅話會點？運輸迷Wanis Kabbaj覺得我哋可以從我哋嘅生物天賦入面搵靈感，嚟設計未來嘅運輸系統。喺呢一場前瞻性思維嘅演講入面，我哋可以預覽令人興奮嘅概念，比如話組裝式可分離嘅巴士，空中的士以及磁懸浮車艙網絡，可能會將動態無人駕駛世界嘅夢想變成現實。
Wanis Kabbaj - Transportation geek
UPS's Wanis Kabbaj works at the intersection of biology and transportation. Full bio
UPS's Wanis Kabbaj works at the intersection of biology and transportation. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Some people are obsessed
by French wines.
by French wines.
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有啲人鍾意飲法國紅酒
00:16
Others love playing golf
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而有啲人鍾意打哥爾夫球
00:18
or devouring literature.
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或者埋頭睇書
00:20
One of my greatest pleasures
in life is, I have to admit,
in life is, I have to admit,
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我平時最大嘅樂趣之一
我必須承認有少少特別
00:24
a bit special.
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00:25
I cannot tell you how much I enjoy
watching cities from the sky,
watching cities from the sky,
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我冇辦法描述我有幾鍾意
從飛機窗睇城巿
00:30
from an airplane window.
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00:32
Some cities are calmly industrious,
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有啲城市默默咁努力
00:35
like Dusseldorf
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比如話杜塞爾多夫
00:37
or Louisville.
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又或者路易斯維爾
00:39
Others project an energy
that they can hardly contain,
that they can hardly contain,
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有啲城市
投射出佢哋幾乎冇辦法承受嘅活力
00:43
like New York
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比如話紐約
00:44
or Hong Kong.
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或者香港
00:46
And then you have Paris
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然後仲有巴黎
00:49
or Istanbul,
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或者伊斯坦布爾
00:51
and their patina full of history.
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同埋佢哋充滿歷史印記嘅一面
00:54
I see cities as living beings.
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我將城市睇成生物
00:56
And when I discover them from far above,
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當我從高空探索佢哋
00:59
I like to find those main streets
and highways that structure their space.
and highways that structure their space.
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我鍾意搵建構空間嘅大馬路同高速公路
01:04
Especially at night,
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尤其喺晚黑
01:05
when commuters make these arteries
look dramatically red and golden:
look dramatically red and golden:
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當果啲上落班嘅人
令呢啲大馬路望起身非常璀璨
01:10
the city's vascular system
performing its vital function
performing its vital function
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城市嘅血管系統執行緊重要嘅任務
01:15
right before your eyes.
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就喺你眼前
01:17
But when I'm sitting in my car
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但係當我坐喺我部車入面
01:21
after an hour and a half
of commute every day,
of commute every day,
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日日駕駛一個半鐘頭上落班之後
01:24
that reality looks very different.
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現實就好唔一樣啦
01:26
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
01:27
Nothing --
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乜都無辦法
01:28
not public radio,
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公共電台唔得
01:30
no podcast --
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播客唔得
01:31
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
01:32
Not even mindfulness meditation
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甚至連冥想都冇辦法
01:34
makes this time worth living.
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令呢一段時間變得有意義
01:36
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
01:38
Isn't it absurd
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唔覺得好可笑咩？
01:39
that we created cars
that can reach 130 miles per hour
that can reach 130 miles per hour
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我哋製造出時速可以達到130英里嘅車
01:43
and we now drive them at the same speed
as 19th-century horse carriages?
as 19th-century horse carriages?
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然後以19世紀馬車嘅速度嚟開？
01:49
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
01:50
In the US alone,
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凈係喺美國
01:52
we spent 29.6 billion hours
commuting in 2014.
commuting in 2014.
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2014年，我哋就用咗296億個鐘上落班
01:58
With that amount of time,
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同樣嘅時間
01:59
ancient Egyptians could have built
26 Pyramids of Giza.
26 Pyramids of Giza.
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古埃及人可以起26個吉薩金字塔
02:04
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
02:05
We do that in one year.
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我哋喺一年時間就用咗咁多個鐘
02:06
A monumental waste of time,
energy and human potential.
energy and human potential.
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浪費大量嘅時間、能量同埋人類潜力
02:12
For decades,
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幾十年嚟
02:13
our remedy for congestion was simple:
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我哋應對塞車嘅措施都好簡單：
02:15
build new roads or enlarge existing ones.
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起一條新路或者擴闊現有嘅路
02:19
And it worked.
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呢個措施好有效
02:20
It worked admirably for Paris,
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喺巴黎相當之有效
02:22
when the city tore down
hundreds of historical buildings
hundreds of historical buildings
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巴黎拆咗幾百座歷史建築
02:25
to create 85 miles
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嚟起85英里
02:27
of transportation-friendly boulevards.
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方便運輸嘅林蔭大道
02:30
And it still works today
in fast-growing emerging cities.
in fast-growing emerging cities.
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呢個做法對宜家高速發展嘅新興城市
依然好有效
02:34
But in more established urban centers,
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但係喺更多發展完善嘅市中心裡面
02:36
significant network expansions
are almost impossible:
are almost impossible:
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大量嘅網絡擴張幾乎係唔可能嘅
02:40
habitat is just too dense,
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住房建築太密集
02:42
real estate, too expensive
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房地產太貴
02:44
and public finances, too fragile.
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同埋公共財政太脆弱
02:47
Our city's vascular system
is getting clogged, it's getting sick,
is getting clogged, it's getting sick,
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我哋城市嘅血管系統塞住咗、病咗
02:51
and we should pay attention.
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而我哋應該多多關注
02:53
Our current way
of thinking is not working.
of thinking is not working.
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我哋目前嘅思考方式係唔掂嘅
02:56
For our transportation to flow,
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為咗令我哋嘅交通順暢
02:58
we need a new source of inspiration.
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我哋需要新嘅靈感源頭
03:02
So after 16 years
working in transportation,
working in transportation,
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喺運輸業做咗16年之後
03:05
my "aha moment" happened
when speaking with a biotech customer.
when speaking with a biotech customer.
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當我同一個做生物科技嘅客人
傾偈嘅時候
靈感出現咗
03:09
She was telling me how her treatment
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佢同我講佢嘅療程
03:11
was leveraging specific properties
of our vascular system.
of our vascular system.
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點利用血管系統裡面嘅某啲特性
03:15
"Wow," I thought, "Our vascular system --
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我心諗︰哇，我哋嘅血管系統
03:18
all the veins and arteries in our body
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即係體內所有嘅血管同動脈
03:21
making miracles of logistics every day."
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每一日都創造緊物流嘅奇跡
03:25
This is the moment I realized
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就係呢一刻，我意識到
03:27
that biology has been
in the transportation business
in the transportation business
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生物學已經存在喺運輸業入面幾十億年
03:30
for billions of years.
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03:32
It has been testing countless solutions
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血管系統試過無數解決方法
03:34
to move nutrients, gases and proteins.
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嚟運送營養、氣體同埋蛋白質
03:38
It really is the world's most
sophisticated transportation laboratory.
sophisticated transportation laboratory.
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真係世界上最精密嘅運輸實驗室
03:43
So, what if the solution to our traffic
challenges was inside us?
challenges was inside us?
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如果解決交通需求嘅方法就喺我哋體內呢？
03:49
I wanted to know:
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我想知
03:51
Why is it that blood flows
in our veins most of our lives,
in our veins most of our lives,
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點解血液好平常咁喺血管流動
03:55
when our big cities get clogged
on a daily basis?
on a daily basis?
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但係我哋嘅城市就日日塞車？
03:58
And the reality is that you're looking
at two very different networks.
at two very different networks.
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事實上你係睇緊兩個非常唔同嘅網絡
04:04
I don't know if you realize,
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唔知你有冇意識到
04:06
but each of us has 60,000 miles
of blood vessels in our bodies --
of blood vessels in our bodies --
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我哋每個人體內都有60,000英里長嘅血管
04:10
60,000 miles.
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有60,000英里
04:12
That's two-and-a-half times
the Earth's circumference,
the Earth's circumference,
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喺你嘅體內
係地球圓周嘅2.5倍
04:14
inside you.
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04:16
What it means is that blood vessels
are everywhere inside us,
are everywhere inside us,
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亦即係話我哋體內周圍都係血管
04:20
not just under the surface of our skin.
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唔只係喺我哋皮膚表層嘅下面
04:22
But if you look at our cities,
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但係當你望向我哋嘅城市
04:24
yes, we have some
underground subway systems
underground subway systems
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冇錯，我哋係有地鐵系統
04:27
and some tunnels and bridges,
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有隧道同橋樑
04:30
and also some helicopters in the sky.
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仲有天上嘅直升機
04:32
But the vast majority of our traffic
is focused on the ground,
is focused on the ground,
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但係大部分嘅交通都集中喺地面
04:36
on the surface.
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喺表層
04:38
So in other words,
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即係話
04:39
while our vascular system uses
the three dimensions inside us,
the three dimensions inside us,
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我哋體內嘅血管系統係立體
04:44
our urban transportation
is mostly two-dimensional.
is mostly two-dimensional.
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而市區運輸系統基本上係平面
04:47
And so what we need
is to embrace that verticality.
is to embrace that verticality.
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所以我哋應該將天空納入運輸系統
04:51
If our surface grid is saturated,
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如果我哋嘅平面飽和咗
04:53
well, let's elevate our traffic.
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咁就將交通升高
04:56
This Chinese concept of a bus
that can straddle traffic jams --
that can straddle traffic jams --
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呢個概念嚟自中國
巴士可以跨立係堵塞嘅車輛上面
05:00
that was an eye-opener on new ways
to think about space and movement
to think about space and movement
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呢個概念令我哋大開眼界
對於城巿入面嘅空間同移動
有新嘅思考方式
05:05
inside our cities.
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我哋可以行高啲
05:06
And we can go higher,
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05:08
and suspend our transportation
like we did with our electrical grid.
like we did with our electrical grid.
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將運輸系統懸掛
就好似我哋嘅供電網咁
05:13
Tel Aviv and Abu Dhabi
are talking about testing
are talking about testing
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特拉維夫同阿布扎比宜家討論緊
測試呢種磁懸浮車艙嘅未來網絡
05:17
these futuristic networks
of suspended magnetic pods.
of suspended magnetic pods.
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05:21
And we can keep climbing, and fly.
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我哋可以繼續攀爬，飛天
05:25
The fact that a company like Airbus
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事實上好似空中巴士呢種公司
05:27
is now seriously working
on flying urban taxis
on flying urban taxis
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宜家認真咁研究市區空中的士
05:30
is telling us something.
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講明咗一啲事
05:32
Flying cars are finally moving
from science-fiction déjà vu
from science-fiction déjà vu
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飛天汽車終於從科幻
05:37
to attractive business-case territory.
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轉移到吸引嘅商業範疇
05:40
And that's an exciting moment.
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呢一刻好令人興奮
05:42
So building this 3-D
transportation network
transportation network
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所以起呢個3D運輸網絡
05:45
is one of the ways we can mitigate
and solve traffic jams.
and solve traffic jams.
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係緩和並且解決塞車嘅方法之一
05:50
But it's not the only one.
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但唔係唯一嘅方法
05:52
We have to question
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我哋必須質疑
05:53
other fundamental choices
that we made, like the vehicles we use.
that we made, like the vehicles we use.
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我哋其他嘅根本性選擇
比如話交通工具
05:58
Just imagine a very familiar scene:
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想象一下一個好熟悉嘅場景：
06:00
You've been driving for 42 minutes.
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你已經開咗42分鐘車
06:03
The two kids behind you
are getting restless.
are getting restless.
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你後面嘅兩個細路仔開始煩躁
06:06
And you're late.
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而你已經遲到
06:08
Do you see that slow car in front of you?
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見唔見到前面果部開得好慢嘅車？
06:11
Always comes when you're late, right?
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呢種事成日發生係你遲到嘅時候
啱唔啱？
06:13
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
06:14
That driver is looking for parking.
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果個司機搵緊停車位
06:17
There is no parking spot
available in the area,
available in the area,
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果度附近冇空位
06:19
but how would he know?
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但係佢點知呢？
06:21
It is estimated that up to 30 percent
of urban traffic is generated
of urban traffic is generated
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估計大約30%嘅市區塞車問題
係因為司機搵緊停車位
06:26
by drivers looking for parking.
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06:29
Do you see the 100 cars around you?
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見唔見到你身邊嘅100部車？
06:31
Eighty-five of them
only have one passenger.
only have one passenger.
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其中85部車入面只有一個乘客
06:34
Those 85 drivers could all fit
in one Londonian red bus.
in one Londonian red bus.
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呢85位司機可以坐滿一部倫敦紅巴士
06:39
So the question is:
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然後問題係
如果空間係我哋急需嘅嘢
06:40
Why are we wasting so much space
if it is what we need the most?
if it is what we need the most?
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點解仲要浪費？
點解我哋要咁對待自己？
06:43
Why are doing this to ourselves?
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06:45
Biology would never do this.
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生物學永遠唔會咁做
06:48
Space inside our arteries
is fully utilized.
is fully utilized.
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我哋充分利用咗血管裡面嘅空間
06:51
At every heartbeat,
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每一下心跳
06:53
a higher blood pressure literally compacts
millions of red blood cells
millions of red blood cells
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高血壓就壓迫幾百萬個紅血球
06:57
into massive trains of oxygen
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進入龐大嘅氧氣火車裡面
06:59
that quickly flow throughout our body.
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好快咁係我哋人體內流通
07:01
And the tiny space inside our red
blood cells is not wasted, either.
blood cells is not wasted, either.
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而紅血球裡面嘅小空間亦冇浪費
07:06
In healthy conditions,
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喺健康嘅情况下
07:08
more than 95 percent
of their oxygen capacity is utilized.
of their oxygen capacity is utilized.
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最少會用到95%嘅氧氣容量
07:12
Can you imagine if the vehicles
we used in our cities
we used in our cities
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你能唔能夠想象
如果城市裡面用嘅交通工具
07:15
were 95 percent full,
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使用率有95%
07:17
all the additional space
you would have to walk, to bike
you would have to walk, to bike
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將會有幾多額外空間攞嚟行路
踩單車、同埋享受城市嘅魅力？
07:20
and to enjoy our cities?
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07:22
The reason blood is so
incredibly efficient
incredibly efficient
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血液之所以咁高效率
07:26
is that our red blood cells
are not dedicated
are not dedicated
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係因為我哋嘅紅血球並唔係只用喺
07:29
to specific organs or tissues;
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特定嘅器官同組織
07:31
otherwise, we would probably have
traffic jams in our veins.
traffic jams in our veins.
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如果唔係，我哋嘅血管可能會塞車
07:34
No, they're shared.
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紅血球係共享嘅
07:35
They're shared by all
the cells of our body.
the cells of our body.
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係我哋體內所有細胞共享嘅
07:38
And because our network is so extensive,
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因為我哋嘅網絡咁龐大
07:41
each one of our 37 trillion cells
gets its own deliveries of oxygen
gets its own deliveries of oxygen
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37兆個細胞，每一個都運送氧氣
07:46
precisely when it needs them.
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啱啱好係需要嘅時候
07:48
Blood is both a collective
and individual form of transportation.
and individual form of transportation.
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血液係一種既集體又獨立嘅傳輸方式
07:53
But for our cities,
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但係對我哋嘅城市嚟講
07:55
we've been stuck.
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我哋塞住咗
07:56
We've been stuck in an endless debate
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我哋塞喺無止境嘅辯論裡面
07:58
between creating a car-centric society
or extensive mass-transit systems.
or extensive mass-transit systems.
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辯論建立以車為中心嘅社會
定建立係龐大嘅公共交通系統
08:04
I think we should transcend this.
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我覺得我哋應該更進一步
08:05
I think we can create vehicles
that combine the convenience of cars
that combine the convenience of cars
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我覺得我哋可以發明一啲交通工具
結合車嘅方便
08:10
and the efficiencies of trains and buses.
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同埋火車同巴士嘅高效率
08:13
Just imagine.
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想象一下
08:14
You're comfortably sitting
in a fast and smooth urban train,
in a fast and smooth urban train,
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你同1,200名乘客一齊
好舒服咁坐喺一部
又快又流暢嘅巿區火車裡面
08:19
along with 1,200 passengers.
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08:21
The problem with urban trains
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城市火車嘅問題係
08:23
is that sometimes you have to stop
five, ten, fifteen times
five, ten, fifteen times
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喺到達最終目的地之前
08:28
before your final destination.
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有時要停靠5次、10次、15次
08:30
What if in this train
you didn't have to stop?
you didn't have to stop?
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如果呢部火車係不需要停靠呢？
08:33
In this train,
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當你喺路上嘅時候
08:35
wagons can detach dynamically
while you're moving
while you're moving
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呢部火車嘅車廂可以動態分離
08:39
and become express, driverless buses
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變成快車、無人駕駛嘅巴士
08:41
that move on a secondary road network.
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喺細啲嘅馬路上行駛
08:44
And so without a single stop,
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所以完全唔使停靠
08:45
nor a lengthy transfer,
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亦唔會有漫長嘅轉車
08:47
you are now sitting in a bus
that is headed toward your suburb.
that is headed toward your suburb.
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你宜家坐喺一部開往郊區嘅巴士上
08:51
And when you get close,
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就嚟到嘅時候
08:53
the section you're sitting in detaches
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你坐嘅果部分會脫離
08:56
and self-drives you
right to your doorstep.
right to your doorstep.
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自動將你送到目的地
09:00
It is collective and individual
at the same time.
at the same time.
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既集體又獨立
09:03
This could be one of the shared,
modular, driverless vehicles of tomorrow.
modular, driverless vehicles of tomorrow.
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呢個係共享、組合式
無人駕駛嘅未來交通工具之一
09:09
Now ...
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宜家……
09:11
as if walking in a city
buzzing with drones,
buzzing with drones,
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就好似喺城市行走，有無人機
09:14
flying taxis, modular buses
and suspended magnetic pods
and suspended magnetic pods
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空中的士、組合式巴士同埋磁懸浮車艙
09:18
was not exotic enough,
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都仲未夠神奇
09:21
I think there is another force in action
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我覺得仲有另外一種力量喺度努力緊
09:23
that will make urban traffic mesmerizing.
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令巿區交通變得更有魅力
09:26
If you think about it,
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你諗下
09:28
the current generation of driverless cars
is just trying to earn its way
is just trying to earn its way
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宜家嘅無人駕駛車輛諗緊辦法
09:33
into a traffic grid
made by and for humans.
made by and for humans.
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進入由人製造、為人服務嘅交通網絡裡面
09:36
They're trying to learn traffic rules,
which is relatively simple,
which is relatively simple,
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佢哋嘗試學習交通規則
呢個仲算簡單
09:40
and coping with human unpredictability,
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更有挑戰性嘅係
09:42
which is more challenging.
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佢哋仲要應對人類嘅不可預測性
09:45
But what would happen
when whole cities become driverless?
when whole cities become driverless?
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但係當成個城市變成
無人駕駛嘅時候會點？
09:48
Would we need traffic lights?
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我哋仲需唔需要紅綠燈？
09:50
Would we need lanes?
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仲需唔需要車道？
09:52
How about speed limits?
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速度限制呢？
09:54
Red blood cells are not flowing in lanes.
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紅血球唔係喺車道上面流通嘅
09:57
They never stop at red lights.
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佢哋從來都唔會因為紅燈而停
09:59
In the first driverless cities,
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係第一批無人駕駛嘅城市裡面
10:01
you would have no red lights and no lanes.
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唔會有紅燈同埋車道
10:04
And when all the cars
are driverless and connected,
are driverless and connected,
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當所有車都係無人駕駛而且連埋一齊
10:07
everything is predictable
and reaction time, minimum.
and reaction time, minimum.
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一切都可以預測，反應時間都係最短
10:11
They can drive much faster
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無人駕駛車可以開得更加快
10:13
and can take any rational initiative
that can speed them up
that can speed them up
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可以採取任何合理嘅行為嚟加快速度
10:16
or the cars around them.
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或者加快旁邊其他車嘅速度
10:18
So instead of rigid traffic rules,
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車流會係可以透過使用動態
10:22
flow will be regulated
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不斷自我改善嘅規則系統控制
10:23
by a mesh of dynamic and constantly
self-improving algorithms.
self-improving algorithms.
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代替死板嘅交通規則
10:30
The result: a strange traffic
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結果就係，奇怪嘅交通系統
10:33
that mixes the fast and smooth
rigor of German autobahns
rigor of German autobahns
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融合咗德國高速公路嘅快同穩
10:36
and the creative vitality
of the intersections of Mumbai.
of the intersections of Mumbai.
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同埋孟買十字路口嘅創意活力
10:40
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
10:42
Traffic will be functionally exuberant.
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交通功能將會非常豐富
10:44
It will be liquid like our blood.
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會好似血液咁流動
10:46
And by a strange paradox,
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根據一個奇怪嘅悖論
10:48
the more robotized
our traffic grid will be,
our traffic grid will be,
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交通網絡越係自動化
10:51
the more organic and alive
its movement will feel.
its movement will feel.
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佢嘅流動就越統一而且充滿活力
10:55
So yes,
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所以，冇錯
10:56
biology has all the attributes
of a transportation genius today.
of a transportation genius today.
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生物學有嗮所有
當代交通天才應該有嘅特性
11:00
But this process has taken
billions of years,
billions of years,
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但呢個過程已經喺幾十億年前開始
11:03
and went through all sorts
of iterations and mutations.
of iterations and mutations.
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而且經歷咗好多次嘅反覆同變異
11:06
We can't wait billions of years
to evolve our transportation system.
to evolve our transportation system.
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我哋唔可以等幾十億年
逐漸發展運輸系統
11:10
We now have the dreams,
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宜家我哋有夢想
11:12
the concepts
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有概念
11:14
and the technology
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有技術
11:16
to create 3-D transportation networks,
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嚟起一个3D運輸網絡
11:19
invent new vehicles
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發明新嘅交通工具
11:21
and change the flow in our cities.
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同改變我哋城市嘅流動
11:23
Let's do it.
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一起行動啦
11:24
Thank you.
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多謝
11:25
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Wanis Kabbaj - Transportation geekUPS's Wanis Kabbaj works at the intersection of biology and transportation.
Why you should listen
As the director of global strategy for healthcare logistics at UPS, Wanis Kabbaj finds ways for organizations to transport their temperature-sensitive medicines and biotechnologies safely around the world. For more than 16 years, Kabbaj's professional engagements have always revolved around transportation and innovation. Some of his ventures involved helping EADS Astrium use its satellite space transportation expertise in unexpected markets or participating in the global launch of Logan, a revolutionary low-cost vehicle, that helped Renault-Nissan harness a surprising growth in emerging markets.
Kabbaj is a dual citizen of Morocco and France and lived in four continents. Experiencing constant cultural transitions throughout his life gave him a real taste for analyzing problems through non-traditional lenses and blending disciplines that are usually kept separate.
Wanis Kabbaj | Speaker | TED.com